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VARIOUS DOSAGE FORMS PF.pptx

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SharonBullard

A presentation on various dosage forms, types of different pharmaceutical formulations. This includes solid, liquid, semisolid and gaseous dosage forms. Various dosage forms with their definition and examples are explained in a detailed manner. It provides an overview of the different types if dosage forms, their uses, advantages and disadvantages and explains why you should consider each one when making your decision. Caution: The images which are shown are only for example. Do not buy and administer the medications without doctors' prescription.

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PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS Presented by: B . Sharon, PharmD III Year. NARAYANA PHARMACY COLLEGE Chinthareddypalem, Nellore. Various Forms of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS
PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS Pharmaceutical dosage forms is a drug delivery which is formed by the technological processing. It is also called Drug Formulation. Dosage forms : Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT A pharmaceutical drug also called Medicine/Medication is a chemical substance used to treat ,cure , prevent or diagnose a disease or to promote wellbeing. Traditionally , drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants but recently also by organic synthesis.
TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS Based on the physical appearance Based on the route of administration
VARIOUS DOSAGE FORMS PF.pptx
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORMS GASEOUS DOSAGE FORMS BASED ON THE PHYSICAL FORM
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS SHAPED UNSHAPED TABLETS CAPSULES IMPLANTS TRANSDERMAL PATCHES POWDERS FOR EXTERNAL/ INTERNAL USE SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS SHAPED UNSHAPED SUPPOSITORIES PESSARIES GELS CREAMS OINTMENTS PASTES
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS GASEOUS DOSAGE FORMS MONOPHASIC BIPHASIC EXTERNAL USE SOLUTIONS SYRUPS SPIRITS TINCTURES SUSPENSIONS EMULSIONS LOTIONS COLLOIDIONS MEDICINAL GASES MEDICINAL OXYGEN,HYDROGEN AEROSOLS AERODISPERSIONS ANTI ASTHMATIC SPRAYS
VARIOUS DOSAGE FORMS PF.pptx
ENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS ORAL SUBLINGUAL AND BUCCAL RECTAL PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS INTRAVENOUS ,INTRAMUSCULAR, INTRA DERMAL SUBCUTANEOUS, INTRA CLINICAL PRODUCTS. TABLETS CAPSULES SUSPENSIONS SYRUPS EMULSIONS INHALERS CHEWING TABLETS MOUTH WASHES TOOTHPASTES ORALLY DISINTEGRATI NG TABLETS SUPPOSITORIES RECTAL OINTMENTS ENEMAS TOPICAL DOSAGE FORMS DERMAL MUCOSA PERCUTANEOUS OINTMENTS CREAMS LOTIONS LIP BALMS MEDICATTED SHAMPOO PATCHES EAR DROPS EYE DROPS NASAL DROPS AND SPRAYS EYE OINTMENTS PESSARIES TRANS DERMAL PATCHES
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS Solid dosage forms are unit dosage forms consisting of doses which are taken by numbers . Tablets and capsules are most convenient dosage forms. EXAMPLES: 1. TABLETS 2. CAPSULES 3. PILLS 4. PASTILLES 5. LOZENGES 6. CACHETS OR POWDERS
TABLETS A tablet is a hard compressed medicated preparation in round , oral , square shape. It is a solid dosage form containing unit dose of one or more medicaments prepared by mold method or compression method. According to Indian Pharmacopoeia pharmaceutical tablets are flat or biconvex discs prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of drugs with or without suitable diluents
TYPES OF TABLETS BASED ON ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
A. TABLETS INGESTED ORALLY - are to be swallowed except chewable tablets. COMPRESSED TABLETS contain water soluble drugs formed by compression and contain no special coating. examples: Aspirin, Paracetamol tablets. MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS-are compressed tablets made by more than one compression cycle to mask bitter taste. Types:1. Compression coated tablet/dry or press coated tablet core is compressed by coating. 2.Layered tablets- are prepared by compressing additional tablet granulation on a previously compressed g ranulation. Ex: 3.Sustained action tablets-are those which after oral administration release the drug at a desired time and prolong the effect of medication . Ex: Diclofenac SR tablets ENTERIC COATED TABLETS- are coated with materials resistant to acidic pH of gastric fluid but disintegrate in alkaline pH of intestine . Ex : Anti Helminthic drugs, Amebicides. SUGAR COATED TABLETS-contain sugar coating to mask bitter, unpleasant odor and taste of medicament . Ex: FILM COATED TABLETS-are compressed have a film coating of polymers . Ex: CHEWABLE TABLET-are required to be broken and chewed in between teeth before ingestion. Ex: Celin , antacid tablets. (A)TABLETS INGESTED ORALLY
