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Unit 3. Word formation
- 1. UNIT III 9 form WORD FORMATION 弌 STA RT By Tanya Ivanova
- 2. CON TE N T 1. Derivation of E nglish language 2. Suffixation and prefixation 3. Compounding and Conversion 4. Common suffixes 5. Common prefixes 6. E xercises 7. On-line test 8. H istorical reference 9. Useful links
- 3. 弌仍仂于仂仂弍舒亰仂于舒仆亳亠 于 舒仆亞仍亳亶从仂仄 磶从亠 舒仆亞仍亳亶从仂仄 磶从亠, 从舒从 亳 于 从仂仄, 弌仍仂于舒 舒仆亞仍亳亶从仂亞仂 磶从舒 仄仂亞 弍 亠于亠 仆亠从仂仍从仂 仗仂仂弍仂于 仗仂仄亳, 仍仂亢仆仄亳 亳 仂弍舒亰仂于舒仆亳 仆仂于 仍仂于. 仆仂于仆仄亳 仗仂亳亰于仂亟仆仄亳. 磦仍ﾑ: 1) 仂仂亠 仍仂于仂 仂仂亳 亳亰 从仂仆, 从 仍仂于仂仂弍舒亰仂于舒仆亳亠 仗仂亠亟于仂仄 仗亳仂亠亟亳仆亠仆 从仂仂仂仄 仄仂亞 仗亳仂亠亟亳仆 ; 2) 仍仂于仂仍仂亢亠仆亳亠; 3) 从仂仆于亠亳 仂从仂仆舒仆亳. ( 亢亠 亰仆舒亠仄 仂从仂仆舒仆亳亠 舒仆仂于亳仄 弍仂仍亠亠 仗仂亟仂弍仆仂 仆舒 -s (-es), 从舒亰于舒ﾑ亠亠 仆舒 仄仆. 亳仍仂 从舒亢亟仂仄 亳亰 仗仂仂弍仂于. 亳仄亠仆 亠于亳亠仍仆: tents). 弌仍仂亢仆仂亠 仍仂于仂 - 仂 舒从仂亠 仍仂于仂, 从仂仂仂亠 仂弍舒亰仂于舒仍仂 于 亠亰仍舒亠 仍仂亢亠仆亳 亟于 亳仍亳 弍仂仍亠亠 仍仂于 (blackboard - black (亠仆亶) + board (亟仂从舒) = (从仂仍仆舒) 亟仂从舒). 仂亳亰于仂亟仆仂亠 仍仂于仂 - 仂 仍仂于仂, 从仂仂仂亠 弍仍仂 "仗仂亳亰于亠亟亠仆仂" 仗仂仄仂 仂亞仂 亳仍亳 亳仆仂亞仂 仗仂仂弍舒 仂 亟亞仂亞仂 仍仂于舒 (a plan - to plan).
- 4. 弌仍仂于仂仂弍舒亰仂于舒仆亳亠 仗亠仄 亳从 (suffix) - 仍仂于仂仂弍舒亰ﾑ舒 舒亳舒, 仗亳仂亠亟亳仆亠仆亳 亳从仂于 亳 仗亠亳从仂于 仂舒 于 从仂仆亠 亳仂亟仆仂亞仂 仍仂于舒. 弌亳从 仄仂亞 磦仍磳 舒仄仄 仗仂亟从亳于仆仄 仗仂仂弍仂仄. 仗亳弍舒于仍 从舒从 从 仗仂仄 仍仂于舒仄, 舒从 亳 从 舒从亳亠从亳 从舒亢亟舒 仂从舒 亠从舒 仗仂亳亰于仂亟仆仄. 仆亳 仄仂亞 仗亳仂亠亟亳仆 从 仂亟亠亢亳 仗仂亳亰于仂亟仆亠 仍仂于舒. 仗仂仄仆亳仄, 亠于亳亠仍仆仄, 仗亳仍舒亞舒亠仍仆仄 亳 亞仍舒亞仂仍舒仄, 仂 舒从仂亠 亳从 亳 仗亠亳从. 仂弍舒亰 仗亳 仂仄 仆仂于亠 仍仂于舒 仂亟仆仂亶 亳 仂亶 亢亠 仆亳仄亳 亳仍亳 亟亞仂亶 亞舒仄仄舒亳亠从仂亶 从舒亠亞仂亳亳, 仆舒仗亳仄亠: 亞仍舒亞仂仍: to read 亳舒 -> 亠于.: reader 亳舒亠仍 亞仍舒亞仂仍: to differ 舒亰仍亳舒 -> 仗亳仍.: different 亟亞仂亶 仗亳仍.: natural 亠亠于亠仆仆亶 -> 仆舒亠亳亠: naturally 亠亠于亠仆仆仂 亠于.: dock 亟仂从 -> 亠于.: docker 亟仂从亠; 仗亠亳从 (prefix) - 仍仂于仂仂弍舒亰ﾑ舒 舒亳舒, 从仂仂舒 亳仗仂仍亰亠 于 仆舒舒仍亠 亳仂亟仆仂亞仂 仍仂于舒. 亠亳从 仂弍仆仂 仂弍舒亰ﾑ 仍仂于舒, 仂亟亳仆舒从仂于亠 亞舒仄仄舒亳亠从仂亶 从舒亠亞仂亳亠亶 亳仂亟仆仂亞仂 仍仂于舒. 仆亳 于仗仂仍仆ﾑ 亞仍舒于仆仄 仂弍舒亰仂仄 仄仍仂于 仆从亳, 仆舒仗亳仄亠: 亞仍舒亞仂仍: to cover 仗仂从于舒 -> 亞仍舒亞仂仍: to discover 仂从于舒 仗亳仍.: usual 仂弍仆亶 - 仗亳仍.: unusual 仆亠仂弍仆亶.
