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Alfred Wegner was both a meteorologist and geologist who proposed the theory of continental drift in his book The Origin of Continents and Oceans. He believed that over millions of years, the supercontinent Pangaea broke apart into the continents, which continue to drift today. As evidence, Wegner cited matching coastlines, identical fossil matches across continents, matching rock types and geological features between continents, and evidence of ancient climates. However, his idea was rejected due to unanswered questions and lack of evidence about the mechanism and weakness of the ocean floor allowing drift.
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Father of this theory is Alfred Wegener.
2. The Theory of Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912):-
A large super-continent PANGEA split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago. These then drifted apart to form the present arrangement of continents.
Most geologists were highly skeptical and the idea was NOT widely accepted.
3. This is what Wegener thought Pangea looked like 200-300 million years ago.
4. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Wegener provided four main pieces of evidence to support his theory that the continents had been drifting over time.
5. 1. JIGSAW PUZZLE
Wegener noticed that if we could move present day continents around, several continents look like they would fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
6. 2. FOSSILS
Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on different continents now separated by vast oceans. They could only be found this way if the continents had once been joined together.
7. 3. ROCK SEQUENCE
Wegener also found that mountain ranges have a similar sequence of type of rock and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting they were once part of the same mountain range.
8. 4. GLACIAL SCARS
Wegener found evidence of glacial scars left behind by giant ice sheets from the same time period in Southern Africa, India, Australia and South America.
The white areas were covered by ice and tundra about 300 million years ago (arrows show the direction of ice movement).
the continents were once part of a single larger continent that then split apart, drifting to their present positions over the last 300 million years.
9. WHAT COULD MOVE THE CONTINENTS?
Unfortunately for Wegener, he could not explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents around the planet.
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Father of this theory is Alfred Wegener.
2. The Theory of Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegener (1912):-
A large super-continent PANGEA split into smaller fragments about 200-300 million years ago. These then drifted apart to form the present arrangement of continents.
Most geologists were highly skeptical and the idea was NOT widely accepted.
3. This is what Wegener thought Pangea looked like 200-300 million years ago.
4. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Wegener provided four main pieces of evidence to support his theory that the continents had been drifting over time.
5. 1. JIGSAW PUZZLE
Wegener noticed that if we could move present day continents around, several continents look like they would fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
6. 2. FOSSILS
Wegener also found fossils of the same plants and animals on different continents now separated by vast oceans. They could only be found this way if the continents had once been joined together.
7. 3. ROCK SEQUENCE
Wegener also found that mountain ranges have a similar sequence of type of rock and age on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, suggesting they were once part of the same mountain range.
8. 4. GLACIAL SCARS
Wegener found evidence of glacial scars left behind by giant ice sheets from the same time period in Southern Africa, India, Australia and South America.
The white areas were covered by ice and tundra about 300 million years ago (arrows show the direction of ice movement).
the continents were once part of a single larger continent that then split apart, drifting to their present positions over the last 300 million years.
9. WHAT COULD MOVE THE CONTINENTS?
Unfortunately for Wegener, he could not explain what force was powerful enough to move entire continents around the planet.
For reasons was he can't explain
Alfred Wegener died on expedition in Greenland in 1930 still searching for answers to the question of what force could be responsible for the movement of the continents.
10. Reason for Support Continental Drift?
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Apparent discrepancy in inferred latitudes of ancient rocks
Rocks of same age and similar characteristics on different continents
Distribution of similar plants and animals on different continents
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3) Identical aged rock formations and tillite deposits along the separated coastlines, indicating they were once attached.
