Unit 1-Structure of benzene(Analytical & Synthetic Evidence)

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This document discusses the structure of benzene as part of the organic chemistry curriculum for third semester B.Pharmacy students according to the PCI syllabus. It encourages viewers to subscribe to the Chemstudy solutions YouTube channel for more videos if they find the content useful.

Unit 1-Structure of benzene(Analytical & Synthetic Evidence)

The document discusses the basicity of aromatic amines compared to aliphatic amines and ammonia. Specifically, it states that the basicity of aryl amines like aniline is significantly reduced due to delocalization of the nitrogen's lone pair electrons into the benzene ring's pi system. This delocalization makes the lone pair less available for protonation and decreases the equilibrium constant Kb, resulting in aniline being less basic. Substituents that are electron-withdrawing further decrease basicity by pulling electrons away from nitrogen, while electron-donating groups increase basicity by pushing electrons towards nitrogen.

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Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings. It appears as a white powder with blue fluorescence. Phenanthrene shows aromatic properties and is the backbone molecule for morphine. It undergoes reactions like oxidation, reduction, bromination, and electrophilic addition or substitution. Derivatives of phenanthrene like papaverine are used as vasodilators to increase blood flow. Phenanthrene and its derivatives have several medicinal uses including manufacturing dyes, acting as antifungals, and being components of steroids, sex hormones, bile acids, and cardiac glycosides.

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Diphenyl methane is produced through the Friedel craft condensation of benzyl chloride with benzene. It is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 26°C that undergoes substitutions in its methylene group rather than phenyl rings through reactions like bromination. Nitration adds nitro groups to the 4th and 4' positions. Oxidation with chromic acid forms benzophenone. Triphenyl methane is a colorless crystalline solid with a melting point of 93°C. It can be prepared through several Friedel craft condensations including between chloroform and three benzene molecules. It is the parent substance for triphenyl methane dyes.

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Acidity of Phenols/OC -II PCI Syllabus/Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols Hi dear students, in this video I had explained about acidity of Phenols and Effect of substituents on acidity of phenols. I had tried to explain all the points by animations. So don't hasitate to study now, See this video and you will come to know the facts about acidity and basicity of organic compounds. After watching this video it will be very easy to answer the following questions, What are phenols? what about acidity of phenols? factors affecting acidity of phenols? Pka of phenols? Please do subscribe Online ustaad and share this video to as many as possible. Online Ustaad https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzCN5UTEjFAtCBtrcNOWbyA Qualitative analysis of fats and oils https://youtu.be/WXO6Ggdjwvo you can also see Is torrent downloading safe : https://youtu.be/vHjtNnXGztA How To Make Youtube Thumbnail Free 2020 :https://youtu.be/Mvsl6P8z-Mk Thumbnail Tips 2020 Hindi :https://youtu.be/H83VNRj_6gg independence day status 2020 :https://youtu.be/0w7uq4bigFY how to make you tube cover photo : https://youtu.be/k32Z-lXE7hc How to cut a music file in 2 minutes :https://youtu.be/2wjfCOfOGGk Keep watching your own channel online ustaad and give me your suggestions in comment box. if you find this video helpful then like it, share it and subscribe online ustaad for more helpful & informational videos. FOLLOW ME AT dailyreviewz4@gmail.com FACEBOOK : @onlineustaad4 INSTAGRAM : @online.ustaad TWITTER : @onlineustaad4 #pcisyllabus #organicchemistry #pharmacy #pci #onlineustaad #tutorial #neetpreparation #bpharmacy #ugguide #bpharmacy3rdsem #pharmacytutorials

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1) Amines act as bases according to both Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry theories due to their ability to donate a lone pair of electrons or accept a proton. 2) The basicity of amines depends on factors such as the stability of the conjugate acid formed, inductive effects, and hydrogen bonding capabilities. In general, aliphatic amines are stronger bases than aromatic amines. 3) Within aliphatic amines, the order of basicity from strongest to weakest is typically tertiary > secondary > primary > ammonia in the gas phase. In aqueous solution, primary amines are stronger bases due to hydrogen bonding of the conjugate acid form.

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This document discusses solubility, solvation, and association. It defines solvation as the interaction between solute and solvent molecules, with hydration referring specifically to water as the solvent. Solvation of ions involves electrostatic interactions, while solvation of molecules involves weaker intermolecular forces. Factors that affect solvation include surface area, agitation, and temperature. Association refers to the joining of oppositely charged ions and is explained by Coulomb's law. Factors that impact association include the magnitude of electric charges, dielectric constant, and distance between charges. The key factors affecting solubility are outlined as the nature of solute and solvent, surface area, temperature, pressure, and pH.

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This document discusses fats and oils, including their reactions, properties, and analytical constants. It describes the processes of hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and rancidity. It also defines several analytical constants used to characterize fats and oils, such as acid number, saponification number, iodine number, ester number, Reichert-Meissl number, and acetyl number. The constants are used to identify fat composition and purity and to detect adulteration.

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1. Aromatic acids contain one or more carboxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic ring. The acidity of aromatic acids is influenced by electron withdrawing and donating groups on the ring through inductive or resonance effects. 2. Electron withdrawing groups increase the acidity of benzoic acid by stabilizing the anion through resonance. Electron donating groups decrease acidity by increasing the electron density of the aromatic ring. 3. Aromatic acids undergo various reactions including salt formation, esterification, acylation, reduction, decarboxylation, and electrophilic substitution.