- 5. 弌仍仂于仂仍仂亢亠仆亳亠 - 仂 仂弍舒亰仂于舒仆亳亠 仆仂于仂亞仂 仍仂于舒 亳亰 仂仆于亠亳 - 仂 舒从仂亶 仗仂仂弍 仂弍舒亰仂于舒仆亳 仆仂于 亟于 亳仍亳 弍仂仍亠亠 仍仂于. 从仂仄 磶从亠 仗亳 仂亠亟亳仆亠仆亳亳 仍仂于, 仗仂 从仂仂仂仄 仂 仂亟仆仂亶 舒亳 亠亳 仂弍舒亰亠 亟于 仍仂于 于 仂亟仆仂 亳仗仂仍亰亠 仂亠亟亳仆亳亠仍仆舒 亞仍舒仆舒 亟亞舒 弍亠亰 从舒从亳-仍亳弍仂 亳亰仄亠仆亠仆亳亶 于仂 于仆亠仆亠亶 仂 亳仍亳 亠 (于仂亟仂仗仂于仂亟, 仗仍亠仂, 仂仍仂亠仆仆亶). 仂仄亠 仍仂于舒. 舒亳弍仂仍亠亠 舒仗仂舒仆亠仆仆仂亶 舒仆亞仍亳亶从仂仄 磶从亠 亟于舒 仍仂于舒 仂亠亟亳仆ﾑ 亟亞 亟亞仂仄 仄仂亟亠仍 从仂仆于亠亳亳 磦仍磳: 亠于亳亠仍仆仂亠 -> 仆亠仗仂亠亟于亠仆仆仂, 仗亳亠仄 亟舒亠仆亳亠 仂弍仆仂 仗舒亟舒亠 仆舒 亞仍舒亞仂仍. 亢亠 亰仆舒从仂仄 舒从亳仄 磦仍亠仆亳亠仄, 仗亠于仂亠 仍仂于仂, 仆舒仗亳仄亠: 仆舒仗亳仄亠: handbook - hand (从舒) + book (从仆亳亞舒) = a test - 亳仗舒仆亳亠 -> to test - 亳仗于舒 仗舒于仂仆亳从 a check - 仗仂于亠从舒 -> to check - 仗仂于亠. something - some (仆亠从仂仂亶) + thing (于亠) = 仂- 仂 to whitewash - white (弍亠仍亶) + wash (仄) = 弍亠仍亳. 亳 从仂仆于亠亳亳 亟于- 亳 仄仆仂亞仂仍仂亢仆 亠于亳亠仍仆, 亳仄亠ﾑ亳 亟舒亠仆亳亠 仆舒 仗亠于仂仄 亳仍亳 于仂仂仄 仍仂亞亠, 于 亞仍舒亞仂仍舒 亟舒亠仆亳亠 仗亠亠仆仂亳 亳仄亠舒仆亳亠. 弌仍仂亢仆亠 仍仂于舒 仂弍仆仂 仗亳 仆舒 仗仂仍亠亟仆亳亶 仍仂亞, 仆舒仗亳仄亠: 仍亳仆仂, 仆仂 亳仆仂亞亟舒 亠亠亰 亟亠亳, 仆舒仗亳仄亠: 'export 从仗仂 -> to ex'port 从仗仂亳仂于舒 water (于仂亟舒) + way (仗) -> water-way (于仂亟仆亶 仗). 'progress 仗仂亞亠 -> to pro'gress 仗仂亞亠亳仂于舒. 舒仗仂舒仆亠仆仆仄 仍舒亠仄 从仂仆于亠亳亳 磦仍磳 仗亠亠仂亟 仗亳仍舒亞舒亠仍仆仂亞仂 于 亠于亳亠仍仆仂亠 (弍亠亰 仄亠亠仆亳 亟舒亠仆亳), 仆舒仗亳仄亠: international 仄亠亢亟仆舒仂亟仆亶 -> the International 仆亠仆舒亳仂仆舒仍 intellectual 亳仆亠仍仍亠从舒仍仆亶 -> an intellectual 亳仆亠仍仍亠从舒仍
- 6. ? 丼仂 舒从仂亠 仍仂于仂仂弍舒亰仂于舒仆亳亠? 舒从亳亠 仗仂仂弍 仂弍舒亰仂于舒仆亳 仆仂于 仍仂于 亰仆舒亠? 丼亠仄 仂仍亳舒亠 亳从 仂 仗亠亳从舒? 舒从 仂弍舒亰亠 仍仂于仂 仗仂仄仂 仍仂于仂仍仂亢亠仆亳? 亠仄 亰舒从仍ﾑ舒亠 仗亳仆亳仗 从仂仆于亠亳亳? BACK TO TH E ORY
- 7. COMMON SUFFIXES FOR VERBS COMMON SUFFIXES FOR NOUNS SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE (noun+) -ize 亟亠仍舒() 舒从亳仄, 从舒从 summarize 仄仄亳仂于舒 (V.+) -er, -or 仂弍仂亰仆舒亠仆亳亠 亟亠亠仍 worker 舒弍仂亳亶 仆舒 仂 从舒亰于舒亠 仂仆仂于舒 (V. +) -ing 亟亠亶于亳亠 于 仗仂亠亠 boiling 从亳仗亠仆亳亠 (adjective +) harden 亟亠仍舒() 于亠亟仄 -en (adj.+) -ness 于仂亶于仂, 从舒亠于仂 whiteness 弍亠仍亳亰仆舒 仗亠于舒舒 于, 亟亠仍舒 gasify 仗亠于舒舒() 于 亞舒亰; (adj.+) -ty, -ity 仂仂礌亳亠, 仍仂于亳亠, activity 亟亠亠仍仆仂 (noun+) -ify, 仂, 仆舒 仂 从舒亰于舒亠 electrify 仍亠从亳亰仂于舒 从舒亠于仂 -fy 仂仆仂于舒 (v. +) -age 舒从 亳仍亳 舒从 亟亠亶于亳 breakage 仗仂仍仂仄从舒 仗仂亟于亠亞舒 vaccinate 亟亠仍舒 仗亳于亳于从; 仂亟亠亢舒仆亳亠 亠亞仂-仍亳弍仂 percentage 仗仂亠仆仆仂亠 (noun+) -ate 于仂亰亟亠亶于亳, granulate 亞舒仆仍亳仂于舒 (n.