Vedic Economy
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Vedic Economy
- 1. Vedic Agriculture Dr. Virag Sontakke Assistant Professor Dept. of A.I.H.C. & Archaeology
- 3. Background of Vedic Age Appearance After decline of IVC Literary evidence Area: N-W Provinces. Small villages Small scale Agriculture Cattle wealth Animal Rearing Rural culture
- 5. Sources Vaidik Period 1. Rigveda 2. Sanhita Chronology: c 1500 BCE- 1100 BCE Later Vaidik Period 1. Samved 2. Yajurved 3. Atharvaveda 4. Bramhanyak 5. Aaranyak 6. Upnishad Later Vaidik Period: 1100-800 BCE
- 8. Agriculture Hyms: for agriculture Kshetra: Agricultural land Rigveda: Cow-dung for manuring of earth. Two types of land. 1. Apnasvati: Fertile land 2. Artana: Arid atapatha Brhma畊a: Four stages of crop-production: (i) Kar畊a畊a: Act of ploughing a land (ii) Vapana: Sowing of seeds (iii) Lavana: Harvesting a ripen crop (vi) Mardana: Threshing of corns
- 9. Agricultural Evidence Agricultural implements: Datra/Sruni 爐爐鉦い爛爐謂 / 爐伍爐爐垂: Sickle Langal 爐迦ぞ爐鉦爐爐: Small Hoe Seer 爐伍爐: Big Hoe Sita 爐伍爐むぞ: land Grains: Barley 爐爛, Rice 爐朽爐萎爐項た
- 10. Animal Husbandry 爐爐爛爐朽爐: Reference of Animal Husbandry Animal Husbandry mentions more than agriculture R.C. Sharma: 爐爐爛爐朽爐 爐爛爐 爐爛 爐謹が爛爐 爐踱朽ぞ爐 爐爐伍じ爛 爐爐む爐爐爛爐 爐謹が爛爐爐鉦さ爐迦 爐爐 176 爐爐鉦ぐ 爐爐迦爐迦爐爛 爐爛 爐劇た 爐劇さ爐逗く爐 爐爐迦爐迦爐 爐爐鉦い爛爐 21. 爐爐朽爐謹, 爐爛爛爛, 爐爛爛 ,爐爐爐萎 爐伍 爐爐萎ぐ爐爐逗い 爐爛-爐伍ぞ爐爐爐爐 爐迦ぞ爐 爐逗爐む 爐伍爐 爐伍 爐爛爐萎ぞ爐ムえ爐鉦踱 爐爛-爐伍ぞ爐爐爐爐 爐逗 爐伍ぎ爛爐爛爐爐 爐爐 爐爛爐爐鉦え爐 爐爛-爐伍ぞ爐爐爐爐 爐爐 爐伍ぎ爐鉦え爐鉦ぅ爐ム 爐謹が爛爐 = 爐萎く爐 = 爐逗え 爐爐爛爐朽爐項う爐 爐萎ぞ爐爐 = 爐爛爐爐爐 爐爐朽爐謹ざ爐爛爐 爐爛 爐爐 爐爛爐萎爐鉦く爐むく爛爐 爐伍 爐爐萎ぐ爐爐逗い 1. 爐逗爐爛 = 爐爛爐 爐爛爐爛 爐朽ぞ爐迦 爐爐鉦く 2. 爐爐爐爐朽ぞ爐 = 爐伍ぞ爐爐鉦え 爐爐爐鉦え爛 爐朽ぞ爐迦 爐爐朽爐謹 爐爐朽じ = 爐逗ぞ爐萎ぞ