(B) TABLETS USED IN ORAL CAVITY 1. BUCCAL CAVITIES- These tablets are to be placed in the side of the cheek (buccal pouch) where they dissolve or erode slowly and are absorbed directly in the buccal cavity without passing into the alimentary canal. Ex: Progesterone tablets 2. SUBLINGUAL TABLETS -These tablets are to be placed under the tongue where they dissolve or disintegrate quickly and are absorbed directly without passing into GIT. Ex :Nitroglycerin tablets. 3. LOZENGES-are designed to exert a local effect in the mouth or throat. These tablets are commonly used to treat sore throats to control coughing in the common cold. Ex: Vicks 4. DENTAL CONE- are compressed tablets meant for placement in the empty sockets after tooth extraction. Ex: Parasorb cone
(c) TABLETS ADMINISTERED BY OTHER ROUTES IMPLANTATION TABLETS -are placed under the skin or inserted subcutaneously by means of minor surgical operation and are slowly absorbed. Ex: Implanon , Naltrexone. VAGINAL TABLETS-are meant to dissolve slowly in the vaginal cavity. The tablets are typically ovoidal or pear shaped for the ease of insertion. Ex : Cotrimoxazole tablets
(D) TABLETS USED TO PREPARE SOLUTIONS EFFERVESCENT TABLETS-tablets along with the active medicament contain ingredients like sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and tartaric acid which react in the presence of water liberating carbon dioxide and producing effervescence leading to disintegration of the tablet, thus hastens solution formation and increases the palatability. Ex: Pregabalin DISPENSING TABLETS-These tablets provide a convenient quantity of potent drugs that can be incorporated readily into powders and liquids, thus circumventing the necessity to weigh small quantities. Ex : Nimesulid tablet HYPODERMIC TABLETS- are soft, readily soluble tablets and originally were used for the preparation of solutions to be injected. These tablets are dissolved in sterile water or water for injection and administered by parenteral route. Ex: Codeine sulphate TABLET TRITURATES-are flat, circular discs, usually containing a potent substance mixed with lactose, lactose and sucrose, dextrose, or any suitable diluent. Ex: Calomel.
CAPSULES Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and inert ingredients are enclosed in a small shell or container usually made of gelatin. TYPES: HARD GELATTIN CAPSULES- Hard capsules are usually made up of a base containing plasticizer and water. The base may also contain preservatives, colors, flavors and sugars. Ex : Amoxicillin SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES-Soft gelatin capsules are made of gelatin to which glycerin or a polyhydric alcohol such as sorbitol has been added. Soft gelatin capsules, which contain more moisture than hard capsules, may have a preservative, such as methylparaben or propyl paraben, to retard microbial growth. Soft gelatin capsules may be oblong, oval, or round. They may be single colored or two-toned and may be imprinted with identifying markings. Ex: vitamin D capsules
Lozenges LL Lozenges are solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum. It is used to medicate mouth and throat for slow administration of indigestion and cough remedies(oral cavity). It is also called troche. TYPES: Molded lozenges-are made by help of lozenge board. Ex: mixture of powder or solution of acacia ,sucrose, water Compressed lozenges- prepared by compression. Ex: Benzocaine lozenges LOZENGES
Pastilles Pastilles are solid medicated preparations designed to dissolve slowly in mouth. They are softer than lozenges and their bases are either glycerol, gelatin, acacia and sugar. Ex : Menthol cough pastilles
PILLS Pills are small , rounded , solid dosage forms containing medicament and are intended to be administered orally. Pills are now rarely used. Ex : Pills of aloe Pills of ferric carbonate B.P.C
POWDERS Powders are solid dosage forms containing mixture of finely divided drug or chemicals intended for internal /external use. The mixed powders may be stored in dry form and mixture will be prepared by pharmacist when required for dispensing by suspending the powder in the appropriate vehicle.
BULK POWDER FOR INTERNAL USE DIVIDED POWDERS SIMPLE POWDERS Ex : Aspirin COMPOUND POWDERS Ex: Compound rhubarb powder B.P.C. POWDERS ENCLOSED IN CACHETS Ex: Isoniazid cachets TABLET TRITURATES Ex: Calomel BULK POWDERS ANTACID Ex : Magnesium trisilicate oral compd. powder LAXATIVE Ex: Macrogol compd. Oral powder SPECIAL POWDERS EUTECTIC POWDERS Ex: Sodium chloride and water EFFERVESCENT POWDERS Ex: Eno fruit salt EFFLORESCENT POWDERS Ex :Alum-Atropine sulphate-citric acid EXPLOSIVE POWDER Ex: sulfides-sulfur-tannic acid- charcoal POWDERS FOR EXTERNAL USE DUSTING POWDERS E x : Clotrimazole dusting powder MEDICATED SURGICAL INSUFFLATIONS Ex: Sodium Cromoglycate powder DOUCHE POWDER Ex: certane powder DENTRIFICES Ex: Colgate TYPES OF POWDERS
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS
VARIOUS DOSAGE FORMS PF.pptx
Liquid preparations for internal administration
Simple mixtures containing soluble substances Ex: Carminative mixture Mixtures containing diffusible solids Ex: Magnesium sulphate magnesium carbonate peppermint water mixture. SOLUTIONS Mixtures containing in-diffusible solids Ex: Acetyl salicylic acid- oxyphenbutazone mixture Mixtures containing precipitate forming liquids Ex : Potassium iodide-tincture lobelia ether tincture stramonium-chloroform mixture Mixtures containing slightly soluble liquids Ex: Paraldehyde mixture Are clear liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more API dissolved in a suitable vehicle. Ex : Gelusil .