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Honors geo. ch3 p.p (pt. 1)tobin15
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The document discusses the history of Earth and how its environment has changed over billions of years. It describes how astronauts saw Earth as a single moment in time, and how the continents have shifted locations over hundreds of millions of years. It also explains how climate changes, like ice ages, have significantly altered Earth's surface and influenced human migration patterns in the past.Continental drift
Continental driftSaba Jamal Din
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Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching coastlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits in separated areas; and paleomagnetic data showing continents were once joined. Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1915, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing evidence of plate tectonics and explaining the driving force behind continental drift.Paleogeography
PaleogeographySyed Muhammad Khan
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Palaeogeography or paleogeography is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes (visible features of an area of land). This is a brief overview of four famous paleogeographic theories: the permanence of continents, land bridges, continental drift, and plate tectonics.Continental Drift
Continental DriftCharlesArvin3
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1) Continental drift is the theory that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before slowly drifting apart over hundreds of millions of years.
2) German scientist Alfred Wegener first proposed this theory in 1912, noticing that the continents seemed to fit together like puzzle pieces and that matching fossil and rock formations were found on separated continents.
3) Evidence supporting continental drift includes the matching shapes of continental shelves, the existence of the same fossil species on different continents, identical rock formations in mountain ranges now separated by oceans, and signs that regions which are now polar were once tropical.Unit 4: Alfred Wegner & Harry Hess
Unit 4: Alfred Wegner & Harry HessBig History Project
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Alfred Wegener produced evidence in 1912 that the continents are in motion, but because he could not explain what forces could move them, geologists rejected his ideas. Almost 50 years later, Harry Hess confirmed Wegeners ideas by using the evidence of seafloor spreading to explain what moved the continents.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=際際滷share122020172. Continental Drift.pptx
2. Continental Drift.pptxMarben Melencion
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Here are the answers to the guide questions:
1. The edges and shapes of the torn pieces helped fit them together perfectly like a jigsaw puzzle.
2. The lines of prints and texts continued seamlessly across the pieces when fitted together correctly, proving they were originally part of the same page.
3. With the pieces fitted together, the newspaper/magazine page is complete and legible again without any gaps or overlaps in the text/images, demonstrating it has been reassembled perfectly.The story of pangea and plate tectonics
The story of pangea and plate tectonicslprohaska
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The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics and the existence of the supercontinent Pangaea. It describes how early scientists noticed that continents seemed to fit together like puzzle pieces. It then discusses how Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift and Pangaea in the early 1900s, but his colleagues rejected it due to a lack of evidence. Finally, it outlines how the theory of plate tectonics was developed in the 1960s based on findings of sea floor spreading and magnetic stripes on the ocean floor.Insert Surname Here 1.Latoya RushColorado Tech Univ.docx
Insert Surname Here 1.Latoya RushColorado Tech Univ.docxdirkrplav
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Insert Surname Here 1.
Latoya Rush
Colorado Tech University
Science
9/17/12
Science Assignment
1. Describe geographic evidence collected in the last part of the 20th century to support the theory of continental drift.
Abraham Ortelius is the person who came up with the hypothesis that the continents were drifted apart. Although Alfred Wegner tried to come up with supportive evidence that explained continental drift, he did not provide more prove that could support the mechanism and the underlying processes leading to the movements. However, the plate tectonics theory explains, the movements in a better manner. One of the main proves and evidence of continental drift is the relationship of the coastlines in Africa and South America. In addition the mountain ranges in Africa and South America are also correlated to each other.
There was also evidence of the reptilian fossils that were found on the coastlines showing a proof that the coastlines were joined together at one period of time. Moreover, the discovery of rocks that are similar in structure and also mineral deposits in the two coastlines also shows that the two were joined together. Evidence collected in the 2oth century also shows that there are magnetic imprints in the bottom of the ocean rocks especially in the Mid Atlantic ridges. The rocks from these ridges do repeal each other thus supporting the proof of continental drift.
