Uses and gratifications theory
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The theory proposes that audiences play an active role in choosing and using media to fulfill certain needs. It divides audience motivations into four categories: diversion or relaxation; forming personal relationships; exploring personal identity; and gaining information through surveillance of current events. The theory links these categories to Maslow's hierarchy of needs and suggests readers may pick up a magazine for diversion, companionship, or to learn about their surroundings.
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The theory created by Blumler and Katz proposes that audiences play an active role in choosing and using media to fulfill four key purposes: diversion or escape; forming personal relationships; exploring personal identity; and gaining information about their surroundings (surveillance). These purposes link to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. A magazine profile indicates its target audience is 15-29 year olds, with a focus on popular music, who use social media and attend live events, fulfilling the purposes of diversion, relationships, and surveillance through their consumption.Presentation1 - Thesis 1
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2) That exploring one's selves in less constrained environments allows people to experience different perspectives and identities, leading to greater self-understanding, acceptance of others, and a less frustrating life.
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This document discusses audience investigation and theories related to how audiences interact with and interpret media texts. It defines audience and common ways of categorizing or grouping audiences. It then outlines several theories of audience including the hypodermic needle model, two-step flow theory, uses and gratifications theory, and reception theory. It concludes by explaining how some of these theories link specifically to understanding audiences of the horror genre.Audience 1f
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The document discusses several theories related to media audiences:
- The two-step flow theory explains how information spreads from media to opinion leaders to the general audience.
- The hypodermic syringe model from the 1920s viewed audiences as vulnerable to manipulation by media producers.
- Laura Mulvey's "male gaze" theory from 1975 argues that audiences view characters in film from the perspective of a heterosexual male.
- Bulmer and Katz's uses and gratification theory from 1974 examines why audiences use media for entertainment, social relationships, identity, and information.
- These audience theories can be applied to the horror genre, such as viewing females through the male gaze in horror films with a male killer targeting women.Uses and gratifications theory
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The Uses and Gratifications theory suggests that media users actively select media sources that fulfill their needs, which include diversion from everyday life, forming personal relationships, exploring their identity, and gaining information about their surroundings. Users seek out media to relax and escape, connect with others socially, learn about themselves, and stay informed about events and celebrities. The theory proposes that individuals use specific media to fulfill these four basic needs.How Dead Is Philosophy ~or~ What Do You Imagine Philosophy Actually Is?
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The document discusses Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory and how it can be applied to understanding consumer and brand motivations on social media platforms. It also provides an overview of Maslow's pyramid model, which places the most fundamental needs like breathing at the bottom and higher-level needs like self-actualization at the top. Additionally, it summarizes theories around passive and active audiences, including the hypodermic needle model and cultivation theory.Introverts in Comedy?
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The document discusses several theories of how audiences interact with and make sense of media texts:
- Uses and Gratification theory which suggests individuals choose media for purposes like entertainment, information, social relationships, and identity.
- Hypodermic Syringe Model which proposes that audiences passively absorb information without thought and are easily manipulated.
- Two Step Flow theory which argues information spreads from media to opinion leaders and then to less active associates.
- Reception Theory which finds that individuals' interpretations are shaped by their own circumstances and ideologies rather than just the text itself.Behaviour of audience
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According to the document, Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory suggests that audiences have individual needs structured in a pyramid, with physiological needs like food and water at the bottom that must be met before higher level needs. Models have traditionally viewed audiences as passive and easily influenced. However, Blumler and Katz believe media serves needs like entertainment, identity, and social relationships. Research by Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet found information doesn't flow directly from media to audiences, but instead follows a two-step process through opinion leaders.catsss
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According to the document, Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory suggests that audiences have individual needs structured in a pyramid, with physiological needs like food and water at the bottom that must be met before higher level needs. Models have traditionally viewed audiences as passive and easily influenced. However, Blumler and Katz believe media needs are for entertainment, identity, and social relationships. Research by Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet found information does not flow directly from media to audiences, but instead follows a two-step flow through opinion leaders.Stuart - Audience Theory
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This thesis presents the hypothesis that humans have multiple personalities and expressing these different personas in an online community can help achieve self-understanding and a less frustrating life. Repressing parts of oneself can lead to frustration and aggression, as society often encourages choosing just one aspect of one's identity. The exploration of different perspectives through assuming new online identities may allow people to experience life from various viewpoints, leading to greater self-acceptance and tolerance of others. Expressing one's different personas online is hypothesized to make people emotionally and socially more mature.4cs
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There are seven types of people according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the 4Cs segmentation system:
1) Explorers are driven by a need for discovery and new experiences.
