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UNIT 3-geosphere-1eso.pptx

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This document provides information about the geosphere, minerals, and rocks. It discusses studying the Earth's interior using seismic waves. The geosphere is described as having three layers: the crust, mantle, and core. Minerals are defined as solid, inorganic, naturally occurring substances with defined chemical compositions. Rocks are combinations of minerals. The properties, formation processes, and uses of minerals and rocks are explained.

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UNIT 3 THE GEOSPHERE, MINERALS AND ROCKS INDEX 1. Studying the earths interior 2. The layers of the geosphere 3. Minerals and rocks 4. The properties of minerals 5. Rocks 6. Use of minerals and rocks
VOCABULARY POINT 1 Drill holes Seismic Seismic waves Seismograph Speed POINT 2 Crust Mantle Core Molten Outer Inner POINT 3 Chemical Formula POINT 4 Lustre Dull Waxy Glassy Hardness Cleavage Streak POINT 5 Weathering Melting Cooling Igneous To beat To sink Layer Molten To rise up Towards Reaching To be subjected to Slate Mable POINT 6 Plaster Lead Native metal Sondeo S鱈simico Ondas s鱈smicas Sism坦grafo Velocidad Corteza Manto N炭cleo Fundidas Externo Interno Qu鱈mica F坦rmula Meteorizaci坦n Fusi坦n Enfriado gneas Golpear Hundir Capas Fundido Elevar Hacia Alcanzando Estar sujeto a Pizarra M叩rmol Escayola Plomo Metal nativo Brillo Mate Ceroso V鱈treo (cristalino) Dureza Exfoliaci坦n Raya
The Earth is 6370 km at the Equator but we only have direct knowledge of the most superficial layers under the Earth s surface. Mines or drill holes have allowed us to reach depths of 8 -12 km. To understand the composition of the Earth s interior, scientists have to use indirect methods. 1. STUDYING THE EARTHS INTERIOR drill holes
This method analyses the energy generated by earthquakes. When an earthquake occurs, the movement generates waves of energy that travel to the interior of the Earth, called seismic waves. These waves can be detected by an apparatus called a seismograph. This shows us that the speed of the waves vary as they pass from one layer to another. The study of the data obtained from seismographs has allowed scientists to deduce the composition of the Earth s interior. 1. STUDYING THE EARTHS INTERIOR INDIRECT METHODS The most common method is the study of earthquakes called the seismic method. /sa肘zm肘k/
2. THE LAYERS OF THE GEOSPHERE The GEOSPHERE has three concentric layers: CRUST: Its made up of solid and hard rocks. Its divided into: Continental crust Oceanic crust MANTLE: Its made up of denser rocks than the crusts rocks.The rocks in the upper part are hard, but in other zones they can be molten. CORE: It consists of two parts: OUTER CORE (molten) and INNER CORE (solid). (Crust-Mantle) (Mantle-Core)
http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/minerals/define/quiz/index.htm 3. MINERALS AND ROCKS Minerals: They are substances that have to be: Solid at room temperature. They cannot be liquids or gases. Inorganic, they cannot be formed by living beings. Defined chemical composition, they are formed by one or more elements in a certain proportion that we can express with a chemical formula. Natural origin, that is to say, they are not made up by humans. The terrestrial crust is formed by different materials. The most important ones are minerals and rocks. Rocks: They are solid substances formed by the combination of minerals.
3. MINERALS AND ROCKS 3.1. Look at the chart below and indicate why these substances cannot be considered minerals. Substance State (at room temperature) Inorganic Chemical composition Natural origin Water Liquid Yes H2O Yes Mercury Liquid Yes Hg Yes Bone Solid No Ca 3(PO4) 2 Yes Plastic Solid Yes Undefined No 3.2. What is the difference between a mineral and a rock?
4. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS They are physical characteristics that can be observed and determined in a simple way. The chemical composition and the disposition of the atoms influence many physical properties: 1. HARDNESS: It is the resistance that the mineral has to being scratched. To define the hardness of a mineral we use the MOSH SCALE OF HARDNESS. Page 31 Ex. 5 & 6
Mohs Scale Hardness Hardness of Common Objects Talc (softest) 1 Fingernail 2.5 Gypsum 2 Piece of copper 2.5-3.0 Calcite 3 Iron nail 4.5 Fluorite 4 Glass 5.5 Apatite 5 Steel file 6.5 Feldspar 6 Streak plate 7.0 Quartz 7 Flint sandpaper Topaz 8 Spinel (rock shops) Corundum 9 Emery sandpaper Diamond (hardest) 10 Carborundum sandpaper LOW HARDNESS HIGH HARDNESS MEDIUM HARDNESS http://mundo- mineral.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Mag netita
4. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 2. COLOUR: It depends on the light that is absorbed or reflected by the mineral. Some mineral have always the same color, but others can be different colors because small differences in their chemical composition, such as quartz. white or transparent halite different colours quartz waxy talc dull to glassy feldspars metallic pyrite glassy quartz 3. LUSTRE: /lst奮/ The way a mineral reflects light.
4. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 4. CLEAVAGE This is how a mineral breaks up. muscovite Mica cleaves in sheets. Galena cleaves into small Cubes.
The earth卒s crust is made of rocks. Rocks are aggregates of mineral particles. According to the origin of the rocks, geologists classify them into: 1. Metamorphic rocks 2. Igneous rocks 3. Sedimentary rocks http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/scien ce/environment_earth_universe/rock_cy cle/activity/ both types considered to result from internal processes (internal dynamics of the Earth) Derived from external processes (extenal dynamics of the Earth). 5. ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCK IGNEOUS ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK weathering and erosion compaction and cementation melting cooling SEDIMENTS MAGMA http://www.students.linguaframe.com/04b- rocks 5. ROCKS
Formation of sedimentary rocks Wind and moving water beat away fragments of rocks and transport them. The fragments sink to the sea floor as sediment. Over time they build up and form layers. When many layers are formed, the lower layers of sediment are compacted by the upper layers and are transformed into sedimentary rocks. 1 2 3 Limestone Examples of sedimentary rocks Conglomerate Sandstone 5. ROCKS A. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Formation of magmatic rocks Magma (very hot masses of molten minerals) rises up slowly through the lithosphere towards the Earths surface. The magma that reaches the surface through volcanoes cools down quickly and forms VOLCANIC ROCKS. The magma that does not reach the surface cools down slowly and forms PLUTONIC ROCKS. 1 2 3 http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/2ESO/tierrin/actividades/rocas1.htm http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/2ESO/tierrin/actividades/act16.htm http://roble.pntic.mec.es/~hotp0039/jaznar/Hibrida.htm 5. ROCKS B. IGNEOUS ROCKS GRANITE BASALT
They are created from rocks which are crushed (high pressures) and/or exposed to high temperatures inside the crust, but they DONT MELT. Some rocks inside the lithosphere are subjected to great pressures and high temperatures. High pressure and temperatures cause changes in these rocks that turn them into metamorphic rocks. 1 2 5. ROCKS C. METAMORPHIC ROCKS SLATE GNEISS MARBLE