SYRUPS Medicated syrup Crocin syrup Flavored syrup Cherry and raspberry syrup are concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar usually sucrose to which medicaments are added in a suitable proportion. Methods of preparation By simple solution method Ex : Ginger syrup By a process of extraction Ex : Tolu syrup By chemical interaction Ex: compound syrup ferrous phosphate I.P
Aromatic elixir Ephedrine compound elixir Medicated elixir Diphenhydramine HCl elixir Flavored elixir ELIXIRS are pleasantly flavored clear liquid oral preparations of potent or nauseous drug.
LINCTUS Linctus are viscous liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for relief of cough. They contain medicaments which have demulcent, sedative or expectorant action. They should be taken in small doses, sipped and swallowed slowly without diluting with water to have the maximum and prolonged effect of medicaments. Ex: Codeine linctus ,Coscopin linctus .
AROMATIC WATERS Aromatic waters are the clear saturated solution of volatile oil or volatile substances in purified water . They are also known as medicated water. Simple aromatic waters Simple aromatic water is a saturated solution of volatile oil or volatile substances in purified water. Ex : Chloroform water Concentrated waters TYPES OF AROMATIC WATERS Concentrated water is 40 times stronger than the aromatic water. Ex: Camphor water B.P.
Liquid preparations meant for external administration
Lotion, liniments, collodions. Liquids to be applied to the skin Gargles , mouth washes, throat paints and sprays. Liquids to be used in mouth Douches ,enemas , eye drops , ear drops , nasal drops, inhalations , nasal sprays ,eye lotions. Liquids used to be instilled into body cavity
Liquids to be applied to skin
LOTIONS Lotions are the liquid preparations meant for external application without friction and are applied on a suitable dressing and covered with a waterproof dressing to reduce evaporation. They are applied with the help of some absorbent materials such as cotton wool or gauze soaked in it. Lotions may be used for 1. local action . Ex: Salicylic acid lotion 2.antiseptic action .Ex: Calamine lotion.
LINIMENTS Liniments are liquid , semi-fluid or occasionally semi solid preparations intended for application to skin with friction and rubbing. They were once called Embrocation . Most of the liniments acts as counter irritants. Liniments should not be applied to broken skin. Liniments are of 2 types based on the type o of base used Alcoholic Liniments- contain alcohol as base . Ex : Camphor and soap liniment . Oily Liniments- contain oil as base. Ex: Turpentine liniment.
COLLODIONS Collodions are clear or slightly opalescent (turbid) liquid preparations meant for application to skin by means of a soft brush or suitable applicator. Collodions contain pyroxylin(nitrocellulose) in a mixture of ethyl ether and alcohol. Collodions are highly inflammable because volatile solvents are used for its preparation. Collodions are water repellent. Ex: Salicylic acid and lactic acid paint.
Collodions are of 2 types Non -Medicated Collodions- contain only flexible collodion. Ex: Flexible collodion is a solution of colophony and castor oil in the mixture of pyroxylin and volatile solvent. Medicated collodions contain medicament to protect small cuts and scratches. Ex: Salicylic acid collodion
Liquids to be used in the mouth
Gargles Gargles are concentrated , clear , aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat of throat infections. They are usually available in concentrated form with direction for dilution with warm water before use. Ex: Potassium chlorate and phenol gargles, Betadine gargle.
MOUTH WASHES Mouth washes are concentrated ,clear, aqueous solutions with a pleasant taste and odor used to make clean and deodorize the buccal cavity. They are medicated liquids used for cleansing the oral cavity and treating the mucus membrane of the mouth. Mouth washes are of 5 types :- Natural mouth wash- are alcohol free Fluoride mouth wash- contain Na F. Cosmetic mouth wash- prevents bad breath. Antiseptic mouth wash- contains API which stops the growth of bacteria. Total care mouth wash- contain anti-bacterial agents which reduce the buildup of plaque and prevent gum diseases. Ex: Listerine mouth wash , Povidone mouth wash.
THROAT PAINTS Throat paints are the viscous solutions or dispersions of one or more APIs intended for application to mucosa of the throat/ mouth. They are viscous due to high content of glycerin which being sticky adhere to the affected site and prolong the action of medicament. Ex : Magenta paint , compound iodine paint.
