�ݺ�ߣ

kf7 M $ tfk (Heat)
-ª_ tfk ;dLs/0f k|of]u u/L tfk;DaGwL ;fwf/0f ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
o; kf7sf] cWoogkl5 tkfO{F+ lgDg sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Ifd x'g'x'g]5 M
-s_ tfksf] kl/ro lbg / o;sf] c;/ atfpg .
-v_ tfk / tfkStdsf] km/s eGg .
-u_ tfk dfks oGqsf] af/]df atfpg .
-3_ kbfy{sf] ljlzi6 tfkwf/0f Ifdtfsf] JofVof ug{ .
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
Remove Watermark Wondershare
PDFelement

-ª_ /;folgs kl/jt{g
tfk (Heat)
kbfy{df ePsf c0f'x¿sf] sDkgaf6 pTkGg ultzlStsf] of]unfO{ tfkzlSt elgG5 .
tfkzlStnfO{ h'n jf Sofnf/L PsfOdf gflkG5 .
tfkzlSt gfKg] pks/0f Sofnf]l/ld6/ xf] .
1 Calorie = 4.2 Joule
j:t'df ePsf] tfksf] kl/df0f lgDg lnlvt b'O{ s'/fx¿df lge{/ /xG5 M
!= kbfy{df /x]sf] c0f'x¿sf] ;ªVof cyf{t kbfy{sf] lk08
@= c0f'x¿sf] cf};t ultzlSt
t;y{ kbfy{df ePsf] tfkzlStsf] kl/df0f To; kbfy{sf] lk08 / c0f'x¿sf] cf};t ultzlStsf] u'0fg kmn;Fu
;dfg'kflts x'G5 .
tfksf] c;/ (Effect of heat) :
-s_ tfkStdsf] j[l4 -v_ cj:yfdf kl/jt{g -u_ j:t'sf] k|;f/
-3_ j:t'sf] 3'ngzLntfdf kl/jt{g
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

kbfy{sf c0f'x¿df ePsf] cf};t ultzlStnfO{ tfkj|md elgG5 .
o;nfO{ ºC, ºF jf K PsfOdf gflkG5 .
tfkj|md gfKg k|of]u ul/g] pks/0fnfO{ tfkj|md dfks oGq (thermometer) elgG5 .
!= hf8f] dlxgfdf cf]5ofgaf6 p7bf sf]7fsf] xfjf lr;f] nfU5 t/ aflx/ v'Nnf xfjfdf s]xLa]/ 8'n]/ sf]7fdf kmls{of] eg]
ToxL sf]7fsf] xfjf Gofgf] nfU5 . o;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] cf]5ofgaf6 p7bf l;/ssf] Gofgf]sf] bfFhf]df sf]7fsf] xfjf lr;f]
nfU5 t/ aflx/ v'Nnf 7fpFdf 8'n]/ cfpFbf aflx/sf] bfFhf]df pSt sf]7f tftf] x'g] ePsfn] xfdLnfO{ Pp6} sf]7f klg slxn]
lr;f] / slxn] tftf] nfu]sf] xf] .
@= udL{ofddf Ogf/ tyf 6o'j]nsf] kfgL lr;f] x'G5 t/ hf8f] ofddf ;f]xL Ogf/ tyf 6o'j]nsf] kfgL tftf] nfU5 . udL{sf]
a]nfdf aflx/sf] tfkqmdeGbf Ogf/sf] kfgLsf] tfkqmd sd x'g] ePsf]n] lr;f] nfu]sf] xf] t/ hf8f] a]nfdf aflx/sf]
tfkqmdeGbf Ogf/sf] kfgLsf] tfkqmd a9L x'g] ePsfn] tftf] cg'ej ePsf] xf] . jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] Ogf/ jf 6o'j]nsf]
kfgLsf] tfkqmd ;w}F ;dfg x'G5 .
hfgL /fvf}+
tfkqmd (Temperature)
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