6. USES OF MINERALS AND ROCKS Minerals are used in: MEDICINE: Gypsum to make plaster. CONSTRUCTION: Metals such as iron (Fe) and lead (Pb), calcite to make cement, quartz to make glass and electrical components. JEWELLERY: Gems as diamonds or native metals, such as gold and silver. USE OF MINERALS
6. USES OF MINERALS AND ROCKS Rocks are used in: CONSTRUCTION: Clay to make bricks and ceramics Stones Marble and granite for urban furniture and sculptures ENERGY PRODUCTION: Coal and oil. PLASTICS: Produced from oil. USE OF ROCKS

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UNIT 3-geosphere-1eso.pptx

  • 1. UNIT 3 THE GEOSPHERE, MINERALS AND ROCKS INDEX 1. Studying the earths interior 2. The layers of the geosphere 3. Minerals and rocks 4. The properties of minerals 5. Rocks 6. Use of minerals and rocks
  • 2. VOCABULARY POINT 1 Drill holes Seismic Seismic waves Seismograph Speed POINT 2 Crust Mantle Core Molten Outer Inner POINT 3 Chemical Formula POINT 4 Lustre Dull Waxy Glassy Hardness Cleavage Streak POINT 5 Weathering Melting Cooling Igneous To beat To sink Layer Molten To rise up Towards Reaching To be subjected to Slate Mable POINT 6 Plaster Lead Native metal Sondeo S鱈simico Ondas s鱈smicas Sism坦grafo Velocidad Corteza Manto N炭cleo Fundidas Externo Interno Qu鱈mica F坦rmula Meteorizaci坦n Fusi坦n Enfriado gneas Golpear Hundir Capas Fundido Elevar Hacia Alcanzando Estar sujeto a Pizarra M叩rmol Escayola Plomo Metal nativo Brillo Mate Ceroso V鱈treo (cristalino) Dureza Exfoliaci坦n Raya
  • 3. The Earth is 6370 km at the Equator but we only have direct knowledge of the most superficial layers under the Earth s surface. Mines or drill holes have allowed us to reach depths of 8 -12 km. To understand the composition of the Earth s interior, scientists have to use indirect methods. 1. STUDYING THE EARTHS INTERIOR drill holes
  • 4. This method analyses the energy generated by earthquakes. When an earthquake occurs, the movement generates waves of energy that travel to the interior of the Earth, called seismic waves. These waves can be detected by an apparatus called a seismograph. This shows us that the speed of the waves vary as they pass from one layer to another. The study of the data obtained from seismographs has allowed scientists to deduce the composition of the Earth s interior. 1. STUDYING THE EARTHS INTERIOR INDIRECT METHODS The most common method is the study of earthquakes called the seismic method. /sa肘zm肘k/
  • 5. 2. THE LAYERS OF THE GEOSPHERE The GEOSPHERE has three concentric layers: CRUST: Its made up of solid and hard rocks. Its divided into: Continental crust Oceanic crust MANTLE: Its made up of denser rocks than the crusts rocks.The rocks in the upper part are hard, but in other zones they can be molten. CORE: It consists of two parts: OUTER CORE (molten) and INNER CORE (solid). (Crust-Mantle) (Mantle-Core)
  • 6. http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/minerals/define/quiz/index.htm 3. MINERALS AND ROCKS Minerals: They are substances that have to be: Solid at room temperature. They cannot be liquids or gases. Inorganic, they cannot be formed by living beings. Defined chemical composition, they are formed by one or more elements in a certain proportion that we can express with a chemical formula. Natural origin, that is to say, they are not made up by humans. The terrestrial crust is formed by different materials. The most important ones are minerals and rocks. Rocks: They are solid substances formed by the combination of minerals.
  • 7. 3. MINERALS AND ROCKS 3.1. Look at the chart below and indicate why these substances cannot be considered minerals. Substance State (at room temperature) Inorganic Chemical composition Natural origin Water Liquid Yes H2O Yes Mercury Liquid Yes Hg Yes Bone Solid No Ca 3(PO4) 2 Yes Plastic Solid Yes Undefined No 3.2. What is the difference between a mineral and a rock?
