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U.s. national space policy

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The document discusses the evolution of space as a medium of warfare similar to how sea and air power emerged. It outlines the United States Space Command's vision for 2020 which includes four operational concepts: controlling space, global engagement through space, full integration of space forces, and global partnerships. The vision is to maintain US preeminence in space by protecting national interests and investments in space while integrating space capabilities into all military operations.

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United States Space CommandUnited States Space CommandUnited States Space CommandUnited States Space CommandUnited States Space Command VISIONVISIONVISIONVISIONVISION FORFORFORFORFOR 20202020202020202020
Feb 1997
U.s. national space policy
A Historic Perspectivethe Evolution of Space Historically, military forces have evolved to pro- tect national interests and investments -- both mili- tary and economic. During the rise of sea com- merce, nations built navies to protect and enhance their commercial interests. During the westward expansion of the continental United States, mili- tary outposts and the cavalry emerged to protect our wagon trains, settlements, and railroads. The emergence of space power follows both of these models. Over the past several decades, space power has primarily supported land, sea, and air operations--strategically and operation- ally. During the early portion of the 21st century, space power will also evolve into a separate and equal medium of warfare. Likewise, space forces will emerge to protect military and commercial national interests and investment in the space medium due to their increasing importance. As air power developed, its primary pur- pose was to support and enhance land and sea operations. However, over time, air power evolved into a separate and equal medium of warfare. Protection of Commerce Land Threat Sea Threat Land Forces Sea Forces US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS LANDLAND SEASEA AA II RR PP PP UU SS RR OO TT Air Support LAND LAND POWER POWER SEA POWERSEA POWER AIRAIR POWER POWER Air Power POWER POWER POWER POWER US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS Land, Sea and Air Threat Space Threat Protection of Commerce Land, Sea and Air Forces Space Forces US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS LAND LAND POWER POWER SEA POWERSEA POWER AIRAIR POWER POWER AA SS PP CC EE SS UU PP PP OO RR TT Space Support Space Power LANDLAND POWER POWER SEA POWER SEA POWER AIRAIR POWER POWER SPACE SPACE POWER POWER US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS
Joint Vision 2010 The medium of space is the fourth medium of warfare-- along with land, sea, and air. Space power (systems, capa- bilities, and forces) will be in- creasingly leveraged to close the ever-widening gap be- tween diminishing resources and increasing military com- mitments. The Joint Vision 2010 op- erational concepts of domi- nant maneuver, precision engagement, full-dimen- sional protection, and fo- cused logistics are enabled by information superiority and technological innovation. The end result of these enablers and concepts is Full Spec- trum Dominance. Informa- tion superiority relies heavily upon space capabilities to collect, process, and disseminate an uninterrupted flow of information while denying an adversarys ability to fully lever- age the same. The emerging synergy of space superiority with land, sea, and air superiority, will lead to Full Spec- trum Dominance. Space forces play an increas- ingly critical role in pro- viding situational aware- ness (e.g., global com- munications; precise navigation; timely and accurate missile warning and weather; and intel- ligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance [ISR]) to US forces. Space doctrine, organizations, training, ma- teriel, leadership, and personnel will evolve to fully realize the potential of space power. Space power is a vital element in mov- ing towards the Joint Vi- sion goal of being per- suasive in peace, deci- sive in war, and preemi- nent in any form of con- flict. Joint Vision 2010 provides an operationally based template for the evolution of the Armed Forces for a challenging and uncertain future. It must become a benchmark for Service and Unified Command visions. GEN John M. Shalikashvili Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Space power is vital to the attainment of Joint Vision 2010 operational concepts Information superiority relies heavily upon space capabilities
ECONOMICECONOMIC MILITARYMILITARY POLITICALPOLITICAL TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY Although unlikely to be challenged by a global peer competitor, the United States will continue to be challenged regionally. The globalization of the world economy will also continue, with a widening between haves and have-nots. Accelerating rates of technological development will be increasingly driven by the commercial sec- tor -- not the military. Increased weapons lethality and precision will lead to new op- erational doctrine. Information-intensive military force structures will lead to a highly dynamic operations tempo. Future Trends Accelerating rates of change will create challenges Space Trends Space systems, commercial and military, are proliferating throughout the world. Space commerce is becoming in- creasingly important to the global economy. Likewise, the importance of space capabilities to military operations is being widely embraced by many nations. Indeed, so important are space sys- tems to military operations that it is unre- alistic to imagine that they will never be- come targets. Just as land dominance, sea control, and air superiority have be- come critical elements of current military strategy, space superiority is emerging as an essential element of battlefield success and future warfare. The challenge extends to space