2) Aspirers are motivated by status and how others perceive them.
3) Succeeders seek control and prestige and feel they deserve the best.
4) Reformers value independence of thought and being at the forefront of social change.
5) Mainstreamers prioritize security through family and established brands.
6) Strugglers live for the present and seek escape through indulgence.
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1) Humans have an innate need to belong and be part of social groups, as Aristotle noted that humans are social animals.
2) Culture, defined as the norms and values of a society, influences human behavior. Cultural legacies persist over generations and shape attitudes.
3) Humans have a social self that reflects their group memberships, which define their identities.SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
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1) There are two main approaches to sociology - interpretivism and positivism. Interpretivism takes a bottom-up approach starting with individuals and uses qualitative methods like participant observation. Positivism takes a top-down approach and uses quantitative methods to test theories.
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The document discusses different theories around how audiences engage with media texts:
1) Early theories viewed audiences as passive, believing all messages without thinking critically (the "hypodermic needle" effect). This underestimated audiences' abilities.
2) Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model sees the audience as active - they make their own interpretations depending on factors like identity and opinions. Texts have no set meaning.
3) Reception theory focuses on the audience role in interpreting texts. Hall identified preferred, negotiated, and oppositional readings audiences can have.
4) Later theories see audiences as even more active, selectively engaging with media and picking aspects to incorporate into their identities (the "pick and mix"Reflection on research
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The document discusses research conducted for a music magazine project. It covers researching existing magazines' conventions, target demographics, and audiences' wants. Questionnaires found the types of music and content the target audience wanted. Past successful student projects showed effective elements. In-depth analysis of magazines identified all needed components and reasons for their success. Mood boards combined research insights and audience wants into a magazine concept. The research emphasized pleasing the audience with a unique idea using proven conventions.Props list
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This document provides information about audience demographics and psychographic profiling for market research. It segments the population into categories such as mainstreamers, succeeders, and aspirers based on attitudes, personality traits, values, and interests. Examples of psychographic segments include trendies, egoists, puritans, innovators, rebels, and more. The document also discusses fans producing their own magazines, called fanzines, to provide unbiased information. It introduces Uses and Gratifications Theory, which focuses on what audiences do with media rather than what media does to people, such as watching X Factor for entertainment.Audience research
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The document summarizes audience research and demographics for media segmentation. It breaks audiences into socioeconomic classes from high-ranking professionals to unemployed individuals. It also describes psychographic profiling based on personality, lifestyle, values, and interests. The document then outlines several audience segments including mainstreamers, succeeders, and aspirers. It provides examples of fanzines as anti-establishment magazines created using affordable software. Finally, it discusses uses and gratifications theory, focusing on why audiences engage with media to satisfy psychological needs like entertainment, education, social interaction, and escape.Evaluation Question 1
Evaluation Question 1960940
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Daniel created a horror film trailer and supporting marketing materials that used conventions from real horror media but also challenged conventions and included unique elements:
1) The trailer used point-of-view shots, night filming, and ominous shots inspired by films like Halloween, but did not include graphic violence or nudity.
2) Scenes implied danger through atmosphere rather than showing it, such as a victim found dressed in the bath.
3) The final scene built suspense through stalking imagery rather than blood or gore as seen in other trailers.