Liquids to be instilled into body cavities
DOUCHES Douche is a medicated sterile solution meant for rinsing a body cavity . The word douche is used for vaginal solution. Hence, they are called irrigations. Ex: Tantum vaginal douche. They are also used to irrigate eyes ,ear or nasal cavities for cleaning or removing the foreign particles or discharges from them. They are generally dispensed in the form of a powder or tablet or concentrated solutions with direction to dilute it in a specific quantity of warm water before use. Douche is administered by gravitation flow by using douche can. Douches are used for following purposes:- Cleansing agents Ex: Isotonic sodium chloride solution Antiseptics Ex: Mercuric chloride Astringent Ex: Alum (1%)
Enemas are aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions that are introduced into the rectum for cleansing ,therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. They are used to evacuate feces in constipation or before an operation. Ex : Paraldehyde enema Exit enema ENEMAS
EAR DROPS Ear drops are solutions of drops that are instilled into the ear with a dropper They are generally used for cleaning the ear, softening the wax and for treating the mild infection. Ex: Phenol ear drops should always be diluted with glycerin if required. Dilution with water renders phenol ear- drops caustic. 2) Dexamethasone ear ear drops
NASAL DROPS Nasal drops are aqueous solutions of drops that are instilled into the nose with a dropper. They should be isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride having neutral pH and viscosity similar to nasal secretions by using 0.5% methyl cellulose. Ex: Xylometazoline nasal drops
NASAL SPRAYS Nasal sprays are used to reduce nasal congestion and to treat infections. The nasal spray should be isotonic and buffered at Ph 6.2 Ex : Beclomethasone nasal sprays
INHALATIONS Inhalations are the liquid preparations containing volatile substances and are used to relieve congestion and inflammation of the respiratory tract. Ex: Salbutamol inhaler, Ventolin inhaler
VARIOUS DOSAGE FORMS PF.pptx
SUSPENSIONS Suspensions are categorized into 4 types based on route of administration. Oral suspensions Ex: Chloramphenicol palmitate suspension Parenteral suspensions Ex : Procaine penicillin G suspension. Ophthalmic suspensions Ex: fluorometholone suspension U.S.P Suspensions for external use Ex : calamine lotion Suspensions are the biphasic liquid forms of medicament in which finely divided solid drug particles ranging from 0.5 to 5 micron are dispersed in a semisolid or liquid vehicle. Disperse phase- solid particles Continuous phase- liquid vehicle
EMULSIONS Emulsion is a heterogenous biphasic liquid dosage form containing 2 immiscible liquids which are made miscible by mixing an emulsifying agent. Emulsions are prepared by dry gum method, wet gum method ,bottle method, others- homogenizers and blenders. Emulsions are of 2 types Oil in water type Water in oil type Ex: Cremafin emulsion
VARIOUS DOSAGE FORMS PF.pptx
Based on the route of administration Emulsions for oral administration Ex: Castor oil, Almond oil. Emulsions for external use Ex : Soap emulsions, creams. Emulsions for parenteral use Ex : vitamins Emulsions for rectal use Ex : enema
SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
SUPPOSITORIES Rectal suppository Vaginal suppository Nasal suppository Suppositories are small solid medicated forms of medicament usually cone shaped inserted into rectum (rectal suppositories), vagina( vaginal suppositories or pessaries) where it melts at body temperature. New trends of Suppositories Tablet suppositories Layered suppositories Capsule suppositories Coated suppositories Disposable moulds Ex : Dulcolax suppositories. Urethral suppository Ear cones
PESSARIES Pessaries are meant for introduction into vagina. They are larger than rectal suppositories and vary in weight from 4-8 grams or more. Pessaries may be conical, wedge or rod shaped. Ex: Betadine pessaries
OINTMENTS are semi solid preparations meant for external application to the skin or mucous membrane. Ex: Betadine ointment Based on the penetration Epidermic ointments Endodermic ointments Diadermic ointments Based on the therapeutic use Antibiotic ointment Anti fungal ointment Anti inflammatory ointment Anti pruritic ointment Astringent ointment Anti eczematous ointment Keratolytic ointment Counter irritant ointment Ointments used for dandruff Ointments used for psoriasis Parasiticide ointment Protectant ointment
CREAMS Aqueous creams : Oil in water type emulsions Based on the type of emulsifying agent used , creams are of 3 types- Anionic wax creams Ex: Calamine cream B.P.C Cationic wax creams Ex: Cetrimide cream B.P. Nonionic wax creams Ex: Ceto macrogol cream Oily creams Water in oil type emulsions Based on the type of emulsifying agent used , creams are of 2 types- Sterol creams- have wool fat. Ex: Proflavine cream B.P.C Soap creams- have calcium. Ex: Zinc cream B.N.F Creams are viscous semi solid emulsions which are meant for external use. Creams are of 2 types
PASTES Pastes are semisolid preparations intended for external application to skin. They differ from ointments by having a high proportion of finely powdered medicaments such as Zn O , CaCO3, starch etc., They are very thick and stiff and do not melt at ordinary temperature. Ex : Zinc and salicylic acid paste.
JELLIES Jellies are transparent or translucent non-greasy, semi solid preparations meant for external application to skin or mucous membrane. They are prepared by either natural gums or synthetic derivatives of natural substances. Ex : Diclofenac sodium gel There are3 types of jellies- Medicated jellies Non medicated jellies Miscellaneous jellies- are meant for patch testing and electro cardiography
POULTICES Poultices are soft ,viscous wet masses of solid substances applied to the skin for their fomentation action in order to provide relief from pain or reduce inflammation or to act as counter irritant. They are also called cataplasms. Ex: Kaolin poultice B.P.C.