Space superiority is essential Implications for US Space Command The political, economic, technological, and mili- tary trends hold significant implications for USSPACECOM. An increased dependence upon space capabilities may lead to increased vulner- abilities. As space systems become lucrative mili- tary targets, there will be a critical need to control the space medium to en- sure US dominance on future battlefields. Ro- bust capabilities to en- sure space superiority must be developed--just as they have been for land, sea, and air. Our adversaries can be expected to attain ready access to space- derived information through the proliferation of space systems. Turn- key space systems are available to nations with the necessary resources allowing for significant in- creases in capabilities in a relatively short time. Military use of civil, commercial, and international space systems will continue to increase. However, the military must preserve certain core space ca- pabilities, e.g., missile warning, assured space communications, and large portions of ISR. Other space capabilities, once the domain of the mili- tary, can reasonably mi- grate to the civil and com- mercial sectors, e.g., weather, GPS, and multi- spectral imagery. Space operations must be fully integrated with land, sea, and air op- erations. USSPACECOM must assume a dynamic role in planning and ex- ecuting joint military op- erations. Included in that planning should be the prospects for space de- fense and even space warfare. Development of ballis- tic missile defenses using space systems and plan- ning for precision strike from space offers a counter to the worldwide proliferation of WMD. Space as an Area of Responsibility (AOR) Space is a region with increasing commercial, civil, inter- national, and military interests and investments. The threat to these vital systems is also increasing. The space AOR is global and requires a combatant commander with a glo- bal perspective to conduct military operations and sup- port regional warfighting CINCs. USSPACECOM is the only military organization with operational forces in space. Establishing space as an AOR merely states an opera- tional reality. Space Air Air Land SeaSea Land Space systems will be targets
US Space Comman space dimension of to protect US natio investment. Integra into warfighting cap full spectrum USSPACEC Just as land, sea, and air warfare has evolved, USSPACECOM, operat- ing in the space medium, will evolve to perform the missions required by the future environment foreseen in the trends and implications on the preced- ing pages. This Vision charts a course to purposeful and orderly change. The two principal themes of the USSPACECOM Vision are dominating the space medium and integrating space power throughout military op- erations. Today, the United States is the preeminent military space power. Our Vision is one of maintaining that preeminence -- providing a solid foun- dation for our national security. Vision Control of Spac Global Engagem Full Force Integra Global Partnershi
d - Dominating the military operations onal interests and ating Space Forces pabilities across the m of conflict. COM Vision Operational Concepts To move towards the attainment of our Vision, we have adopted four opera- tional concepts: ≒≒≒≒ Control of Space ≒≒≒≒ Global Engagement ≒≒≒≒ Full Force Integration ≒≒≒≒ Global Partnerships These operational concepts provide the conceptual framework to transform the Vision into capabilities. ce ment ation ips US Dominating the Space Dimension Integrating Space Forces Space Command
Control of Space Control of Space is the ability to assure ac- cess to space, freedom of operations within the space medium, and an ability to deny others the use of space, if re- quired. The medium of space is recognized as the fourth medium of warfare. Joint operations require the Control of Space to achieve overall cam- paign objectives. The Control of Space will en- compass protecting US military, civil, and com- mercial investments in space. As commercial space systems provide global information and nations tap into this source for military purposes, pro- tecting (as well as negat- ing) these non-military space systems will be- come more difficult. Due to the importance of com- merce and its effects on national security, the United States may evolve into the guardian of space commerce--similar to the historical example of navies protecting sea commerce. Control of Space is a complex mission that casts USCINCSPACE in a classic warfighter role and mandates an estab- lished AOR. Control of Space Capabilities ≒≒≒≒ Real-time space surveillance ≒≒≒≒ Timely and responsive spacelift ≒≒≒≒ Enhanced protection (military and commercial systems) ≒≒≒≒ Robust negation systems The ability to dominate space AssureAssure AccessAccess Spacelift Satellite Operations SurveillanceSurveillance of Spaceof Space Real Time Precise Complete ID ProtectProtect Active and Passive Self- Protection NegateNegate Lethal and Non-Lethal Temporary and Permanent Destroy, Disrupt, Delay, Degrade, Deny US Space Dominating the space dimension of military operations Integrating Space Forces into warfighting

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U.s. national space policy

  • 1. United States Space CommandUnited States Space CommandUnited States Space CommandUnited States Space CommandUnited States Space Command VISIONVISIONVISIONVISIONVISION FORFORFORFORFOR 20202020202020202020
