Unit 2
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This document provides an introduction to immunity, including the innate and acquired immune systems. It describes how the immune system protects the body from pathogens like viruses and parasites. The innate immune system acts as the first line of defense through physical barriers and internal responses like phagocytosis. It responds immediately but non-specifically. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system provides a second, pathogen-specific protection through immunological memory.
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Unit 2
- 2. INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNITY AN IMMUNE SYSTEM IS A SYSTEM OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES WITHIN AN ORGANISM THAT PROTECTS AGAINST DISEASE. IN ORDER TO FUNCTION PROPERLY, AN IMMUNE SYSTEM MUST DETECT A WIDE VARIETY OF AGENTS, FROM VIRUSES TO PARASITIC WORMS, AND DISTINGUISH THEM FROM THE ORGANISM'S OWN HEALTHY TISSUE.
- 3. COUNTER ACTION OF THESE AGENTS THESE AGENTS ARE REFERRED TO AS PATHOGENS AN ORGANISM OR SUBSTANCE THAT COULD CAUSE A DISEASE. PATHOGENS CAN RAPIDLY EVOLVE AND ADAPT TO AVOID DETECTION AND DESTRUCTION BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. AS A RESULT, MULTIPLE DEFENCE MECHANISMS HAVE ALSO EVOLVED TO RECOGNIZE AND NEUTRALIZE PATHOGENS.
- 4. COUNTER ACTION OF THESE AGENTS PHYSICAL BARRIERS PREVENT PATHOGENS SUCH AS BACTERIA AND VIRUSES FROM ENTERING THE ORGANISM. IF A PATHOGEN BREACHES THESE BARRIERS, THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM PROVIDES AN IMMEDIATE, BUT NON-SPECIFIC RESPONSE. INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEMS ARE FOUND IN ALL PLANTS AND ANIMALS
- 5. COUNTER ACTION OF THESE AGENTS IF PATHOGENS SUCCESSFULLY EVADE THE INNATE RESPONSE, VERTEBRATES POSSESS A SECOND LAYER OF PROTECTION, THE ACQUIRED IMMUNE SYSTEM, WHICH IS ACTIVATED BY THE INNATE RESPONSE. HERE, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ADAPTS ITS RESPONSE DURING AN INFECTION TO IMPROVE ITS RECOGNITION OF THE PATHOGEN. THIS IMPROVED RESPONSE IS THEN RETAINED AFTER THE PATHOGEN HAS BEEN ELIMINATED, IN THE FORM OF AN IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY, AND ALLOWS THE ACQUIRED IMMUNE SYSTEM TO MOUNT FASTER AND STRONGER ATTACKS EACH TIME THIS PATHOGEN IS ENCOUNTERED
- 6. DIFFERENCES IN THE COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IInnate immune system Acquired immune system Response is non-specific Pathogen and antigen specific response Exposure leads to immediate maximal response Lag time between exposure and maximal response Cell-mediated and humoral components Cell-mediated and humoral components No immunological memory Exposure leads to immunological memory Found in nearly all forms of life Found only in jawed vertebrates
- 7. 2. INNATE IMMUNITY INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES ARE ACTIVE IMMEDIATELY UPON INFECTION AND ARE THE SAME WHETHER OR NOT THE PATHOGEN HAS BEEN ENCOUNTERED PREVIOUSLY. IT INCLUDES BARRIER DEFENCES AND INTERNAL DEFENCES
- 8. BARRIER DEFENSE SYSTEM INCLUDES: THE SKIN MUCUS MEMBRANES OF DIGESTIVE-, RESPIRATORY- URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACT BODY SECRETIONS: MUCUS, SALIVA (LYSOZYMES), TEARS, OIL GLAND SECRETIONS, ACID IN STOMACH, SWEAT.
- 9. MUCUS MEMBRANES SOME CELLS IN MUCUS MEMBRANE PRODUCE MUCUS. MUCUS IS A VISCOUS FLUID THAT ENHANCES DEFENCES TRAPPING MICROBES AND OTHER FOREIGN PARTICLES
- 10. IN THE TRACHEA, CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS SWEEP MUCUS AND THE TRAPPED MICROBES UPWARDS, HELPING TO PREVENT INFECTION OF THE LUNGS
- 11. MUCUS MEMBRANE BODY SECRETIONS CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT THAT IN UNFAVOURABLE FOR MICROBES. LYSOZYMES IN SALIVA, MUCOUS SECRETIONS, AND TEARS DESTROY SUSCEPTIBLE BACTERIA AS THEY ENTER THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OR OPENINGS AROUND EYES. ACID IN STOMACH KILL BACTERIA OILS AND SWEAT GIVE HUMAN SKIN A PH BETWEEN 3-5, WHICH IS ACIDIC ENOUGH TO PREVENT THE GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS.
- 12. INTERNAL DEFENSE IF THE BARRIER DEFENCES ARE DAMAGED AND PATHOGENS DO ENTER THE BODY OF AN ORGANISM, A SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE WILL BE ACTIVATED. THIS DEFENCE SYSTEM IS THE INTERNAL DEFENCE SYSTEM AND IS MORE SENSITIVE AND INCLUDES: PHAGOCYTOSIS AND INFLAMMATION
- 13. PHAGOCYTOSIS PROCESS BY WHICH CERTAIN LIVING CELLS CALLED PHAGOCYTES INGEST OR ENGULF OTHER CELLS OR PARTICLES. THE PHAGOCYTE MAY BE A ONE-CELLED ORGANISM, SUCH AS AN AMOEBA, OR ONE OF THE BODY CELLS, SUCH AS A LEUKOCYTE (WHITE BLOOD CELL). IN HIGHER ANIMALS PHAGOCYTOSIS IS CHIEFLY A DEFENSIVE REACTION AGAINST INFECTION AND INVASION OF THE BODY
- 14. DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHAGOCYTIC CELLS: NEUTROPHILS ENGULF AND DESTROY MICROBES MACROPHAGES ARE PART OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND ARE FOUND THROUGHOUT THE BODY EOSINOPHILS DISCHARGE DESTRUCTIVE ENZYMES DENDRITIC CELLS STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
- 15. NEUTROPHIL
- 16. MACROPHAGE
- 17. EOSINOPHIL
- 18. DENDRITIC CELL