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What are disinfectants? As per the definition given by WHO ( World health organization ) : a disinfectant is a chemical agent, which destroys or inhibits growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the non-sporing or vegetative state. Why Evaluation? Evaluation of disinfectants is used to check the ability or efficacy of any disinfectant against specific microorganisms to establish its effectiveness. Evaluation tests of bactericide. 1. RIDEAL WALKER TEST This test is also known as the phenol coefficient test,in which any chemical is compared with phenol for its antimicrobial activity. The result is shown in the form of phenol coefficient. ▪ If a phenol coefficient of a given test disinfectant is less than 1, it means that disinfectant is less effective than phenol. ▪ If a phenol coefficient of a given test disinfectant is more than 1, it means that disinfectant is more effective than phenol. Procedure 1.1 Different dilutions of the test disinfectant and phenol are prepared and 5 ml of each dilution is inoculated with 0.5ml of the 24 hour growth culture of the organisms. 1.2 All tubes(Disinfectant + organisms & phenol + organisms) are placed in a water bath ( at 17.5° C) 1.3 Subcultures of each reaction mixture are taken and transferred to 5ml sterile broth at an interval of 2.5 minutes from zero to 10 mintues. 1.4 Broth tubes are incubated at 37° C for 2 to 3 days & examined for the presence or absence of the growth. 1.5 Then the Rideal Walker coefficient is calculated : 2. CHICK MARTIN TEST. CHICK MARTIN test is performed in the much similar way as the RIDEAL Walker test but with a little variation. Principle : This test is carried out in the presence of organic matter like 3% human feces or dried yeast. Procedure 2.1 Serial dilutions of test solution and phenol is prepared in distilled water. 2.2 To this 3% yeast suspension is also added. 2.3 To this solution the S. typhi is added 2.4 After contact time of 30 mins the above mixture is transferred to the freshly prepared 10 ml of broth. 2.5 The test tubes are incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. 2.6 Presence or absence of the growth is calculated. Evaluation tests of Bacteriostatic. 1. Tube dilution & Agar plate Method 1.1 The chemical agent is incorporated into nutrient broth or agar medium and inoculated with test micro-organisms. 1.2 These tubes are incubated at 30° TO 35°C for 2 to 3 days and then the results in the form of turbidity or colonies are observed. 1.3 The results are recorded and the activity of the given disinfectant is compared. 2. Cup plate method 2.1 Agar is melted and cooled at 45° Celsius. 2.2 Then inoculated with test micro-organisms and poured into a sterile petri plate. 2.3 In the cup plate method, when the inoculated agar has solidified, holes around 8mm in diameter are cut in the medium with a steel cork borer. 2.4 Now the antimicrobial agents are directly placed in the holes.

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This document describes the synthesis of 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline from o-phenylenediamine. It involves reacting o-phenylenediamine with benzil in a pinacol rearrangement reaction. The procedure involves warming a solution of benzil in rectified spirit, adding o-phenylenediamine, and continuing to warm the mixture. The product is isolated by adding water, cooling, filtering, and recrystallizing from aqueous ethanol. The synthesized compound has a melting point of 125-126°C and a 98.95% yield. 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline has potential medical applications.

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This document provides information about qualitative tests for phenols. It describes 3 common tests: 1) The ferric chloride test, where most phenols form dark colored complexes with ferric chloride. 2) Libermann's test, where phenols react to form colored compounds like indophenol which are identified. 3) The phthalein dye test, where phenols condense to form phenolphthalein which produces a pink color in sodium hydroxide. The document also discusses the solubility, structure, and spectroscopic analysis of phenols.

Polynuclear hydrocarbonsSakshiDeshpande9

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The document provides information about polynuclear hydrocarbons and specifically discusses five polynuclear compounds: naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, diphenyl methane, and triphenyl methane. It gives the molecular formula, structure, resonance structures, methods of preparation, physical properties, reactions, uses, and derivatives for each compound. The group of eight students, guided by Mrs. Smita Saudagar, will be covering these five polynuclear compounds in the chapter.

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The document discusses various tests to identify primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. It describes the solubility test, litmus test, carbylamine test, nitrous acid test, azo-dye test, and Hinsberg test. The solubility test checks if a compound dissolves in mineral acid, indicating it may be an amine. The litmus test checks if a compound turns red litmus blue, showing it is basic. The carbylamine, nitrous acid, and azo-dye tests identify primary, secondary, and tertiary amines based on their reactions. The Hinsberg test uses precipitation and solubility patterns to distinguish between the three amine types.

Phenols SakshiDeshpande9

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This document summarizes information about phenols from a student group project. It discusses the structure of phenols, including examples like phenol, cresols, resorcinol, and naphthol. Methods of preparation and qualitative tests for phenols are described. Reactions of phenols through electrophilic aromatic substitution and rearrangements are summarized. Uses of specific phenols in applications like cleaners, medicines, and dyes are mentioned.

Buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systemBASIT MANZOOR

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1. The document discusses buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems. It describes various buffer systems that function in the human body to maintain blood pH, including bicarbonate-carbonic acid, phosphate, and protein buffers. 2. The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system regulates blood pH through reactions involving sodium bicarbonate, carbonic acid, and water. The phosphate buffer system involves the conversion between sodium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium monohydrogen phosphate through reactions with strong acids and bases. 3. Hemoglobin and proteins also act as buffers, with hemoglobin buffering pH changes during the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and proteins buffering pH in blood plasma and within

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