  • 4. A Historic Perspectivethe Evolution of Space Historically, military forces have evolved to pro- tect national interests and investments -- both mili- tary and economic. During the rise of sea com- merce, nations built navies to protect and enhance their commercial interests. During the westward expansion of the continental United States, mili- tary outposts and the cavalry emerged to protect our wagon trains, settlements, and railroads. The emergence of space power follows both of these models. Over the past several decades, space power has primarily supported land, sea, and air operations--strategically and operation- ally. During the early portion of the 21st century, space power will also evolve into a separate and equal medium of warfare. Likewise, space forces will emerge to protect military and commercial national interests and investment in the space medium due to their increasing importance. As air power developed, its primary pur- pose was to support and enhance land and sea operations. However, over time, air power evolved into a separate and equal medium of warfare. Protection of Commerce Land Threat Sea Threat Land Forces Sea Forces US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS LANDLAND SEASEA AA II RR PP PP UU SS RR OO TT Air Support LAND LAND POWER POWER SEA POWERSEA POWER AIRAIR POWER POWER Air Power POWER POWER POWER POWER US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS Land, Sea and Air Threat Space Threat Protection of Commerce Land, Sea and Air Forces Space Forces US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS LAND LAND POWER POWER SEA POWERSEA POWER AIRAIR POWER POWER AA SS PP CC EE SS UU PP PP OO RR TT Space Support Space Power LANDLAND POWER POWER SEA POWER SEA POWER AIRAIR POWER POWER SPACE SPACE POWER POWER US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS US NATIONAL INTERESTS AND INVESTMENTS
  • 5. Joint Vision 2010 The medium of space is the fourth medium of warfare-- along with land, sea, and air. Space power (systems, capa- bilities, and forces) will be in- creasingly leveraged to close the ever-widening gap be- tween diminishing resources and increasing military com- mitments. The Joint Vision 2010 op- erational concepts of domi- nant maneuver, precision engagement, full-dimen- sional protection, and fo- cused logistics are enabled by information superiority and technological innovation. The end result of these enablers and concepts is Full Spec- trum Dominance. Informa- tion superiority relies heavily upon space capabilities to collect, process, and disseminate an uninterrupted flow of information while denying an adversarys ability to fully lever- age the same. The emerging synergy of space superiority with land, sea, and air superiority, will lead to Full Spec- trum Dominance. Space forces play an increas- ingly critical role in pro- viding situational aware- ness (e.g., global com- munications; precise navigation; timely and accurate missile warning and weather; and intel- ligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance [ISR]) to US forces. Space doctrine, organizations, training, ma- teriel, leadership, and personnel will evolve to fully realize the potential of space power. Space power is a vital element in mov- ing towards the Joint Vi- sion goal of being per- suasive in peace, deci- sive in war, and preemi- nent in any form of con- flict. Joint Vision 2010 provides an operationally based template for the evolution of the Armed Forces for a challenging and uncertain future. It must become a benchmark for Service and Unified Command visions. GEN John M. Shalikashvili Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Space power is vital to the attainment of Joint Vision 2010 operational concepts Information superiority relies heavily upon space capabilities
  • 6. ECONOMICECONOMIC MILITARYMILITARY POLITICALPOLITICAL TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY Although unlikely to be challenged by a global peer competitor, the United States will continue to be challenged regionally. The globalization of the world economy will also continue, with a widening between haves and have-nots. Accelerating rates of technological development will be increasingly driven by the commercial sec- tor -- not the military. Increased weapons lethality and precision will lead to new op- erational doctrine. Information-intensive military force structures will lead to a highly dynamic operations tempo. Future Trends Accelerating rates of change will create challenges Space Trends Space systems, commercial and military, are proliferating throughout the world. Space commerce is becoming in- creasingly important to the global economy. Likewise, the importance of space capabilities to military operations is being widely embraced by many nations. Indeed, so important are space sys- tems to military operations that it is unre- alistic to imagine that they will never be- come targets. Just as land dominance, sea control, and air superiority have be- come critical elements of current military strategy, space superiority is emerging as an essential element of battlefield success and future warfare. The challenge extends to space
  • 7. Space superiority is essential Implications for US Space Command The political, economic, technological, and mili- tary trends hold significant implications for USSPACECOM. An increased dependence upon space capabilities may lead to increased vulner- abilities. As space systems become lucrative mili- tary targets, there will be a critical need to control the space medium to en- sure US dominance on future battlefields. Ro- bust capabilities to en- sure space superiority must be developed--just as they have been for land, sea, and air. Our adversaries can be expected to attain ready access to space- derived information through the proliferation of space systems. Turn- key space systems are available to nations with the necessary resources allowing for significant in- creases in capabilities in a relatively short time. Military use of civil, commercial, and international space systems will continue to increase. However, the military must preserve certain core space ca- pabilities, e.g., missile warning, assured space communications, and large portions