4) Supporting materials like magazine covers and posters featured sinister images that identified the genre while leaving aspects open to interpretation. Overall, Daniel both drew fromMagazine production drafts
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The document outlines the typical layout and elements of a magazine cover, including the masthead, slogan, issue date, price, cover lines and pull quotes from articles to entice readers, a main background image to persuade audiences, and additional images and links to social media pages to make the cover more appealing.Task 7- Analysis of Film Posters
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The document analyzes and summarizes several movie posters:
- The Dark Knight poster emphasizes key information like the title, cast, and release date to stand out against the dark background. Warner Bros. had the rights to make DC comics films.
- The Texas Chainsaw Massacre poster aims to look old/tattered to seem real. It features the villain without revealing his identity to build intrigue.
- A Nightmare on Elm Street remakes use familiar iconography to appeal to original fans. The poster focuses on the villain but lacks context unlike the original poster.
- Grave Encounters posters use reviews/views to convince audiences after positive reception. It mimics the found footageMedia horror research
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Wes Craven's A Nightmare on Elm Street was a success due to its creative dream-based murders and frightening villain Freddy Krueger. The reboot updated the franchise while keeping elements that made it scary. Friday the 13th benefited from cashing in on Halloween's success, introducing iconic killer Jason Voorhees. Halloween was terrifying because the murders could happen anywhere, and Michael Myers' masked face was unknown evil. Psycho's shocking twist ending set the standard, while Texas Chainsaw Massacre used its "based on true events" premise to attract audiences. Sample recce
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The Uses and Gratifications theory suggests that media users actively select media sources that fulfill their needs, which include diversion from everyday life, forming personal relationships, exploring their identity, and gaining information about their surroundings. Users seek out media to relax and escape, connect with others socially, learn about themselves, and stay informed about events and celebrities. The theory proposes that individuals use specific media to fulfill these four basic needs.How Dead Is Philosophy ~or~ What Do You Imagine Philosophy Actually Is?
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The document discusses Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory and how it can be applied to understanding consumer and brand motivations on social media platforms. It also provides an overview of Maslow's pyramid model, which places the most fundamental needs like breathing at the bottom and higher-level needs like self-actualization at the top. Additionally, it summarizes theories around passive and active audiences, including the hypodermic needle model and cultivation theory.Introverts in Comedy?
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My research began with finding a few articles that were more individual, sharing their experience. Once I began to search out these topics separately, there were more expert opinions and information to build my outcome with. It was very interesting to research and find how this information can be applied to many career paths, that may not be expected of an introvert. I learned that introversion does not preclude success in comedy and other creative fields that require public performance, as introverts possess traits like persistence, concentration, and insight that can aid their work. Effectively managing alone time appears important for introverted comedians to recharge and avoid burnout.Audience investigation
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油
The document discusses several theories of how audiences interact with and make sense of media texts:
- Uses and Gratification theory which suggests individuals choose media for purposes like entertainment, information, social relationships, and identity.
- Hypodermic Syringe Model which proposes that audiences passively absorb information without thought and are easily manipulated.
- Two Step Flow theory which argues information spreads from media to opinion leaders and then to less active associates.
- Reception Theory which finds that individuals' interpretations are shaped by their own circumstances and ideologies rather than just the text itself.Behaviour of audience
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油
According to the document, Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory suggests that audiences have individual needs structured in a pyramid, with physiological needs like food and water at the bottom that must be met before higher level needs. Models have traditionally viewed audiences as passive and easily influenced. However, Blumler and Katz believe media serves needs like entertainment, identity, and social relationships. Research by Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet found information doesn't flow directly from media to audiences, but instead follows a two-step process through opinion leaders.catsss
catssstammy rudd
油
According to the document, Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory suggests that audiences have individual needs structured in a pyramid, with physiological needs like food and water at the bottom that must be met before higher level needs. Models have traditionally viewed audiences as passive and easily influenced. However, Blumler and Katz believe media needs are for entertainment, identity, and social relationships. Research by Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet found information does not flow directly from media to audiences, but instead follows a two-step flow through opinion leaders.Stuart - Audience Theory
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油
Stuart Hall was a prominent sociologist and cultural theorist known for his groundbreaking work on audience positioning and reception of media texts, particularly regarding issues of race, gender, and identity. He proposed that audiences decode media in three ways: hegemonic reading (aligning with the author's intent), negotiated reading (accepting intended meaning with reservations), and oppositional reading (challenging the text based on personal context). Hall's theories emphasize that audience interpretation is influenced by cultural backgrounds, making media consumption an active and subjective process.Presentation6
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油
This thesis presents the hypothesis that humans have multiple personalities and expressing these different personas in an online community can help achieve self-understanding and a less frustrating life. Repressing parts of oneself can lead to frustration and aggression, as society often encourages choosing just one aspect of one's identity. The exploration of different perspectives through assuming new online identities may allow people to experience life from various viewpoints, leading to greater self-acceptance and tolerance of others. Expressing one's different personas online is hypothesized to make people emotionally and socially more mature.4cs
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油
There are seven types of people according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the 4Cs segmentation system:
1) Explorers are driven by a need for discovery and new experiences.