- 11. Vedik Economy: Other Professions 爐む爛爐劇 Wood carver : 爐爐鉦し爛爐 爐謹ざ爐迦爐 爐爐 爐爐鉦ぐ爛爐爐 爐迦爛爛 爐爐 爐伍ぞ爐爐鉦え 爐 爐爛爐 爐爐爐爐鉦ぅ爐 爐萎ぅ爐爐鉦ぐ Charriot maker : 爐萎ぅ 爐爐爐爐鉦ぅ爐 爐逗爐む 爐劇さ爐謹ざ爐劇爐 爐む爛爐劇 爐逗ぎ爐ムえ爛爐 Cobbler : 爐逗ぎ爛爛 爐爐 爐爐鉦ぎ 爐爐萎え爛 爐朽ぞ爐迦 爐逗ぎ爐 爐謹ざ爐迦爐: 爐逗ぎ爛爛 爐 爛 爐爐鉦い爛爐, 爐爛爛爛 爐爛 爐迦爐鉦ぎ, 爐逗ぞ爐爛爐 爐爐爐爐鉦ぅ爐 爐朽じ爛爐む爐む爐 爐爐爐爐鉦ぅ爐: 爐爐爛 爐朽じ爛爐む爐む爐 爐爐爐鉦え爛 爐爐 爐爐迦爐迦爐 爐爐謹ぎ 爐爐爛爐÷げ 爐爛爐 爐朽じ爛爐む爐む爐 爐爛爐爐爛 爐逗爐む 爐むえ爛爐む (爐むぞ爐爐爐) 爐爐 爐爐む (爐爐萎え爐) 爐爐 爐爐迦爐迦爐 爐爐爛爐逗た 爐爐爐爐鉦ぅ爐: 爐伍爐む爐朽た爐ム爐鉦ぐ ? 爐爐爛爐逗た: 爐爐逗ぅ 爐謹爐爐, 爐項た爐萎ぃ爛爐 爐爐逗ぅ, 爐爐爐劇爐 爐逗ぞ爐む 爐謹ざ爐迦爐: 爐爐爐 = 爐逗ぞ爐む (爐むぞ爐爛爐/爐迦爐) 爐逗げ 爐爐 爐爐鉦げ,爐逗ざ爐伍く爐鉦, 爐伍爐む爐朽爐逗く爐 (爐 爛 爐迦爐逗ぞ爛爛), 爐爐萎ざ爛
- 12. Vedik Economy: Trade & Commerce Lack of proper evidence to establish trade & commerce Barter/爐朽じ爛爐む爐む 爐劇さ爐爐爐 : 爐迦爐-爐爛爐 爐伍, 爐爛 爐 爛 爐爐鉦ぇ爛爐爐 爐伍 ? Examples of Transportation 爐爐爛爐朽爐 1.56.2: 爐爛爐-爐爛爐 爐む 爐爛 爐爐鉦い爛爐萎ぞ 爐爐爐爐 爐萎す爐逗い 爐萎た爛 爐爐爛爐朽爐 1.42.2: 爐爛爐-爐爛爐 爐爛 爐爐鉦い爛爐萎ぞ爐爐鉦 爐爛爐 爐むじ爛爐む爐爐萎爐 爐爐 爐爐爐爛爐萎さ 爐 爐逗 爐爐 爐謹い爐逗え 爐爐 爐迦ぞ爐 爐逗 爐爐爐垂: 爐爛爐 爐爛 爐爐鉦い爛爐萎ぞ 爐爐萎え爛 爐朽ぞ爐迦, 爐爛爛 爐伍ぞ爐爐爐劇た 爐 爛 爐伍爐む爐朽ぞ爐爛 爐爐爛爐朽爐 : 爐爐爐逗く爛爐 爐爛 爐爐爐鉦爐爐 爐爐爛爐爐爐 爐爐爐爛 爐爐鉦た爐 爐爛爐爛爐о爐 爐爐爛爐朽爐 爐爛爐 爐伍ぎ爛爐爛爐 爐謹が爛爐 爐劇さ爐爛爐爐爐鉦え 爐爐鉦爛爐 爐踱朽ぞ爐 爐爐ム爐 爐逗爐む 爐爛爐萎ぞ爐ムえ爐鉦踱 爐爛.爐爛.爐迦ぞ爐 : 爐謹い爐鉦ぐ爐萎い爛爐 爐爛 =(Boat with 100 oars)
- 14. Later Vedic Period Cultivation of varieties of crops. Expansion of area. Growth of population From N-W India to Ganges basin. New climatic zone + favourable land= agricultural gain. Various sacrifices also related to Agriculture like Caturmasya yajna. Sunaarisa = ploughshare and plough. Period: 1100-800 BCE