of ISR. Other space capabilities, once the domain of the mili- tary, can reasonably mi- grate to the civil and com- mercial sectors, e.g., weather, GPS, and multi- spectral imagery. Space operations must be fully integrated with land, sea, and air op- erations. USSPACECOM must assume a dynamic role in planning and ex- ecuting joint military op- erations. Included in that planning should be the prospects for space de- fense and even space warfare. Development of ballis- tic missile defenses using space systems and plan- ning for precision strike from space offers a counter to the worldwide proliferation of WMD. Space as an Area of Responsibility (AOR) Space is a region with increasing commercial, civil, inter- national, and military interests and investments. The threat to these vital systems is also increasing. The space AOR is global and requires a combatant commander with a glo- bal perspective to conduct military operations and sup- port regional warfighting CINCs. USSPACECOM is the only military organization with operational forces in space. Establishing space as an AOR merely states an opera- tional reality. Space Air Air Land SeaSea Land Space systems will be targets
  • 8. US Space Comman space dimension of to protect US natio investment. Integra into warfighting cap full spectrum USSPACEC Just as land, sea, and air warfare has evolved, USSPACECOM, operat- ing in the space medium, will evolve to perform the missions required by the future environment foreseen in the trends and implications on the preced- ing pages. This Vision charts a course to purposeful and orderly change. The two principal themes of the USSPACECOM Vision are dominating the space medium and integrating space power throughout military op- erations. Today, the United States is the preeminent military space power. Our Vision is one of maintaining that preeminence -- providing a solid foun- dation for our national security. Vision Control of Spac Global Engagem Full Force Integra Global Partnershi
  • 9. d - Dominating the military operations onal interests and ating Space Forces pabilities across the m of conflict. COM Vision Operational Concepts To move towards the attainment of our Vision, we have adopted four opera- tional concepts: ≒≒≒≒ Control of Space ≒≒≒≒ Global Engagement ≒≒≒≒ Full Force Integration ≒≒≒≒ Global Partnerships These operational concepts provide the conceptual framework to transform the Vision into capabilities. ce ment ation ips US Dominating the Space Dimension Integrating Space Forces Space Command
  • 10. Control of Space Control of Space is the ability to assure ac- cess to space, freedom of operations within the space medium, and an ability to deny others the use of space, if re- quired. The medium of space is recognized as the fourth medium of warfare. Joint operations require the Control of Space to achieve overall cam- paign objectives. The Control of Space will en- compass protecting US military, civil, and com- mercial investments in space. As commercial space systems provide global information and nations tap into this source for military purposes, pro- tecting (as well as negat- ing) these non-military space systems will be- come more difficult. Due to the importance of com- merce and its effects on national security, the United States may evolve into the guardian of space commerce--similar to the historical example of navies protecting sea commerce. Control of Space is a complex mission that casts USCINCSPACE in a classic warfighter role and mandates an estab- lished AOR. Control of Space Capabilities ≒≒≒≒ Real-time space surveillance ≒≒≒≒ Timely and responsive spacelift ≒≒≒≒ Enhanced protection (military and commercial systems) ≒≒≒≒ Robust negation systems The ability to dominate space AssureAssure AccessAccess Spacelift Satellite Operations SurveillanceSurveillance of Spaceof Space Real Time Precise Complete ID ProtectProtect Active and Passive Self- Protection NegateNegate Lethal and Non-Lethal Temporary and Permanent Destroy, Disrupt, Delay, Degrade, Deny US Space Dominating the space dimension of military operations Integrating Space Forces into warfighting
  • 11. Global Engagement Global Engagement is the application of pre- cision force from, to, and through space. USSPACECOM will have a greatly expanded role as an active warfighter in the years ahead as the combatant command re- sponsible for National Missile Defense (NMD) and space force applica- tion. Global Engage- ment combines global surveillance with the po- tential for a space-based global precision strike capability. The requirement for Global Engagement is based upon the increas- ing proliferation of missile systems, the requirement for precision strike, and the need for effective for- ward presence with re- duced forward basing. The proliferation of missiles and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) requires an NMD. NMD will evolve into a mix of ground and space sensors and weapons. Existing land, sea, and air missions will be enhanced by space sys- tems. Current sea and air strategic attack missions will be augmented by the deployment of space force application sys- tems. Likewise, surface and air surveillance sys- tems (e.g., AWACS and JSTARS) will be aug- mented by space-based surveillance systems. Global Engagement Capabilities ≒≒≒≒ Non-intrusive global surveillance ≒≒≒≒ Key to National Missile Defense ≒≒≒≒ Enhanced C2 ≒≒≒≒ Space-based strike weapons Strategic Deterrent and Precision Strike WorldwideWorldwide SurveillanceSurveillance Global Surveillance Info Dominance EmergingEmerging MissionsMissions Some Land, Sea and Air Missions Migrate to Space Forces NMDNMD OperationalOperational Space Ground Mix of Sensors and Weapons Precision StrikePrecision Strike Support Terrestrial Operations Limited Space-Based Earth Strike Weapons Command to protect US national interests and investment. capabilities across the full spectrum of conflict.