2) Aspirers are motivated by status and how others perceive them.
3) Succeeders seek control and prestige and feel they deserve the best.
4) Reformers value independence of thought and being at the forefront of social change.
5) Mainstreamers prioritize security through family and established brands.
6) Strugglers live for the present and seek escape through indulgence.
7) The Resigned celebrate tradition and focus on basic survival.Sociocultural loa principles
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油
This document outlines three principles of sociocultural level of analysis:
1) Humans have an innate need to belong and be part of social groups, as Aristotle noted that humans are social animals.
2) Culture, defined as the norms and values of a society, influences human behavior. Cultural legacies persist over generations and shape attitudes.
3) Humans have a social self that reflects their group memberships, which define their identities.SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
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油
1) There are two main approaches to sociology - interpretivism and positivism. Interpretivism takes a bottom-up approach starting with individuals and uses qualitative methods like participant observation. Positivism takes a top-down approach and uses quantitative methods to test theories.
2) Max Weber argued for verstehen, or understanding social actions from the actor's point of view by attempting to see the world through their eyes. This established an alternative to prior sociological positivism.
3) In a study of a London housing estate, the researcher found through qualitative methods that residents felt safe, despite statistics showing it as crime-ridden. This highlights how quantitative and qualitative data can showHow do audiences read media texts
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油
The document discusses different theories around how audiences engage with media texts:
1) Early theories viewed audiences as passive, believing all messages without thinking critically (the "hypodermic needle" effect). This underestimated audiences' abilities.
2) Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model sees the audience as active - they make their own interpretations depending on factors like identity and opinions. Texts have no set meaning.
3) Reception theory focuses on the audience role in interpreting texts. Hall identified preferred, negotiated, and oppositional readings audiences can have.
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The document discusses research conducted for a music magazine project. It covers researching existing magazines' conventions, target demographics, and audiences' wants. Questionnaires found the types of music and content the target audience wanted. Past successful student projects showed effective elements. In-depth analysis of magazines identified all needed components and reasons for their success. Mood boards combined research insights and audience wants into a magazine concept. The research emphasized pleasing the audience with a unique idea using proven conventions.Props list
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This document lists prop ideas for a photo shoot of an artist that help identify them and convey their personality and style. It suggests including a pack of cards to reference a signature accessory, musical instruments to identify what they play, CDs and posters and food to show aspects of their personality, a coat or jacket for them to wear that suits their style, and a camera and bags that could be incorporated into images to acknowledge it is from a photo shoot.Audience Research
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油
This document provides information about audience demographics and psychographic profiling for market research. It segments the population into categories such as mainstreamers, succeeders, and aspirers based on attitudes, personality traits, values, and interests. Examples of psychographic segments include trendies, egoists, puritans, innovators, rebels, and more. The document also discusses fans producing their own magazines, called fanzines, to provide unbiased information. It introduces Uses and Gratifications Theory, which focuses on what audiences do with media rather than what media does to people, such as watching X Factor for entertainment.Audience research
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油
The document summarizes audience research and demographics for media segmentation. It breaks audiences into socioeconomic classes from high-ranking professionals to unemployed individuals. It also describes psychographic profiling based on personality, lifestyle, values, and interests. The document then outlines several audience segments including mainstreamers, succeeders, and aspirers. It provides examples of fanzines as anti-establishment magazines created using affordable software. Finally, it discusses uses and gratifications theory, focusing on why audiences engage with media to satisfy psychological needs like entertainment, education, social interaction, and escape.Evaluation Question 1
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油
Daniel created a horror film trailer and supporting marketing materials that used conventions from real horror media but also challenged conventions and included unique elements:
1) The trailer used point-of-view shots, night filming, and ominous shots inspired by films like Halloween, but did not include graphic violence or nudity.