- 17. Economy of Later Vedic Period: Agriculture 爐爐ムさ爐ムさ爛爐 : 爐逗げ 爐逗げ爐鉦え爛 爐爛 爐爐迦ぞ 爐爐 爐爐劇さ爐劇爐爐鉦ぐ 爐爛爐ム爐朽 爐朽爐爐 爐爛爐朽ぞ爐萎ぞ 爐爐爛爐朽爐 : 爐劇さ爐劇さ爐 爐爛爐萎爐鉦ぐ 爐 爛 爐爐爛爐 爐爛 爐爛 爐劇た 爐む爐爐むぐ爐萎く 爐伍ぞ爐爐項た爐むぞ : 爐爛 爐謹爐む爐鉦げ 爐爛爐 爐爛爐爐 爐爐鉦い爐 爐逗 爐爐 爐逗ぞ爐 爐爛爐萎爐劇爐 爐爛爐 爐謹い爐爐 爐爛爐萎ぞ爐項爐爐 : 爐爛 爐劇た 爐爐鉦く爐 爐 爛 4 爐伍爐爐鉦え 1. Ploughed field -爐爛爐 爐爛 爐爛爐むぞ爐 2. Planting seeds-爐爛爐爐鉦ぐ爛爐爐 3. Reaping-爐爐伍げ 爐爐爐鉦く爛 4. Winnowing-爐爐爛 爐爐伍げ 爐爛 爐爛爐鉦 爐爐爐爐鉦
- 18. Crop Specimens in Later Vedic Period Yajurveda: 1. Cereals (Rice: vrihi, Wheat: Godhuma, Barley: Yava, Millets 2. Legumes (Bean, pulses, lentils) 3. Oil seeds (Sesame: Tila) 4. Fibrous plants 5. Fruit crops and 6. Green vegetables. Rotation of crops was observed: grains and legumes.
- 19. Sesame: Tila
- 20. Barley & wheat
- 23. Agriculture 爐爛爐爐鉦ざ = 爐爛 爐逗 爐爛 爐爛爐迦爐 爐伍 爐逗げ 爐逗げ爐鉦く爛 爐爐ムさ爐ムさ爛爐, 爐謹い爐爐 爐爛爐萎ぞ爐項爐爐,爐む爐劇た爐萎爐 爐伍ぞ爐爐項た爐むぞ, 爐朽ぞ爐爐伍え爛爐爛 爐伍ぞ爐爐項た爐むぞ : 6,8,12,26 爐爛爐迦爐 爐爐 爐爛爐萎く爛爐 爐逗げ 爐逗げ爐鉦え爛 爐逗爐む 爐逗げ : 爐爛爐 (爐爐爛爐) 爐爛爐迦ぐ 爐爛 爐迦爛爛, 爐むぞ爐爛爐 爐謹じ爐鉦爐逗ぞ爐 : 爐爐爛, 爐爐鉦ぐ爐萎ざ, 爐 爛 爐踱 , 爐爛爐萎爐逗 爐爐ムさ爐ムさ爛爐 : 爐爐爐むさ爛爐劇爐劇爐-爐爐爐鉦さ爛爐劇爐劇爐, 爐爛爛爛爐 爐伍 爐爛 爐劇た 爐 爛 爐爐逗ぞ爐 爐逗爐む 爐爐鉦爐む爐 爐爐鉦爛爐爐逗 爐爐爛爐劇爐爐鉦え : 爐爐-爐朽爐萎爐項た 爐爛 爐爐逗爐爐 爐爐爛爐萎ぞ爐爐 爐爐劇爐劇爐 爐爐 : 爐爐 爐爐伍げ 爐 爛 爐伍爐朽え 爐伍 爐爛爐朽ぅ 爐爐爛爐劇爐爐 1. Ploughing was generally performed with the help of oxen in teams of six, eight or twelve. 2. Ploughing was also done with the help of one or two sheep.