  • 8. 4. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS They are physical characteristics that can be observed and determined in a simple way. The chemical composition and the disposition of the atoms influence many physical properties: 1. HARDNESS: It is the resistance that the mineral has to being scratched. To define the hardness of a mineral we use the MOSH SCALE OF HARDNESS. Page 31 Ex. 5 & 6
  • 9. Mohs Scale Hardness Hardness of Common Objects Talc (softest) 1 Fingernail 2.5 Gypsum 2 Piece of copper 2.5-3.0 Calcite 3 Iron nail 4.5 Fluorite 4 Glass 5.5 Apatite 5 Steel file 6.5 Feldspar 6 Streak plate 7.0 Quartz 7 Flint sandpaper Topaz 8 Spinel (rock shops) Corundum 9 Emery sandpaper Diamond (hardest) 10 Carborundum sandpaper LOW HARDNESS HIGH HARDNESS MEDIUM HARDNESS http://mundo- mineral.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Mag netita
  • 10. 4. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 2. COLOUR: It depends on the light that is absorbed or reflected by the mineral. Some mineral have always the same color, but others can be different colors because small differences in their chemical composition, such as quartz. white or transparent halite different colours quartz waxy talc dull to glassy feldspars metallic pyrite glassy quartz 3. LUSTRE: /lst奮/ The way a mineral reflects light.
  • 11. 4. PROPERTIES OF MINERALS 4. CLEAVAGE This is how a mineral breaks up. muscovite Mica cleaves in sheets. Galena cleaves into small Cubes.
  • 12. The earth卒s crust is made of rocks. Rocks are aggregates of mineral particles. According to the origin of the rocks, geologists classify them into: 1. Metamorphic rocks 2. Igneous rocks 3. Sedimentary rocks http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/scien ce/environment_earth_universe/rock_cy cle/activity/ both types considered to result from internal processes (internal dynamics of the Earth) Derived from external processes (extenal dynamics of the Earth). 5. ROCKS
  • 13. SEDIMENTARY ROCK IGNEOUS ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK weathering and erosion compaction and cementation melting cooling SEDIMENTS MAGMA http://www.students.linguaframe.com/04b- rocks 5. ROCKS
  • 14. Formation of sedimentary rocks Wind and moving water beat away fragments of rocks and transport them. The fragments sink to the sea floor as sediment. Over time they build up and form layers. When many layers are formed, the lower layers of sediment are compacted by the upper layers and are transformed into sedimentary rocks. 1 2 3 Limestone Examples of sedimentary rocks Conglomerate Sandstone 5. ROCKS A. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
  • 15. Formation of magmatic rocks Magma (very hot masses of molten minerals) rises up slowly through the lithosphere towards the Earths surface. The magma that reaches the surface through volcanoes cools down quickly and forms VOLCANIC ROCKS. The magma that does not reach the surface cools down slowly and forms PLUTONIC ROCKS. 1 2 3 http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/2ESO/tierrin/actividades/rocas1.htm http://recursos.cnice.mec.es/biosfera/alumno/2ESO/tierrin/actividades/act16.htm http://roble.pntic.mec.es/~hotp0039/jaznar/Hibrida.htm 5. ROCKS B. IGNEOUS ROCKS GRANITE BASALT
  • 16. They are created from rocks which are crushed (high pressures) and/or exposed to high temperatures inside the crust, but they DONT MELT. Some rocks inside the lithosphere are subjected to great pressures and high temperatures. High pressure and temperatures cause changes in these rocks that turn them into metamorphic rocks. 1 2 5. ROCKS C. METAMORPHIC ROCKS SLATE GNEISS MARBLE
  • 17. 6. USES OF MINERALS AND ROCKS Minerals are used in: MEDICINE: Gypsum to make plaster. CONSTRUCTION: Metals such as iron (Fe) and lead (Pb), calcite to make cement, quartz to make glass and electrical components. JEWELLERY: Gems as diamonds or native metals, such as gold and silver. USE OF MINERALS
  • 18. 6. USES OF MINERALS AND ROCKS Rocks are used in: CONSTRUCTION: Clay to make bricks and ceramics Stones Marble and granite for urban furniture and sculptures ENERGY PRODUCTION: Coal and oil. PLASTICS: Produced from oil. USE OF ROCKS
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