2) Scenes implied danger through atmosphere rather than showing it, such as a victim found dressed in the bath.
3) The final scene built suspense through stalking imagery rather than blood or gore as seen in other trailers.
4) Supporting materials like magazine covers and posters featured sinister images that identified the genre while leaving aspects open to interpretation. Overall, Daniel both drew fromMagazine production drafts
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The document outlines the typical layout and elements of a magazine cover, including the masthead, slogan, issue date, price, cover lines and pull quotes from articles to entice readers, a main background image to persuade audiences, and additional images and links to social media pages to make the cover more appealing.Task 7- Analysis of Film Posters
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油
The document analyzes and summarizes several movie posters:
- The Dark Knight poster emphasizes key information like the title, cast, and release date to stand out against the dark background. Warner Bros. had the rights to make DC comics films.
- The Texas Chainsaw Massacre poster aims to look old/tattered to seem real. It features the villain without revealing his identity to build intrigue.
- A Nightmare on Elm Street remakes use familiar iconography to appeal to original fans. The poster focuses on the villain but lacks context unlike the original poster.
- Grave Encounters posters use reviews/views to convince audiences after positive reception. It mimics the found footageMedia horror research
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油
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The call sheet outlines a film shoot taking place at Lucy's house from 6-9pm. It will involve filming scenes in various indoor and outdoor locations using a video camera, with Allison, Eleanor, James and Lucy acting and Lucy's kitchen knife and a tomato being used as props. Costumes will include Halloween costumes and a "Stalker Hoodie." Minimal transportation will be used to save on fuel. Scenes will be filmed non-chronologically to make efficient use of time at each location.Thirst script
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A group of friends explore an abandoned asylum known as Purgatory Asylum. They sneak in through a hole in the fence to explore and take pictures. However, once inside they hear gunshots and alarms. Voices announce that a prisoner is escaping. The friends realize the asylum is not actually empty as others had claimed. They encounter a man wearing a gas mask and the inmates seem to have been released, attacking the group.Task 7
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The poster summarizes the key elements of the Dark Knight poster:
- The title "The Dark Knight" stands out in white against a dark background, emphasizing Batman as either a beacon of hope or the dark knight.
- The burning bat symbol in the background reinforces the conflict between Batman and the Joker.
- The dark, smoky background suggests the dark atmosphere and action/thriller elements of the film.
- The cast and credits are included to attract fans and imply it is a big blockbuster film.
- The release date is prominently displayed at the bottom as key information for audiences.
- Batman stands alone in the foreground, facing away from an explosion, implyingTask 2 media
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1. The document discusses the marketing strategy for the horror film The Blair Witch Project.
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4. Images are prominently featured to draw readers in using popular artists or celebrities from featured stories.Ad
Uses and gratifications theory
- 2. The Theory The theory was created by Blumler and Katz. They thought that the audience play an active role in choosing and using the media. They devised the purposes and what the reader wanted into 4 categories Diversion- to escape life and relax Personal relationship- the need for companionship. To from relationship (e.g. social networking) Personal identity- find out about ourselves, gain insight and reflect themselves Surveillance- to find out about what's happening around them Links to Maslows hierarchy of needs.
- 3. The audience will get surveillance because they get knowledge of what's going on around them. Diversion because they take a break from their lives to read the magazine and possible companionship if they share the magazine with friends