  • 12. C4ISRC4ISR Common Protocols & Standards Fused Databases Sensor-to-Shooter OrganizationOrganization Planning and Execution Coalition Interoperability PeoplePeople Education Exercises Training OperationalOperational ConceptsConcepts Space Smart Operators Joint Space Forces Joint Vision 2010Joint Vision 2010 US Space Dominating the space dimension of military operations Integrating Space Forces into warfighting Full Force Integration Truly joint military forces require fully integrated space power Full Force Integra- tion is the integration of space forces and space-derived informa- tion with land, sea, and air forces and their in- formation. The bottom line is that space power will contribute to getting the right military capabil- ity and information to the right people, at the right place, at the right time. Space forces must be fully integrated in all plan- ning, training, exercises, and operations. Full Force Integration in- cludes the merging of in- formation and information systems into a system of systems approach. The goal is to achieve the same level of joint operations be- tween space and the other mediums of war-fighting as land, sea, and air currently enjoy today. Innovative or- ganizations, operational concepts, information flows, and people are key ele- ments of Full Force Inte- gration. Of these, the dedi- cated professionals that fill our ranks are our most in- dispensable assets. Full Force Integration Capabilities ≒≒≒≒ Enhanced sensor-to-shooter ≒≒≒≒ Common protocols, communications standards, and fused databases ≒≒≒≒ Precise modeling and simulation ≒≒≒≒ One-stop shop for space support
  • 13. CommercialCommercial Consortiums SATCOM ERM, HSI, MSI Military CoreMilitary Core Comm ISR Missile Warning InternationalInternational European / Pacific Communities NATO-like Space Organization United Nations CivilCivil National Labs NOAA FAA NASA A fundamental change in space operations Global Partnerships of advanced space sys- tems will be primarily driven by the commercial sector Constrained military spending Growth in multi-national operations and alliances The most evident ben- efit of Global Partner- ships will be decreased pressure on existing mili- tary infrastructure and op- erations, and reduced maintenance costs by off loading functions to civil and commercial providers. The military can no longer rely solely upon DoD owned and operated capa- bilities. Global Partnerships-- a fundamental change in providing military space support to the warfighter. Global Partnerships augments military space capabilities through the leveraging of civil, commercial, and international space systems. The growth of non-US military space systems provides the op- portunity for the United States to gain increased battlespace awareness and information connec- tivity in a cost-effective manner. These partner- ships provide shared costs, shared risks, and increased opportunities. Global Partnerships is based upon these fac- tors: Dramatic growth in commercial and interna- tional space-based capabilities. The development Global Partnerships Concepts ≒≒≒≒ Sharing of space-based information ≒≒≒≒ Influencing space system designs ≒≒≒≒ Satellite sharing ≒≒≒≒ Space system architectures to facilitate rapid flow of information ≒≒≒≒ International standardization Command to protect US national interests and investment. capabilities across the full spectrum of conflict.
  • 14. Implementation The United States Space Commands Space Planning and Requirements System (SPRS) is the established process that will be used to implement this Vision. This end-to-end planning system uses Joint Vision 2010, the National Security Space Master Plan, and the United States Space Com- mand Vision as overarching guidance. Annually, we assess current and future space requirements, capabilities, and shortfalls in sup- port of all warfighters. With our Vision, we will extend our time horizons from the Future Years Defense Plan to 2020. External organizations (e.g., CINCs, Services, National and Defense or- ganizations) provide valuable input throughout the SPRS process. We fully expect that our Vision and SPRS will drive long-term changes in space doctrine, organizations, training, materiel, leader- ship, and personnel.
  • 15. For additional copies of this publication, or to comment on the Vision, contact: US Space Command Director of Plans Peterson AFB, CO 80914-3110 DSN 692-3498 Comm (719) 554-3498 Visit our home page at www.spacecom.af.mil/usspace
  • 16. SPACE ...the W...the W...the W...the W...the Warfarfarfarfarfighters Edgeighters Edgeighters Edgeighters Edgeighters Edge