+) -age (亠亟亳仆亳 亳亰仄亠亠仆亳) 仂亟亠亢舒仆亳亠 仗亠于舒舒 于 仂, 仆舒 仂 从舒亰于舒亠 仂仆仂于舒 (v.+) -ment 仂于仍亠亠仆仆亠 仗仂仆亳 treatment 仍亠亠仆亳亠 (v.+) -ance, (舒弍舒从仆亠 亠于亳亠仍 -er whisper 亠仗舒 resistance 仂仗仂亳于仍亠仆亳亠 -ence 仆亠) -ish establish 舒仆舒于仍亳于舒 (v.+) -ancy, expectancy 仆舒亟亠亢亟舒 -ency COMMON SUFFIXES FOR ADVERBS AND NUMERALS (adj.+/n..+) -dom freedom 于仂弍仂亟舒 ADVERB SUFFIXES NUMERAL SUFFIXES 弌丕个个 丼 弌丕个个 丼 (v. +) -ion, 弌 弌 -tion, revision 仗仂于仂亠仆亳亠 舒从亳仄 entirely于 仂仍亳亠于 fifteen仗 -sion, -ssion 仂弍舒亰仂仄, 亠亠仍仂 亠仆仆仂亠 仆舒亟舒 (仗亳仍. +) 仗仂仂弍仂仄 -teen 亳仍亳亠仍 -ure pressure 亟舒于仍亠仆亳亠 -ly 仆仂亠仂 13 亟仂 19 -hood childhood 亟亠于仂 -ward(s) 仆舒仗舒于仍亠仆 backward -ty 亟亠从亳 seventy亠 -ship friendship 亟亢弍舒 亳亠 s仆舒亰舒亟 仄亟亠 亟于亳亢亠仆亳 -th length 亟仍亳仆舒 于 舒从仂仄 clockwise 仂磲从仂于仂 fourth 1) 仆舒亳仂仆舒仍仆仂; American 舒仄亠亳从舒仆亠, 仆舒仗舒于仍亠仆 仗仂 亠亳仍亳亠仍 亠于亠 -an, -ian 2) 仗仂亠亳 librarian 弍亳弍仍亳仂亠从舒 -wise 亳亳, 舒从亳仄 舒仂于仂亶 -th 仆仂亠 亶 仗仂仂弍仂仄 亠仍从亠 从舒从仂亠-仍亳弍仂 亠亠仆亳亠 communism 从仂仄仄仆亳亰仄 -ism (仆舒仗亳仄亠, 仗仂仍亳亳亠从仂亠) 1) 仗亳仆舒亟仍亠亢仆仂 从 communist 从仂仄仄仆亳; -ist 从舒从仂仄-仍亳弍仂 亠亠仆亳; artist 亟仂亢仆亳从 2) 仗仂亠亳
- 8. COMMON PREFIXES COMMON SUFFIXES FOR ADJECTIVES NEGATIVE PREFIXES OTHER PREFIXES SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE PREFIX EXAMPLE PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE (n. +) -al 仆舒仍亳亳亠 仗亳亰仆舒从舒, central 亠仆舒仍仆亶 (n. +) -ic 于仂亶于 亳 从舒亠于, patriotic 仗舒亳仂亳亠从亳亶 un- unable 于仆仂于 remake 于舒亢亠仆仆 仂仆仂于仂亶 仆亠仗仂仂弍仆亶 亟亠仍舒 仂, 仗亠亠亟亠仍于舒 (n. +) -ical geological 亞亠仂仍仂亞亳亠从亳亶 in- inactive re- (+ v.) 仆舒 仂 (n. +) -ous famous 亳亰于亠仆亶 弍亠亰亟亠亠仍仆 从舒亰于舒亠 仂仆仂于舒 (n. +) -ful useful 仗仂仍亠亰仆亶 亶 (n. +) im- impossible 仗亳亟舒于舒 embody expressible 于舒亰亳亠仍仆亶 -able, -ible 仆亠于仂亰仄仂亢仆亶 从舒亠于仂 于仂仗仍仂舒 il- illegal en-, em- (n. +) (+ v.) dependent 亰舒于亳亳仄亶 仆亠亰舒从仂仆仆亶 -ant, -ent ir- irregular 亳亰弍仂仆舒 overproduce (v. +) -ive active 舒从亳于仆亶 仆亠仗舒于亳仍仆 亠仗亠仆 仗亠亠仗仂亳亰于仂 (n. +) -ly friendly 亟亢亠仍ﾐ頴術亶 亶 over- (+ v.) 