GASEOUS DOSAGE FORMS
AEROSOLS Aerosols are pressured package systems which help to dispense the drug in the form of fine mist. Ex: hydrocarbons , CO2
VARIOUS DOSAGE FORMS PF.pptx

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VARIOUS DOSAGE FORMS PF.pptx

  • 1. PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS Presented by: B . Sharon, PharmD III Year. NARAYANA PHARMACY COLLEGE Chinthareddypalem, Nellore. Various Forms of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
  • 3. PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS Pharmaceutical dosage forms is a drug delivery which is formed by the technological processing. It is also called Drug Formulation. Dosage forms : Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.
  • 4. ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT A pharmaceutical drug also called Medicine/Medication is a chemical substance used to treat ,cure , prevent or diagnose a disease or to promote wellbeing. Traditionally , drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants but recently also by organic synthesis.
  • 5. TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS Based on the physical appearance Based on the route of administration
  • 7. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS SEMI SOLID DOSAGE FORMS GASEOUS DOSAGE FORMS BASED ON THE PHYSICAL FORM
  • 8. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS SHAPED UNSHAPED TABLETS CAPSULES IMPLANTS TRANSDERMAL PATCHES POWDERS FOR EXTERNAL/ INTERNAL USE SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS SHAPED UNSHAPED SUPPOSITORIES PESSARIES GELS CREAMS OINTMENTS PASTES
  • 9. LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS GASEOUS DOSAGE FORMS MONOPHASIC BIPHASIC EXTERNAL USE SOLUTIONS SYRUPS SPIRITS TINCTURES SUSPENSIONS EMULSIONS LOTIONS COLLOIDIONS MEDICINAL GASES MEDICINAL OXYGEN,HYDROGEN AEROSOLS AERODISPERSIONS ANTI ASTHMATIC SPRAYS
  • 11. ENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS ORAL SUBLINGUAL AND BUCCAL RECTAL PARENTERAL DOSAGE FORMS INTRAVENOUS ,INTRAMUSCULAR, INTRA DERMAL SUBCUTANEOUS, INTRA CLINICAL PRODUCTS. TABLETS CAPSULES SUSPENSIONS SYRUPS EMULSIONS INHALERS CHEWING TABLETS MOUTH WASHES TOOTHPASTES ORALLY DISINTEGRATI NG TABLETS SUPPOSITORIES RECTAL OINTMENTS ENEMAS TOPICAL DOSAGE FORMS DERMAL MUCOSA PERCUTANEOUS OINTMENTS CREAMS LOTIONS LIP BALMS MEDICATTED SHAMPOO PATCHES EAR DROPS EYE DROPS NASAL DROPS AND SPRAYS EYE OINTMENTS PESSARIES TRANS DERMAL PATCHES
  • 12. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS Solid dosage forms are unit dosage forms consisting of doses which are taken by numbers . Tablets and capsules are most convenient dosage forms. EXAMPLES: 1. TABLETS 2. CAPSULES 3. PILLS 4. PASTILLES 5. LOZENGES 6. CACHETS OR POWDERS
  • 13. TABLETS A tablet is a hard compressed medicated preparation in round , oral , square shape. It is a solid dosage form containing unit dose of one or more medicaments prepared by mold method or compression method. According to Indian Pharmacopoeia pharmaceutical tablets are flat or biconvex discs prepared by compressing a drug or a mixture of drugs with or without suitable diluents
  • 14. TYPES OF TABLETS BASED ON ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
  • 15. A. TABLETS INGESTED ORALLY - are to be swallowed except chewable tablets. COMPRESSED TABLETS contain water soluble drugs formed by compression and contain no special coating. examples: Aspirin, Paracetamol tablets. MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLETS-are compressed tablets made by more than one compression cycle to mask bitter taste. Types:1. Compression coated tablet/dry or press coated tablet core is compressed by coating. 2.Layered tablets- are prepared by compressing additional tablet granulation on a previously compressed g ranulation. Ex: 3.Sustained action tablets-are those which after oral administration release the drug at a desired time and prolong the effect of medication . Ex: Diclofenac SR tablets ENTERIC COATED TABLETS- are coated with materials resistant to acidic pH of gastric fluid but disintegrate in alkaline pH of intestine . Ex : Anti Helminthic drugs, Amebicides. SUGAR COATED TABLETS-contain sugar coating to mask bitter, unpleasant odor and taste of medicament . Ex: FILM COATED TABLETS-are compressed have a film coating of polymers . Ex: CHEWABLE TABLET-are required to be broken and chewed in between teeth before ingestion. Ex: Celin , antacid tablets. (A)TABLETS INGESTED ORALLY
  • 16. (B) TABLETS USED IN ORAL CAVITY 1. BUCCAL CAVITIES- These tablets are to be placed in the side of the cheek (buccal pouch) where they dissolve or erode slowly and are absorbed directly in the buccal cavity without passing into the alimentary canal. Ex: Progesterone tablets 2. SUBLINGUAL TABLETS -These tablets are to be placed under the tongue where they dissolve or disintegrate quickly and are absorbed directly without passing into GIT. Ex :Nitroglycerin tablets. 3. LOZENGES-are designed to exert a local effect in the mouth or throat. These tablets are commonly used to treat sore throats to control coughing in the common cold. Ex: Vicks 4. DENTAL CONE- are compressed tablets meant for placement in the empty sockets after tooth extraction. Ex: Parasorb cone
  • 17. (c) TABLETS ADMINISTERED BY OTHER ROUTES IMPLANTATION TABLETS -are placed under the skin or inserted subcutaneously by means of minor surgical operation and are slowly absorbed. Ex: Implanon , Naltrexone. VAGINAL TABLETS-are meant to dissolve slowly in the vaginal cavity. The tablets are typically ovoidal or pear shaped for the ease of insertion. Ex : Cotrimoxazole tablets
  • 18. (D) TABLETS USED TO PREPARE SOLUTIONS EFFERVESCENT TABLETS-tablets along with the active medicament contain ingredients like sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and tartaric acid which react in the presence of water liberating carbon dioxide and producing effervescence leading to disintegration of the tablet, thus hastens solution formation and increases the palatability. Ex: Pregabalin DISPENSING TABLETS-These tablets provide a convenient quantity of potent drugs that can be incorporated readily into powders and liquids, thus circumventing the necessity to weigh small quantities. Ex : Nimesulid tablet HYPODERMIC TABLETS- are soft, readily soluble tablets and originally were used for the preparation of solutions to be injected. These tablets are dissolved in sterile water or water for injection and administered by parenteral route. Ex: Codeine sulphate TABLET TRITURATES-are flat, circular discs, usually containing a potent substance mixed with lactose, lactose and sucrose, dextrose, or any suitable diluent. Ex: Calomel.
