Urbanization ????????????????????????????????? ????????
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"Urbanization ????????????????????????????????? ????????" ??? ??.??????? ?????????????
Urbanization ????????????????????????????????? ????????
- 1. Urbanisation ??????????????????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? 14 ????????? 2557
- 2. Process of urbanisation (and urban sprawl) Thai Modernisation ? 1st National Economics and Social Development Policy (NESDP), 1961 ? Promoting the industrial /services sector and employment (Keynesian economics) ? Infrastructure, services and land development Uneven development ? Urban-rural disparity ? Fiscal distribution ? Bkk = 46,000 M. THB ? Chiang Mai = 1,169 M. THB ? Public health (physician-patient) ? BKK = 1: 700 ? Others = 1: 5,000 ? Education ? Push and Pull factors of migration and become rapid urbanised Bangkok
- 3. The causes of urban sprawl ? Land speculation ? Absence of land policy and sufficient regulatory framework (i.e. Land and property tax, Land use, Enactment of the comprehensive plan) ? Promoting the body of construction industry for GDP growth by the state (contractors, financial institutes, consumption) ? Urban-rural economic disparity ? Unbalance in urban-industrial VS rural-agricultural development policy ? Limit of decentralisation ? Poor function and authoritative power of local authorities to control local/rehgional development (Bottle-neck in decision-making chain) ? Too centralised in resource distribution (too bureaucratic expenditure system)
- 4. The expansion of Bangkok 1850- 2002 Source: City Planning Department, BMA
- 5. Urbanisation and changes in Bangkok housing patterns Why ¡®Pseudo-urbanisation¡¯ in Bangkok?: Housing provision ? Bangkok demands cheap labors to survive competitive economy; those are still higher than in rural ? The rights to land (as a mode of production) ? Malfunctioned in urban institutions : land and tax policies/regulations ? Land monopoly and speculation ? Invasion into vacant public land ? Poor enactment of legislative functions
- 7. Evaluation of housing policies Divided into six movements ? The absence of national housing policy : From scattered instruments to NESDB (1940-1970) ? Fully-subsidized housing program (1975-1978): NHA ? Affordable housing program (1977-1981): NHA ? Market-oriented housing provision (1978-2003): NESDB, NHA, GHB ? Slums upgrading program (1977-2002): NHA, UCDO ? Bilateral national housing policy and programs (2003- present): NHA, CODI
- 8. The evolution in housing policy on the backdrop of Thai political economy, leapfrog situation, and crisis Slum clearance UCDO CODI Four pertinent housing bureaus NHA 1930 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1959: NESDB 1961: NESDP 1973: Establishing NHA Policy instru ment area Policy igenerating area 1982: NESDP¡¯s Hosuing Sub-committee 2000: Thaksin regime 1992: Black May¡¯s coup d¡®etat 1997: Great economic recession 2006: Coup d¡¯¨¦tat Absolute Monarchy 1978: Internal aid in housing Military regime and political unrest Bureacratic polity Populism Democratic reform 2009: Nation Housing PolicyCommittee 1985-88: social development movement 1985-88: Human rights movement Fully subsidized housing Housing provision projects and Baan Eua Arthorn program Affordable housing Slum Upgrading and Baan Mankong Program Source: Usavagovitwong, N. 2012. Successful Approaches to National Slum Upgrading and Prevention, Thailand, Report submited to the World Bank Institute
- 10. ??????????????????????????????????? ????????? 1 : ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????? ???????? ????????? 2 : ???????????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ?? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????????????? ????????? 3 : ???????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????
- 11. ?????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????-???????? ? ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ??????? ? ?????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????/????????/????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????
- 12. ?????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-??? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????????????????????
- 14. ????????????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ???? ???? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????/??????????????? ????? ?????????? 2556 ?????????????? ???????????????????????????? ???????? ?????? 5-4 ???? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???? ???????? (Building) .................. ????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????? 95 ?????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ?????? 5 ??????????
- 15. ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????? 1) ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????? 2) ???????????????????? 95 ??? ?????????????????????????? ? ? ? ? ??? ??? ? ? ? ??? ??? ? ? ? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? 3) ???????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
- 16. ?????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
- 17. ?????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????.?.2556 ?????????????.?.2557 ??????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? 400 ??? ??? ??????????????????????? 6 ???????????????????????? ?????? 1) ?????????? ????? 124 ??? 2) ????????????? ????? 80 ??? 3) ?????????????? ????? 88 ??? 4) ???????????? ????? 44 ??? 5) ???????????? ????? 40 ??? 6) ???????????? ????? 24 ??? ???????????????????????????????????? 5 ???????????? ?????????? 1) ???????????????????????????? 2) ?????????????????? 3) ?????????????????????? ??????????? ???????? 4) ??????????????????????????????? 5) ??????????????????????????????????
- 18. ??????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? (?.?. 2557-2559) ??????????????????????????? (???.)
- 19. ??????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????? 1) ????????????????????????????????
- 20. ??????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????? 6) ?????????????????????????????????????? ZONE 1 ?????????????????????? ZONE 2 ??????????????????? ??????? ZONE 3 ?????????????????????? ????????????????? ZONE 4 ??????????????????????? Zone1: ???????????? ???????? : ??????? ???????? ?????/??????????? ????? ???????????????????????? Zone2: ?????????: ??????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???? ??? ?????????? Zone3: ??????? ???????: ??????? ???????? ?????/??????????? ????? ???????????????????????? ??????? Zone4: ???????: ?????/????? ?????? ??????? ??????????
- 22. ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? 5.76 ????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????????, ?????? ????????? ?????????????, ????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???????????????, ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???
- 24. ?????????????????????????? ??????? / ???? ???????????? (??) ?????????????? ??? ???? ??? (?????????) 1. ?????????????1,091 1,346 2,437 1,339 2. ??????????? 486 604 1,090 503 3. ???????????? 527 554 1,081 563 4. ?????????????????? 109 137 246 99 5. ????????????1,725 2,044 3,769 2,003 6. ?????????????? 1,158 1,139 2,297 454 7. ?????????????? 335 367 702 220 8. ?????????? 612 632 1,244 411 9. ?????? ????? 466 565 1,031 316 10. ???????????????1,025 1,034 2,059 406 ??? 7,534 8,422 15,956 6,314 ????? ??????????????.?. 2557 ¨C 2559 ??????????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????
- 26. ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? 4 ?????? ??????????? 1) ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? 4 ????5 ???? 6 ???? 7 ???? 8 ???? 9 ???????10
- 27. ?????????????????????????? 2) ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? 1 ???? 2 ???? 3 ???? 6 ??? ???? 9
- 28. ?????????????????????????? 3) ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1 ???? 2 ???? 3 ???? 5 ??????? 6
- 29. ?????????????????????????? 4) ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????? ????????????????? 1 ??????? 6
- 31. ?????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????/?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (?.?.2556)
- 56. ?????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ??? ????????????????????????????????? (???) ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ???? ????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
- 57. ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ???. ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ????????
- 58. ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???. ????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (???? ??? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????) ????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????
- 59. ????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???. ???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????/??? ?????