2. Why do scientists today accept the movement of continents but did not accept this theory back in Wegners time?
Scientists accept the movement of the continents today bit did not accept it in Wegners time because there was no much evidence to ascertain the proof that the continents were once a common block. During Wagners time there was no proof of radiometric dating of oceans bottom sentiments. In addition, the fossil forests of Nova Scatia also provide more evidence to the theory thus making scientists to believe that there was once a single continent. Alfred Wegner also provided compelling arguments and explanations on the movement of the plate tectonics and this caused confusion because people did not know which explanation to follow. In particular, Wegner failed to find a mechanism for supporting continental drift theory. However, the discovery of Mid Atlantic Ridge in the 2oth century has helped to prove his theories beyond reasonable doubt. Moreover, the discoveries of sea floor mapping have also helped to shed light into the hypothesis by Wegner thus providing more acceptability into his theory (Frankel 45).
The plate tectonics theory has contributed to Wegners evidence that help to provide more evidence to his theory. This theory has helped to provide more evidence to Wegners ideas. Generally, the plate tectonics theory provides an argument on the proof that there is a slow movement on the earth. The tectonics theory provides more evidence on the movements in the earths lithosphere thus providing a green light into the movement on e.Plate tectonics theory.docx
Plate tectonics theory.docxzohaibGiLL6
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The document summarizes plate tectonics theory, which proposes that the Earth's outer layer is divided into plates that constantly move over Earth's mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide with one subducting under the other, and transform boundaries where plates slide horizontally past one another. Evidence for plate tectonics includes matching fossil and rock formations between continents now separated by oceans, as well as variations in ancient climates that can be explained by past continental configurations.The Dinosaur Extinction Mystery By Michael Bento Essay
The Dinosaur Extinction Mystery By Michael Bento EssayJennifer Wright
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The document discusses the extinction of dinosaurs that occurred around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. It provides background on the Mesozoic era when dinosaurs lived, as well as the periods (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous) within it. While fossils show dinosaurs existed for around 180 million years, they declined in the later Cretaceous period until disappearing 65 million years ago in an event called the K-T extinction. Theories for what caused their extinction include an asteroid impact or increased volcanic activity.
evidences_plate.ppt
evidences_plate.pptRoyoMel
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1. In 1912, Alfred Wegener proposed the continental drift theory which hypothesized that around 200 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea which later broke apart.
2. Evidence from fossils of the same plants and animals found across continents now separated by oceans, matching rock formations, and coal deposits provided support for continental drift.
3. In the 1960s, the theory of seafloor spreading was developed which helped explain continental drift as new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and pushed continents apart.CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY.pptx
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY.pptxClaudeneGella2
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Alfred Wegener developed the continental drift theory to explain his observation that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. The theory suggested that the continents have drifted apart to their current positions. Evidence for the theory includes geological formations that fit together across continents, matching fossil records, and the same plant and animal fossils being found in separated continents. Later, the theory of seafloor spreading was developed using sonar technology, which showed new crust forming at mid-ocean ridges as the continents moved apart. Magnetic reversals in ocean crust provided further evidence of the movement of tectonic plates.Foundations-of-Modern-Geology Earth Science
Foundations-of-Modern-Geology Earth Sciencewilletperez
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James Hutton (17261797), a Scottish farmer and naturalist, is known as the founder of modern geology. He was a great observer of the world around him. More importantly, he made carefully reasoned geological arguments. Hutton came to believe that the Earth was perpetually being formed; for example, molten material is forced up into mountains, eroded, and then eroded sediments are washed away. He recognized that the history of the Earth could be determined by understanding how processes such as erosion and sedimentation work in the present day. His ideas and approach to studying the Earth established geology as a proper science.
In the late eighteenth century, when Hutton was carefully examining the rocks, it was generally believed that Earth had come into creation only around six thousand years earlier (on October 22, 4004 B.C., to be precise, according to the seventeenth century scholarly analysis of the Bible by Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland), and that fossils were the remains of animals that had perished during the Biblical flood. As for the structure of the Earth, natural philosophers agreed that much bedrock consisted of long, parallel layers which occurred at various angles, and that sediments deposited by water were compressed to form stone. Hutton perceived that this sedimentation takes place so slowly that even the oldest rocks are made up of, in his words, materials furnished from the ruins of former continents. The reverse process occurs when rock exposed to the atmosphere erodes and decays. He called this coupling of destruction and renewal the great geological cycle, and realized that it had been completed innumerable times.