  • 19. CAPSULES Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and inert ingredients are enclosed in a small shell or container usually made of gelatin. TYPES: HARD GELATTIN CAPSULES- Hard capsules are usually made up of a base containing plasticizer and water. The base may also contain preservatives, colors, flavors and sugars. Ex : Amoxicillin SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES-Soft gelatin capsules are made of gelatin to which glycerin or a polyhydric alcohol such as sorbitol has been added. Soft gelatin capsules, which contain more moisture than hard capsules, may have a preservative, such as methylparaben or propyl paraben, to retard microbial growth. Soft gelatin capsules may be oblong, oval, or round. They may be single colored or two-toned and may be imprinted with identifying markings. Ex: vitamin D capsules
  • 20. Lozenges LL Lozenges are solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum. It is used to medicate mouth and throat for slow administration of indigestion and cough remedies(oral cavity). It is also called troche. TYPES: Molded lozenges-are made by help of lozenge board. Ex: mixture of powder or solution of acacia ,sucrose, water Compressed lozenges- prepared by compression. Ex: Benzocaine lozenges LOZENGES
  • 21. Pastilles Pastilles are solid medicated preparations designed to dissolve slowly in mouth. They are softer than lozenges and their bases are either glycerol, gelatin, acacia and sugar. Ex : Menthol cough pastilles
  • 22. PILLS Pills are small , rounded , solid dosage forms containing medicament and are intended to be administered orally. Pills are now rarely used. Ex : Pills of aloe Pills of ferric carbonate B.P.C
  • 23. POWDERS Powders are solid dosage forms containing mixture of finely divided drug or chemicals intended for internal /external use. The mixed powders may be stored in dry form and mixture will be prepared by pharmacist when required for dispensing by suspending the powder in the appropriate vehicle.
  • 24. BULK POWDER FOR INTERNAL USE DIVIDED POWDERS SIMPLE POWDERS Ex : Aspirin COMPOUND POWDERS Ex: Compound rhubarb powder B.P.C. POWDERS ENCLOSED IN CACHETS Ex: Isoniazid cachets TABLET TRITURATES Ex: Calomel BULK POWDERS ANTACID Ex : Magnesium trisilicate oral compd. powder LAXATIVE Ex: Macrogol compd. Oral powder SPECIAL POWDERS EUTECTIC POWDERS Ex: Sodium chloride and water EFFERVESCENT POWDERS Ex: Eno fruit salt EFFLORESCENT POWDERS Ex :Alum-Atropine sulphate-citric acid EXPLOSIVE POWDER Ex: sulfides-sulfur-tannic acid- charcoal POWDERS FOR EXTERNAL USE DUSTING POWDERS E x : Clotrimazole dusting powder MEDICATED SURGICAL INSUFFLATIONS Ex: Sodium Cromoglycate powder DOUCHE POWDER Ex: certane powder DENTRIFICES Ex: Colgate TYPES OF POWDERS
  • 27. Liquid preparations for internal administration
  • 28. Simple mixtures containing soluble substances Ex: Carminative mixture Mixtures containing diffusible solids Ex: Magnesium sulphate magnesium carbonate peppermint water mixture. SOLUTIONS Mixtures containing in-diffusible solids Ex: Acetyl salicylic acid- oxyphenbutazone mixture Mixtures containing precipitate forming liquids Ex : Potassium iodide-tincture lobelia ether tincture stramonium-chloroform mixture Mixtures containing slightly soluble liquids Ex: Paraldehyde mixture Are clear liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more API dissolved in a suitable vehicle. Ex : Gelusil .