Tffk tfkqmd
!= tfk j:t'df ePsf] c0f'x¿sf] ultzlStsf]
of]ukmn xf] .
@= tfk tfkStd a9fpg] sf/0f xf] .
#= tfk Sofnf]/L ld6/n] gflkG5 .
$= P;=cfO{=k|0ffnLdf tfksf] PsfO h'n (J) xf] .
!= tfkqmd kbfy{÷j:t'sf] tftf] jf lr;f]kgfsf]
dfkg xf] .
@= tfkStd tfksf] c;/ xf] .
#= tfkStd gfKg ydf]{ld6/ k|of]u ul/G5 .
$= P;=cfO{=k|0ffnLdf tfkStdsf] PsfO l8u|L
;]lG6u|]8 (ºC) jf s]lNeg (K) xf] .
agfj6 / k|of]usf cfwf/df ydf]{ld6/ tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g .
8fS6/L ydf]{ld6/ (Clinical thermometer)
k|of]uzfnf ydf]{ld6/ (Laboratory thermometer)
pRrtd Go"gtd ydf{ldl6/ (Maximum and minimum thermometer)
Tffk / tfkqmdaLr km/s
ydf]{ld6/sf k|sf/ (Types of Thermometer)
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

8fS6/L ydf]{ld6/ (Clinical thermometer)
dflg;sf] z/L/sf] tfkStd dfkg ug]{ ydf]{ld6/nfO{ 8fS6/L ydf]{ld6/ (Clinical
thermometer) elgG5 . 8fS6/L ydf]{ld6/ ;]lN;o; (0C) / km/]gxfO6 -oFF_
:s]ndf agfOPsf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof dflg;sf] z/L/sf] tfkqmd 370C jf 98.6 0F
x'G5 . To;}n] ;]lN;o; :s]ndf 350C b]lv 420C km/]gxfO6 :s]ndf 940 F b]lv
1080 F df ydf]{ld6/sf] :s]n agfOPsf] x'G5 .
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

k|of]uzfnf ydf]{ld6/ (Laboratory thermometer)
k|of]uzfnf leq jf aflx/ ul/g] lj1fg;DaGwL lj|mofsnfkx¿sf] ;Gbe{df
xfjf, kfgL, df6f] tyf cGo kbfy{sf] tfkStd dfkg ug{ k|of]u ul/g]
pks/0fnfO{ k|of]uzfnf ydf]{ld6/-Laboratory thermometer_ elgG5
. sfFrsf] gnLn] ag]sf], leq sf]lifsf gnL ePsf] nfDrf] cfsf/sf]
k|of]uzfnf ydf]{ld6/sf] agfj6 8fS6/L ydf]{ld6/sf] h:tf] eP tfklg of]
ydf]{ld6/ cln nfdf] x'G5, o;sf] ;fFu'/f] 3Ff6L x'Fb}g . k|of]uzfnfdf of]
ydf]{ld6/n] kbfy{sf] pDng] / hDg] b'j} tfkStd gfKg' kg]{ ePsfn] of]
ydf]{ld6/sf] jgfj6 ;f]lx cg';f/sf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof k|of]uzfnf
ydf]{ld6/n] -100 C b]lv 1100 C ;Ddsf] tfkStd dfkg ug{sf] nflu
:s]n agfOPsf] x'G5 .
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

pRrtd Go"gtd ydf{ldl6/ (Maximum and minimum thermometer)
s'g} lglZrt 7fpFsf] @$ 306f leqsf] clwstd / Go"gtd tfkStd
dfkg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] oGqnfO{ clwstd Go"gtd tfkdfks oGq
elgG5 .
ydf]{ld6/df kf/f] jf cNsf]xn h:tf t/n kbfy{ /flvG5 .
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

Kff/f] / cNsf]xn larsf] km/s
• ! kf/f] ckf/bzL{, t/ rlDsnf] ePsfn] Unf;
6o"jdf ;lhn} b]Vg ;lsG5 .
• @ = tfkStd Psgf; ¿kdf j[l4 x'g] ;'rfns
xf] .
• # kf/f]sf] pDng] tfkStd 3570C / hDg]
tfkStd -390C ePsfn] k|of]uzfnf tyf
d?e"ldsf] pRr tfkStd dfkg ug{ kf/f]o'St
ydf]{ld6/ k|of]u ul/G5 .
cNsf]xn (Alcohol)
• 6o"jdf ;lhn} b]Vg ;lsG5 . cNsf]xn /Ëlxg
x'g] ePsfn] /Ë ld;fP/ ydf]{ld6/df /flvg]
x'Fbf Unf; 6o'jdf ;lhn} b]Vg ;lsG5 .
• of] ;j{z'ne ¿kdf kfOg] ;:tf] kbfy{ xf] .
• cNsf]xnsf] pDng] tfkqmd 780C / hDg]
tfkqmd -1170C ePsfn] lxdfnsf] ofqf
nufotsf] Hofb} lr;f] 7fpFsf] tfkStd dfkg
ug{ cNsf]xn ydf]{ld6/ k|of]u ul/G5 .
kf/f] (Mercury)
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