Hutton came to his chosen field by quite a roundabout route. Born in Edinburgh in 1726, he studied medicine and chemistry at the Universities of Edinburgh, Paris, and Leiden, in the Netherlands, and then spent fourteen years running two small family farms. It was farming that gave rise to Huttons obsession with how the land could hold its own against the destructive forces of wind and weather he saw at work around him. Hutton began to devote his scientific knowledge, his philosophical turn of mind, and his extraordinary powers of observation to a subject that had only recently acquired a name: geology.
Around 1768 he moved to Edinburgh, where a visitor a few years later described his study as so full of fossils and chemical apparatus that there is hardly room to sit down. In a paper presented in 1788 before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, a newly-founded scientific organization, Hutton described a universe very different from the Biblical cosmos: one formed by a continuous cycle in which rocks and soil are washed into the sea, compacted into bedrock, forced up to the surface by volcanic processes, and eventually worn away into sediment once again. The result, therefore, of this physical enquiry, Hutton concluded, is that we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end. Relying on theInteg Sci 10 Lesson 1 [Autosaved].pptx![Integ Sci 10 Lesson 1 [Autosaved].pptx](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/integsci10lesson1autosaved-230829103353-6f6fc3f8-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
Integ Sci 10 Lesson 1 [Autosaved].pptxNorbertoBGamayon
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The document discusses the development of the theory of continental drift by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. It provides evidence that supported Wegener's hypothesis, including: the fit of continental coastlines, matching fossil distributions, and correlations between rock and mountain formations on different continents. The theory was initially rejected due to the lack of a proposed mechanism for continental movement, but gained renewed interest after the discovery of apparent polar wander in rock magnetic polarity studies.geotectonics lec_1
geotectonics lec_1ssusera8cca9
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1) Geotectonics refers to the structure and arrangement of rock masses in the Earth's crust resulting from folding and faulting. It involves the processes that control the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution over time.
2) The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outer layer is made up of large rigid plates that move relative to each other, driven by heat loss from the Earth's interior.
3) Plate tectonics helped explain long-standing questions about earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation and revolutionized understanding of Earth's dynamics.Untitled document
- 1. Alfred Wegner was both a meteorologist and a geologist. He also is the author of the book The Origin of Continents and Oceans. Alfred Wegner suggested the idea of continental drift. He believed that the Earth once consisted of a supercontinent, which was all of the continents conjoined as one. This was given the name Pangaea. Over millions and millions of years however, he suggested that Pangaea started to break off in blocks and drift to where they are today. Alfred had four different forms of evidence that he used in order to support his idea. The first one is The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle. The coastlines had remarkable similarities and that they fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. His second form of evidence is Fossils Match across the Seas. Identical fossil organisms matched in both Africa and South America. The third form of evidence was Rock Types and Geological Features. Wegner had found 2.2 billion year old rocks in Brazil that looked like rocks in Africa that were seemingly the same age. Mountain belts were another example of this evidence. His last and fourth form of evidence was Ancient Climates. About 300 million years ago there were ice sheets that covered immense parts of the Southern Hemisphere and also India. His idea was however rejected by the scientific community. There were many unanswered questions and not enough evidence. He didnt couldnt pinpoint a credible mechanism for continental drift and there was no evidence to prove that the ocean floor was weak enough to allow the continents to pass without becoming misshapen for example. The continents are still drifting and changing today. In another 100 million years I would guess that they will be even further from each other than they are now. The Plate Tectonics paradigm is very important because it helps us to figure out the movement of the continents not only over the past millions of years but also for the movement and shaping of them in the future.