从舒亠于舒 亟亳 亳仍亳 (n. +) -y grainy 亰亠仆亳亶 misunderstan d 于仗仂仍仆亠仆亳 (v. +) -ite favourite 仍ﾐ頴湖煮亶 mis- 仆亠仗舒于亳仍仆仂 亟亠亶于亳 -ary pecuniary 亟亠仆亠亢仆亶 仗仂仆 -ate fortunate 亟舒仆亶 disapproval 仆亠亟仂舒仂仆 underestimat 仆亠仂亟仂弍亠仆亳亠 舒 亠仗亠仆 e -ed cold-blooded 仍舒亟仆仂从仂于仆亶 dis- under- (+ 从舒亠于舒 仆亠亟仂仂亠仆亳于 -less 仂于亳亠 从舒亠于舒, v.) 亳仍亳 舒 useless 弍亠仗仂仍亠亰仆亶 仗亳亰仆舒从舒 于仗仂仍仆亠仆亳 亟亠亶于亳 1) 仆舒仍亳亳亠 仗亳亰仆舒从舒 于 reddish 从舒仆仂于舒亶; -ish 仍舒弍仂亶 亠仗亠仆亳; Polish 仗仂仍从亳亶 2) 仗亳仆舒亟仍亠亢仆仂 从 仆舒亳仂仆舒仍仆仂亳 -ese 仗亳仆舒亟仍亠亢仆仂 从 Japanese 礚仂仆从亳亶 -ian, -an 仆舒亳仂仆舒仍仆仂亳 Egyptian 亠亞亳仗亠从亳亶 E XE RCISE S TE ST -like 仂亟于仂 birdlike 仗亳亠仗仂亟仂弍仆亶 仗亳仆舒亟仍亠亢仆仂 从 仂亟仆仂亶 -ern northern 亠于亠仆亶 亳亰 仂仂仆 于亠舒
- 9. EXERCISE 1 Click to check the answ HE LP
- 10. HE LP EXERCISE 1
- 11. 1. We have known each other since our Fill in the EXERCISE 2 (child) blanks with 2. His hard work . him to pass his appropriate examination. (able) words derived 3. The manager asked the board members to from the ones .. his earlier proposal. (consider) given in 4. Only a fool will his net worth. brackets. (estimate) 5. He is a stupid and often talks . (sense) Click here to check the 6. The Government of China has .. its currency. (value) 7. Parents should not their childrens mistakes. (look) 8. He was absent because he was (well) 9. The judgment . in our favor. (go) 10. The judge ordered that the accused be (behead) 11. The minister wants to .. the capital. (beauty) 12. Only monosyllabic words were . by her. (utter) HE LP
- 12. 1. We have known each other since our Fill in the EXERCISE 2 (child) blanks with 2. His hard work . him to pass his appropriate examination. (able) words derived 3. The manager asked the board members to from the ones .. his earlier proposal. (consider) given in 4. Only a fool will his net worth. brackets. (estimate) 5. He is a stupid and often talks . The answers (sense) 1. childhood 6. The Government of China has .. 