  • 29. SYRUPS Medicated syrup Crocin syrup Flavored syrup Cherry and raspberry syrup are concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar usually sucrose to which medicaments are added in a suitable proportion. Methods of preparation By simple solution method Ex : Ginger syrup By a process of extraction Ex : Tolu syrup By chemical interaction Ex: compound syrup ferrous phosphate I.P
  • 30. Aromatic elixir Ephedrine compound elixir Medicated elixir Diphenhydramine HCl elixir Flavored elixir ELIXIRS are pleasantly flavored clear liquid oral preparations of potent or nauseous drug.
  • 31. LINCTUS Linctus are viscous liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for relief of cough. They contain medicaments which have demulcent, sedative or expectorant action. They should be taken in small doses, sipped and swallowed slowly without diluting with water to have the maximum and prolonged effect of medicaments. Ex: Codeine linctus ,Coscopin linctus .
  • 32. AROMATIC WATERS Aromatic waters are the clear saturated solution of volatile oil or volatile substances in purified water . They are also known as medicated water. Simple aromatic waters Simple aromatic water is a saturated solution of volatile oil or volatile substances in purified water. Ex : Chloroform water Concentrated waters TYPES OF AROMATIC WATERS Concentrated water is 40 times stronger than the aromatic water. Ex: Camphor water B.P.
  • 33. Liquid preparations meant for external administration
  • 34. Lotion, liniments, collodions. Liquids to be applied to the skin Gargles , mouth washes, throat paints and sprays. Liquids to be used in mouth Douches ,enemas , eye drops , ear drops , nasal drops, inhalations , nasal sprays ,eye lotions. Liquids used to be instilled into body cavity
  • 35. Liquids to be applied to skin
  • 36. LOTIONS Lotions are the liquid preparations meant for external application without friction and are applied on a suitable dressing and covered with a waterproof dressing to reduce evaporation. They are applied with the help of some absorbent materials such as cotton wool or gauze soaked in it. Lotions may be used for 1. local action . Ex: Salicylic acid lotion 2.antiseptic action .Ex: Calamine lotion.
  • 37. LINIMENTS Liniments are liquid , semi-fluid or occasionally semi solid preparations intended for application to skin with friction and rubbing. They were once called Embrocation . Most of the liniments acts as counter irritants. Liniments should not be applied to broken skin. Liniments are of 2 types based on the type o of base used Alcoholic Liniments- contain alcohol as base . Ex : Camphor and soap liniment . Oily Liniments- contain oil as base. Ex: Turpentine liniment.
  • 38. COLLODIONS Collodions are clear or slightly opalescent (turbid) liquid preparations meant for application to skin by means of a soft brush or suitable applicator. Collodions contain pyroxylin(nitrocellulose) in a mixture of ethyl ether and alcohol. Collodions are highly inflammable because volatile solvents are used for its preparation. Collodions are water repellent. Ex: Salicylic acid and lactic acid paint.
  • 39. Collodions are of 2 types Non -Medicated Collodions- contain only flexible collodion. Ex: Flexible collodion is a solution of colophony and castor oil in the mixture of pyroxylin and volatile solvent. Medicated collodions contain medicament to protect small cuts and scratches. Ex: Salicylic acid collodion
  • 40. Liquids to be used in the mouth
  • 41. Gargles Gargles are concentrated , clear , aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat of throat infections. They are usually available in concentrated form with direction for dilution with warm water before use. Ex: Potassium chlorate and phenol gargles, Betadine gargle.
  • 42. MOUTH WASHES Mouth washes are concentrated ,clear, aqueous solutions with a pleasant taste and odor used to make clean and deodorize the buccal cavity. They are medicated liquids used for cleansing the oral cavity and treating the mucus membrane of the mouth. Mouth washes are of 5 types :- Natural mouth wash- are alcohol free Fluoride mouth wash- contain Na F. Cosmetic mouth wash- prevents bad breath. Antiseptic mouth wash- contains API which stops the growth of bacteria. Total care mouth wash- contain anti-bacterial agents which reduce the buildup of plaque and prevent gum diseases. Ex: Listerine mouth wash , Povidone mouth wash.
  • 43. THROAT PAINTS Throat paints are the viscous solutions or dispersions of one or more APIs intended for application to mucosa of the throat/ mouth. They are viscous due to high content of glycerin which being sticky adhere to the affected site and prolong the action of medicament. Ex : Magenta paint , compound iodine paint.