- 25. winnowing fan
- 27. Animal Husbandry 爐爐爛爐朽爐: 爐 爛 爐逗ぞ, 爐爛爛爐, 爐爐逗ぞ, 爐爐爛爐逗ぐ, 爐爛爛, 爐爐爐萎 爐 爐爐爛爐 爐爐朽爐謹 爐爐 爐爐迦爐迦爐 爐爐鉦え爐朽ぐ爛爐 爐 爛 爐爐鉦げ爐, 爐爛爐爐爐鉦げ 爐踱朽ぞ爐 爐朽爐爛爐爐 爐爛 爐逗た爐鉦ぅ 爐爐鉦爛爐爐逗 爐爐爛爐劇爐爐鉦え : 爐爛爐-爐爛-爐爐逗 爐爛 爐爐逗爐爐 - 爐爐謹ぅ 爐爛爐逗ぅ 爐爐鉦じ 爐爐 爐爛爐謹ぎ爐爛 : 爐爐謹爐爐爛爐 爐爐 爐爐謹爐爐鉦 爐伍 爐爛 爐爛爐 爐爛爐萎ぞ爐爛爐 爐爐萎え爛 爐逗爐む 爐爐ムさ爐ムさ爛爐 : 爐謹ぞ爐爛 爐 (爐爛爐爐) 爐爐 爐爐逗い爛爐 爐爛 爐劇た 爐逗爐む 爐劇さ爐謹き爐爛爐 爐爛爐萎爐鉦ぐ 爐踱朽ぞ爐 爐爐爛 爐 爛 爐爐朽爐謹ざ爐爛爐 爐 爛 爐爛爐ム 爐爐鉦ぎ 爐爛爐萎ぞ爐爛爐 爐逗爐爛 : 爐爛爐 爐爛爐爛 爐朽ぞ爐迦 爐爐鉦く 爐む爐爐むぐ爐萎く爐 爐伍ぞ爐爐項た爐むぞ : 4 爐朽た爐 爐爛 爐爐鉦く = 爐む爐爐ムさ爐鉦た 爐爐ムさ爐ムさ爛爐 : 爐爛 爐逗い爛爐爐 爐爛 爐爐爐鉦爐爐 爐むぅ爐 爐爛爐逗 爐爛 爐爛爐む爐爛 爐爐鉦爐
- 28. Milch cattle (dhenu) Draught breed (anadvan)
- 29. Transport for carrying agricultural products: Two types of carriers: i. Anasa (carts) and ii. Sakata (wagon) were for commercial types. iii. Chariots 1. The Anasa: two wheeled, made of woods wheels rimmed with metal tyre (pavi). 2. The sakata: wooden body and especially meant for carrying agricultural products from the field. Animals Employed for: a) Bull, b) Horse c) Stallion, d) Ram etc.