2. enabled its currency. (value) 3. reconsider 7. Parents should not their 4. underestimate childrens mistakes. (look) 5. nonsense 8. He was absent because he was 6. devalued (well) 7. overlook 9. The judgment . in our favor. 8. unwell (go) 9. went 10. The judge ordered that the accused be 10. beheaded (behead) 11. beautify 12. uttered 11. The minister wants to .. the capital. (beauty) 12. Only monosyllabic words were . by her. (utter) HE LP
- 13. TEST Now press the red button to start the test TE ST More exercises
- 14. H istorical reference E nglish油 a油 is West G ermanic language油 that originated from the油 nglo-Frisian油 A dialects 油brought to油 Britain油 G ermanic invaders油 by油 from various parts of what is now northwest油 G ermany油 and the油Netherlands. Initially,油Old E nglish油was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the油 nglo-Saxon油 A kingdoms of油 ngland. One of these dialects,油 E L ate West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The E nglish language underwent extensive change in the油 Middle A ges. Written Old E nglish of A D 1000 is similar in vocabulary and油 grammar油 other old Germanic languages to such as油 Old High G erman油 and油 Old Norse, and completely unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Middle E nglish of A D 1400. The transformation was caused by two further waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the油Scandinavian branch油 the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized of parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the油Normans in the 11th century, who spoke油 Old Norman油 and ultimately developed an E nglish variety of this called油 A nglo-Norman. A large proportion of the modern E nglish vocabulary comes directly from A nglo-Norman. On-line links History of English language The Routes of English
- 15. 1. Word formation (video) 2. Word formation 3. C ommon word roots 4. E xercises