s'g} j:t'sf] 1 lsnf]u|fd lk08sf] tfkj|md 1º C a9fpg jf 36fpg cfjZos tfkzlStsf] kl/df0fnfO{
;f] j:t'sf] ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf (specific heat capacity) elgG5 .
ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f IfdtfnfO{ P;cfO{ (SI) k|0ffnLdf h'n k|lt lsnf]u|fd k|lt l8u|L ;]lN;o; (J/kgºC) PsfOdf gflkG5 .
j|m= ;= j:t' ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf
(J/kgºC)
j|m=
;=
j:t' ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf
(J/kgºC)
;;f -n]8_ 130 sfFr 670
kf/f] 140 a/km 2100
rfFbL 234 cNsf]xn 2400
Tffdf 400 kfgL 4200
l:6n 447 k]6«f]n 1670
kmnfd 460 afn'jf 800
cfNdf]lgod 900 jg:klt t]n 2000
P;cfO{ (SI) PsfOdf s]xL j:t'x¿sf] ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf
ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf (Specific heat capacity)
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

kfgLsf] ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf 4200J/Kgº C x'G5 eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
hfgL /fvf}
b'O{cf]6f ljs/df a/fa/ dfqfdf kfgL / t]n lnP/ a/fa/ tfk zlSt lbg] l:k|6 aQL cyjf aG;g ag{/n] ttfpFbf
t]nsf] tfkStd kfgLsf] bfFhf]df l56f] a95 . s]xL ;do;Dd ttfP/ b'a} t/n kbfy{nfO{ k'gM lr:ofpFbf kfgLeGbf t]n
rfF8f] lr;f] x'G5 . kfgLsf] eGbf t]nsf] ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf sd ePsf] x'gfn] kfgLsf] bfFhf]df t]n l56f] tfTg] /
l56f] ;]nfpg] x'G5 .
kfgLsf] ljlzi6 tfkwf/0f Ifdtf al9 ePsf]n] l9nf] tfTg] / l9nf] ;]nfpg] u'0f ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;d'Gb|L ;txsf]
5]pdf ePsf zx/x¿df ;d'Gb|af6 hldglt/ lr;f] xfjf rNg] ePsfn] sd udL{ x'G5 .
1 lsnf] u|fd kfgLsf] tfkj|md 1º C a9fpg jf 36fpg 4200 h'n tfkzlSt cfjZos k5{ .
kfgLsf] ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf c¿ kbfy{sf t'ngfdf ;a}eGbf a9L (4200J/kgºC) 5 .
oxL sf/0f kfgL l9nf tfTg] / l9nf ;]nfpg] u5{ .
kfgLnfO{ OlGhg lr;f] ug{ / tftf] kfgLnfO x6 jf6/ Aofudf e/L z/L/ ttfpg klg pkof]u ul/G5 , lsg <
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

= 5.25 x 104 J
t;y{ kfgL ttfpg 5.25 x 104 J tfkzlSt rflxG5 .
1. 5º C tfkj|mdsf] 500 gm kfgLnfO{ 30º C ;Dd ttfpg slt tfk rflxG5 <
oxfF kfgLsf] lk08 (m) = 500 gm = 500 /1000 = 0.5 kg
tfkj|md kl/jt{g (dt) =30º C – 5º C = 25º C
kfgLsf] ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf (s) = 4200J/Kgº C
rflxg] tfk (Q) = ?
;"qcg';f/,
Q = msdt
= 52500J
= 0.5 x 4200 x 25
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

= 800J/kgo C
ctM afn'jfsf] ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf 800J/kgo C x'G5 .
10 kg afn'jfsf] tfkj|md 14o C af6 34o C k'¥ofpg 1.6 x 105 J tfkzlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ eg] afn'jfsf]
ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf slt x'G5 <
Affn'jfsf] lk08 (m) = 10 kg
afn'jfdf tfkj|mdsf] kl/jt{g (dt) = 34o C – 14o C = 20o C
tfkzlSt (Q) = 1.6 x 105 J
afn'jfsf] ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf (s) = ?
;"qcg';f/ (Q) = msdt
dt
m
Q
S