- 31. wagon Chariots
- 32. Hunting 爐爛爐朽え 爐爐鉦お爐 爐爐 爐爛爐萎ぎ爛爐 爐朽爐爐朽じ爐鉦く 爐爐逗爐鉦 爐爐鉦爐爐迦 爐爐鉦え爐朽ぐ爛爐 爐伍 爐爐謹 爐伍ぞ爐爐爐爐 爐爛 爐萎爛爐劇ぞ 爐逗爐む 爐爐朽ざ爛爐爐 爐爛爐爐爐 : 爐爐爐 爐爐爐 爐萎ぞ爐爐爛爐爛爐 爐 爛 爐爐爛爐萎ぞ爐爐爐 爐爐 爐伍ぞ爐逗え 爐爛爐萎爐 爐爛爐 爐爐 : 爐 爛 爐 爐朽爐爐劇爐爐むく爛爐 爐 爛 爐爐鉦ぎ 爐爛爐萎ぞ爐爛爐 爐劇爐爐爐爐 爐爛爐朽え 爐爐鉦お爐 爐謹ざ爐爐鉦ぐ 爐踱朽ぞ爐 爐爐爐迦 爐爐爛爐爐. 爐爐ムさ爐ムさ爛爐: 爐爐逗爛爐爛爐 爐爐 爐謹ざ爐爐鉦ぐ 爐爐鉦げ 爐爐爐爐 爐爐
- 33. Pottery Making 爐朽ぞ爐爐伍え爛爐爛 爐伍ぞ爐爐項た爐むぞ : 爐 爛爐鉦 爐爐爐鉦ぐ 爐爐 爐爐迦爐迦爐 爐爐逗が爐む爐萎い 爐逗爐伍ぐ 爐爛爐爐爐鉦ぞ爐爐 (PGW) 爐爐鉦ぐ爛爐爐萎 爐踱朽ぞ爐 爐む爐爛爐 爐爐 爐爛爐謹げ 爐爛爐爛爐 爐爐鉦い爛爐 : 爐ムぞ爐迦, 爐爐爛爐萎 爐爐項た爐爛爐爐む爐, 爐逗し爛爐伍爐む爐むえ爐鉦お爛爐, 爐萎爐爛 爐逗ぞ爐謹ぎ爐ム 爐爐爛爐劇爐爐鉦え爛爐 爐逗爐む 爐劇さ爐謹ざ爐劇爐 爐爛爐萎爐鉦ぐ
- 34. Metal 爐爐逗ぐ 爐朽爐項う爐 爐伍ぞ爐項た爐む爐 : 爐爐爐 = 爐逗ぞ爐む Iron 爐爛 爐劇爐逗ぞ爐爐 = 爐迦爐 ? Copper 爐迦爐項た爐 爐爐爐 = 爐むぞ爐爛爐? Sites: 爐爐むぐ爐鉦爐爛爐爛爛爐 , 爐爛爐 Items: 爐 爛 爐爐鉦げ, 爐 爛 爐爐鉦ぐ, 爐爐萎爐 爐逗ぞ爐む 爐伍 爐爐爛 爐逗げ 爐 爛 爐爐 ? 爐萎ぅ 爐爐爐爐鉦ぅ爐 爐爛 爐逗ぞ爐む 爐爛爐萎く爛爐? 爐爐爐逗爐鉦ぞ爐爐 爐逗ぞ爐む 爐朽じ爛爐む爐む爐踱 : 爐爛爐爛爐 爐 爛 爐爐伍爐む爐む爐
- 35. Other Professions Reference Increases 爐朽ぞ爐爐伍え爛爐爛 爐伍ぞ爐爐項た爐むぞ : 18 爐爛爐萎爐鉦ぐ 爐 爛 爐爐鉦ぐ爛爐爐萎爐 爐爐 爐爐迦爐迦爐 爐爐爐鉦ぅ爐 (爐迦爐逗ぞ爐), 爐爐爐逗爐鉦ぐ, 爐逗え爛爐爐鉦ぐ, 爐爐逗爐爐鉦ぐ (爐爐鉦た 爐爐爐鉦え爛 爐朽ぞ爐迦ぞ), 爐爛爐爐鉦爐鉦ぐ (爐逗え爛爐 爐爛 爐÷爐萎 爐爐爐鉦え爛 爐朽ぞ爐迦ぞ), 爐萎爛爐爛爐伍爐, 爐伍爐萎ぞ爐爐鉦ぐ, 爐朽ぞ爐: 爐爐迦爐爛爐迦 (爐逗爐爛), 爐萎爐爐爐む爐萎 (爐萎ぞ爐爐爐萎爛), 爐逗ぎ爐ムぎ爛爐, 爐項た爐萎ぃ爛爐爐爐鉦ぐ, 爐逗爐朽ぐ (爐爐迦爐迦ぞ爐), 爐逗じ爛爐む爐む爐, 爐爐謹爐朽お, 爐爛爐爐鉦げ爐, 爐伍爐 (爐爐謹き爐爛爐むぞ), 爐謹爐迦爐 (爐爐鉦く爐), 爐爛爐爐鉦く爛爐爐鉦爐む (爐謹ざ爐爐鉦ぐ爛) 爐む爐劇た爐萎爐 爐爛爐萎ぞ爐項爐爐 : 爐謹き爐逗 爐爛 爐朽爐劇た 爐爐 爐爐迦爐迦爐