  • 44. Liquids to be instilled into body cavities
  • 45. DOUCHES Douche is a medicated sterile solution meant for rinsing a body cavity . The word douche is used for vaginal solution. Hence, they are called irrigations. Ex: Tantum vaginal douche. They are also used to irrigate eyes ,ear or nasal cavities for cleaning or removing the foreign particles or discharges from them. They are generally dispensed in the form of a powder or tablet or concentrated solutions with direction to dilute it in a specific quantity of warm water before use. Douche is administered by gravitation flow by using douche can. Douches are used for following purposes:- Cleansing agents Ex: Isotonic sodium chloride solution Antiseptics Ex: Mercuric chloride Astringent Ex: Alum (1%)
  • 46. Enemas are aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions that are introduced into the rectum for cleansing ,therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. They are used to evacuate feces in constipation or before an operation. Ex : Paraldehyde enema Exit enema ENEMAS
  • 47. EAR DROPS Ear drops are solutions of drops that are instilled into the ear with a dropper They are generally used for cleaning the ear, softening the wax and for treating the mild infection. Ex: Phenol ear drops should always be diluted with glycerin if required. Dilution with water renders phenol ear- drops caustic. 2) Dexamethasone ear ear drops
  • 48. NASAL DROPS Nasal drops are aqueous solutions of drops that are instilled into the nose with a dropper. They should be isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride having neutral pH and viscosity similar to nasal secretions by using 0.5% methyl cellulose. Ex: Xylometazoline nasal drops
  • 49. NASAL SPRAYS Nasal sprays are used to reduce nasal congestion and to treat infections. The nasal spray should be isotonic and buffered at Ph 6.2 Ex : Beclomethasone nasal sprays
  • 50. INHALATIONS Inhalations are the liquid preparations containing volatile substances and are used to relieve congestion and inflammation of the respiratory tract. Ex: Salbutamol inhaler, Ventolin inhaler
  • 52. SUSPENSIONS Suspensions are categorized into 4 types based on route of administration. Oral suspensions Ex: Chloramphenicol palmitate suspension Parenteral suspensions Ex : Procaine penicillin G suspension. Ophthalmic suspensions Ex: fluorometholone suspension U.S.P Suspensions for external use Ex : calamine lotion Suspensions are the biphasic liquid forms of medicament in which finely divided solid drug particles ranging from 0.5 to 5 micron are dispersed in a semisolid or liquid vehicle. Disperse phase- solid particles Continuous phase- liquid vehicle
  • 53. EMULSIONS Emulsion is a heterogenous biphasic liquid dosage form containing 2 immiscible liquids which are made miscible by mixing an emulsifying agent. Emulsions are prepared by dry gum method, wet gum method ,bottle method, others- homogenizers and blenders. Emulsions are of 2 types Oil in water type Water in oil type Ex: Cremafin emulsion
  • 55. Based on the route of administration Emulsions for oral administration Ex: Castor oil, Almond oil. Emulsions for external use Ex : Soap emulsions, creams. Emulsions for parenteral use Ex : vitamins Emulsions for rectal use Ex : enema
  • 57. SUPPOSITORIES Rectal suppository Vaginal suppository Nasal suppository Suppositories are small solid medicated forms of medicament usually cone shaped inserted into rectum (rectal suppositories), vagina( vaginal suppositories or pessaries) where it melts at body temperature. New trends of Suppositories Tablet suppositories Layered suppositories Capsule suppositories Coated suppositories Disposable moulds Ex : Dulcolax suppositories. Urethral suppository Ear cones
  • 58. PESSARIES Pessaries are meant for introduction into vagina. They are larger than rectal suppositories and vary in weight from 4-8 grams or more. Pessaries may be conical, wedge or rod shaped. Ex: Betadine pessaries
  • 59. OINTMENTS are semi solid preparations meant for external application to the skin or mucous membrane. Ex: Betadine ointment Based on the penetration Epidermic ointments Endodermic ointments Diadermic ointments Based on the therapeutic use Antibiotic ointment Anti fungal ointment Anti inflammatory ointment Anti pruritic ointment Astringent ointment Anti eczematous ointment Keratolytic ointment Counter irritant ointment Ointments used for dandruff Ointments used for psoriasis Parasiticide ointment Protectant ointment
  • 60. CREAMS Aqueous creams : Oil in water type emulsions Based on the type of emulsifying agent used , creams are of 3 types- Anionic wax creams Ex: Calamine cream B.P.C Cationic wax creams Ex: Cetrimide cream B.P. Nonionic wax creams Ex: Ceto macrogol cream Oily creams Water in oil type emulsions Based on the type of emulsifying agent used , creams are of 2 types- Sterol creams- have wool fat. Ex: Proflavine cream B.P.C Soap creams- have calcium. Ex: Zinc cream B.N.F Creams are viscous semi solid emulsions which are meant for external use. Creams are of 2 types
  • 61. PASTES Pastes are semisolid preparations intended for external application to skin. They differ from ointments by having a high proportion of finely powdered medicaments such as Zn O , CaCO3, starch etc., They are very thick and stiff and do not melt at ordinary temperature. Ex : Zinc and salicylic acid paste.
  • 62. JELLIES Jellies are transparent or translucent non-greasy, semi solid preparations meant for external application to skin or mucous membrane. They are prepared by either natural gums or synthetic derivatives of natural substances. Ex : Diclofenac sodium gel There are3 types of jellies- Medicated jellies Non medicated jellies Miscellaneous jellies- are meant for patch testing and electro cardiography
  • 63. POULTICES Poultices are soft ,viscous wet masses of solid substances applied to the skin for their fomentation action in order to provide relief from pain or reduce inflammation or to act as counter irritant. They are also called cataplasms. Ex: Kaolin poultice B.P.C.
  • 65. AEROSOLS Aerosols are pressured package systems which help to dispense the drug in the form of fine mist. Ex: hydrocarbons , CO2