20
10
10
6
.
1 5



8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

cEof;
!= tfkStdsf] kl/efiff / o;sf] PsfO n]Vg'xf];g'xf]; . Pp6f lunf;df Ps lglZrt tfkStd ePsf] t/n kbfy{ el/Psf] 5 . Tof]
t/n kbfy{ ttfpFbf lunf;df gc6fP/ kf]lvG5, lr:ofpFbf klg lunf;df gc6fP/ kf]lvG5 eg] pSt t/n kbfy{sf] gfd s] xf]nf
/ o;sf] tfkStd slt xf]nf < sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf]; .
@= tfk / tfkStdaLrdf b'O{cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf]; .
#= kf/f] ydf]{ld6/ / cNsf]xn ydf]{l6/sf] aLrdf x'g] b'O{ cf]6f km/s n]Vg'xf]; . k|of]uzfnf ydf]{ld6/sf] gfdflªst lrq agfpg'xf]; .
$= ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f zlSt eg]sf] s] xf] < d?e"lddf /ft cToGt lr;f] / lbg cToGt udL{ x'G5 lsg <
%= df]6/ OlGhg lr:ofpgsf] nflu kfgLsf] k|of]u ul/G5,lsg < 100C tfkStd ePsf] 2kg kfgnLfO{ 84600 J sf] tfk lb+bf
o;sf] tfkStd a9]/ slt k'U5 <
^= j:t'sf] ljlzi6 tfkwf/0f Ifdtf / To;sf] tfkStd 36a9 x'g] b/df s] ;DaGw 5 < 6Dd kfgnL] el/Psf] af]tnnfO{
/]lk|mh]/]6/leq /fv]/ lr:ofpFbf af]tn km'65 lsg <
&= kf/f]sf] ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtf 138J/kg0C 5 eGg'sf] cy{ s] xf] < pSt kf/f]sf] lk08 2kg 5 / To;sf] tfkStd 600C
j[l4 ug'{ 5 eg] slt tfkzlSt rflxG5 <
*= 10 lsnf]u|fd kfgLsf] tfkStd 200C af6 400C k'¥ofpg slt tfkzlSt rflxG5 < - kfgLsf] ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f zlSt
4200J/kg0C x'G5_
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

k[i7kf]if0f
!= tfkqmdsf] kl/efiff / PsfO lstfjdf k9g'xf]; . lunf;df /flvPsf] t/n kbfy{ kfgL xf] . lunf;df /flvPsf] kfgLsf]
tfkqmd 4 0C jf ;f] eGbf a9L 5 lsgeg] 4 0C sf] kfgnLfO{ lr:ofpFbf 0 0C ;Dd cfotg a95 eg] ttfpFbf
klg cfotg a9g] ePsfn] kf]lvG5 .
@= :jfWoog ;fdu|Ldf tfk / tfkqmdsf] km/s cWoog ug'{xf]; .
#= :jfcWoog ;fdu|Lsf] #=% v08 cWoog u/L k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf]; .
$= ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtfsf] kl/efiff cWoog ug'{xf]; . d?e"ld afn'jfn] ag]sf] x'G5 . afn'jfsf] ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f
Ifdtf sd (800J/kg0C) x'g] ePsfn] l5§} tfTg] / l5§} ;]nfpg] x'gfn] lbpF;f] cToGt udL{ / /ftL cToGt hf8f] x'G5 .
%= ;f/f+zsf] ^ gDj/ a'Fbf x]g'{xf]; . pbfx/0f # x]g'{xf]; .
^= j:t'sf] tfkStd kl/jt{g / ljlzi6 tfk wf/0f Ifdtfsf] ;DaGw ;dfg'kftL x'G5 . kfgnL] el/Psf] af]tnnfO{
/]lkm|h]/]6/df /fv]/ lr:ofpFbf z"Go l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmddf cfotg cTolws j[l4 x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] af]tn km'65 .
&= 1 kg kf/f]nfO{ 10C tfkqmd j[l4 ug{ 138J tfkzlSt rflxG5 . tfkzlSt lgsfNg Q = msdt ;"q k|of]u ug'{xf];
*= tfkzlSt lgsfNg Q = msdt ;"q k|of]u ug'{xf]; .
8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

8
4
9
8
7
4
9
5
3
M
a
n
o
j
G
h
i
m
i
r
e
PDFelement

�ݺ�ߣ

Unit 4 heat(nepali language)

More Related Content

Similar to Unit 4 heat(nepali language) (20)

More from Manoj Ghimire (6)

Recently uploaded (20)

Unit 4 heat(nepali language)