- 36. 爐朽爐爐鉦お爐鉦ぐ 爐朽ぞ爐爐逗爛爐 爐爐爛爐朽爐 爐爛 爐む爐迦え爐 爐爛爐 爐爐爐逗 爐爐迦爐迦爐 爐爛爐萎ぞ爐爛爐 爐爛爐爛爐萎ぞ 爐爐 爐爛爐萎た爐迦え ? 爐謹い爐爐鉦え , 爐爛 爐劇爐逗げ = 爐爐爐劇爐謹爐逗い 爐朽爐 爐朽ぞ爐迦 爐爐鉦爐 爐爐ムさ爐ムさ爛爐 : 爐朽じ爛爐む爐む爐 爐踱朽ぞ爐 爐爐謹 爐逗ぎ爐 爐爐 爐朽爐爐鉦お爐鉦ぐ 爐爐爛爐朽爐 : 爐朽ぃ爐逗 = 爐朽ぃ爐逗 爐爛爐む爐 爐朽爐劇た 爐朽ぞ爐爐謹ぞ爐爛爐爐 爐逗爐爛 爐爐 爐爛爐萎ぎ爐鉦た 爐爐逗ぐ 爐朽爐項う爐 爐伍ぞ爐項た爐む爐 : 爐謹爐萎爐劇爐爛 爐謹が爛爐 爐爐 爐爛爐萎ぅ爐 爐爐迦爐迦爐 爐謹い爐爐 爐爛爐萎ぞ爐項爐爐 + 爐む爐劇た爐萎爐 爐伍ぞ爐爐項た爐むぞ : 爐 爛 爐伍爐 = 爐爐 , 爐 爛 爐伍爐項う爐 =爐伍爐爐爛爐 爐朽爐爐朽じ爐鉦く爛 爐爐ムさ爐ムさ爛爐 : 爐劇さ-爐爐 = 爐爐萎ぞ爐 爐爐鉦爐 爐爐 爐逗げ爐爛 爐朽ぞ爐迦 爐爐鉦爛 = 爐爐 爐謹い爐爐 爐爛爐萎ぞ爐項爐爐 : 爐爛爐朽ぅ 爐踱朽ぞ爐 爐爐劇爐謹爐逗ぎ 爐 爛 爐伍ぞ爐爐 爐 爛 爐劇さ爐逗く 爐爛爐 爐爐鉦え爐爐鉦ぐ爛 爐伍ぎ爛爐爛爐萎 爐朽爐爐鉦お爐鉦ぐ 爐爐 爐爛爐萎ぎ爐鉦た 爐爐逗ぞ爐
- 37. Vedic Society Early Vedic period Area: N-W Agriculture and Pastoral Clashes with natives. Bharatas against a confederation of ten tribes. Semi-traveling life Later Vedic Period Area: Ganga-Yamuna Doab More settled Agriculture and Pastoral Clans together grows in bigger political units. Expansions of society
- 38. Vedik and Later Vedik Period Comparative Chart Sr. No. Vedik Later Vedik Period 1 Less Agriculture more Animal rearing More Agriculture less Animal rearing 2 Value/ Estate: Cow Value/ Estate: Land & Agricultural products 3 Trade: less evidence Trade: Established, Internal and probably sea trade? 4 Professions: Limited Professions: Varried 5 Shreni 爐謹爐萎爐逗: No evidence Shreni 爐謹爐萎爐逗: several reference
- 39. Conclusion The texts gives a clear picture agricultural system. Evidence of proper agriculture system in Vedic society. Animal husbandry was equally important. Cows were quoted as the price. Absence of coins indicate Barter system Gradual development in later Vaidik period Beginning and development of trade It was the rural economy.