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Hirmay Sandesara

The document discusses several key events and systems related to British rule in India: - The Battle of Plassey in 1757 was an important East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal that increased EIC power in Bengal. - Later conflicts like the Battle of Buxar in 1764 and the Anglo-Mysore Wars in the late 1700s further expanded EIC control across India. - The British implemented land revenue systems like the Permanent Settlement, Mahalwari system, and Ryotwari system to administer taxation across their territories in India. - These military victories and revenue systems established the foundations for British colonial rule over large parts of the Indian subcontinent

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Viii sst 8
Viii sst 8
The Battle of Plassey was a major battle that took place 23 June 1757 at Palashi,Bengal It was an important British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies.
The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces of the British East India Company and Shuja ud Daulah and Shah
The AngloMysore Wars were a series of wars fought in India over the last three decades of the 18th century between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, represented chiefly by the Madras
The Treaty of Madras was a peace agreement signed in 1769 between Mysore and the British East India Company which brought
The AngloMaratha Wars were three wars fought in the Indian sub-continent between Maratha Kingdom and the British East India Company
The Treaty of Salbai was signed on May 17, 1782, by representatives of the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company after long negotiations to settle the
Viii sst 8
The Mahalwari system is one of the three major land tenure systems implemented by the British in India. The two systems were the Permanent Settlement of
The Permanent Settlement was an agreement between the East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land, with far-reaching consequences for both agricultural
The ryotwari system, instituted in some parts of British India, was one of the two main systems used to collect revenues from the cultivators of
Viii sst 8
Viii sst 8
Introduction It is the longest written constitution in the world. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is widely regar The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. He is the father of the Indian Constitution.
5.The Preamble to Constitution of India. The Preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document. WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE:- social, economic and political; LIBERTY:- thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY:- status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY:- assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
Constituent Assembly Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel were some important figures in the Assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Sarojini Naidu and Vijayalakshmi Pundit were important women members.
18 1) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS .. The Constitution of India recognizes certain basic fundamental rights for every citizen of India, such as:- (a)Right to Equality (b)Right to Freedom (c)Right to Freedom of Religion (d)Right against Exploitation (e)Cultural & Educational Rights (f) Right to Constitutional Remedies
2) FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES ..
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TYPES OF SOIL Red soil- Red soil is generally formed from iron-rich sedimentary rock. Mountain soil-it is very sandy and found on hilly areas Laterite soil- Laterite are soil types rich in iron and aluminu WHERE IT IS FOUND Red soil- large tracts of western Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, southern Maharashtra. Mountain soil- Gangtok,Sikkim,arunachal Pradesh. Laterite soil-Tamil Nadu Orissa
The protection of soil from physical as well as chemical deterioratio n is called soil Afforestation Crop rotation Contour ploughing Strip cropping Terrace farming
It is most effective in conserving soil on mountain. In this method the hill slopes are cuted into terrace to create flat area to grow crops. It reduces the speed
In this method cover crops such as small grains and grasses are planted alternatively with cultivated crops in narrow strips. These cover crops absorbs the moisture to hold
In areas such as orchards and plantations, cover crop are planted between young trees to check soil erosion. Leguminous crops are often used as they often add nitrogen to soil.
METHODS OF WATER CONSERVATION ARE : DRIP IRRIGATION SPRINKLER IRRIGATION RAINWATER HARVESTING
CONVENTIONAL Energy resources that have been in common use for a long period of time are Conventional Resources. Some NON-CONVENTIONAL Energy resources that have not been common use for a long period of time are called Non Conventional Resources. Some of the Non Conventional
Coal is the most abundantly found fossil fuel. It occurs between the layers of sedimentary rocks. Coal was formed millions of years ago, when huge ferns and swamps got buried under the layers of the earth.
Petroleum is found between the layers of sedimentary rocks and is drilled from the oil fields located in offshore and coastal areas. About two third of the total reserves of petroleum are found around the Persian gulf.
It is the energy that we receive from The SUN. It is the most non-polluting and inexhaustible source of energy. It is used in solar heaters, solar cookers, solar dryers and is also used in community lightning and traffic signals.
Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy. It is a clean , safe and non-polluting source of energy
Nuclear energy is produced by the disintegration of radioactive elements like uranium and thorium. This process is called nuclear fusion and is used to generate electricity in power stations.
Biogas is a gaseous fuel. It is developed from organic waste like dead plants,farm waste,kitchen waste,animal and human waste.
Tidal energy is a energy generated from the ocean tides. High tides and low tides are used to run turbines for electricity generation.
COAL (25%) NATURAL GAS (21%) OIL (34%) NUCLEAR POWER (6.4%) HYDROELECTRICITY( 2.2%) BIOMASS AND REFUSE(11%) OTHER RENEWABLE SOURCES (0.4%) Coal Natural gas Oil Nuclear power Hydroelectricity Biomass And refuse Other renewable sources
Viii sst 8

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Viii sst 8

  • 3. The Battle of Plassey was a major battle that took place 23 June 1757 at Palashi,Bengal It was an important British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies.
  • 4. The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces of the British East India Company and Shuja ud Daulah and Shah
  • 5. The AngloMysore Wars were a series of wars fought in India over the last three decades of the 18th century between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, represented chiefly by the Madras
  • 6. The Treaty of Madras was a peace agreement signed in 1769 between Mysore and the British East India Company which brought
  • 7. The AngloMaratha Wars were three wars fought in the Indian sub-continent between Maratha Kingdom and the British East India Company
  • 8. The Treaty of Salbai was signed on May 17, 1782, by representatives of the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company after long negotiations to settle the
  • 10. The Mahalwari system is one of the three major land tenure systems implemented by the British in India. The two systems were the Permanent Settlement of
  • 11. The Permanent Settlement was an agreement between the East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land, with far-reaching consequences for both agricultural
  • 12. The ryotwari system, instituted in some parts of British India, was one of the two main systems used to collect revenues from the cultivators of
  • 15. Introduction It is the longest written constitution in the world. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is widely regar The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. He is the father of the Indian Constitution.
  • 16. 5.The Preamble to Constitution of India. The Preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document. WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE:- social, economic and political; LIBERTY:- thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY:- status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY:- assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
  • 17. Constituent Assembly Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel were some important figures in the Assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Sarojini Naidu and Vijayalakshmi Pundit were important women members.
  • 18. 18 1) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS .. The Constitution of India recognizes certain basic fundamental rights for every citizen of India, such as:- (a)Right to Equality (b)Right to Freedom (c)Right to Freedom of Religion (d)Right against Exploitation (e)Cultural & Educational Rights (f) Right to Constitutional Remedies
  • 32. TYPES OF SOIL Red soil- Red soil is generally formed from iron-rich sedimentary rock. Mountain soil-it is very sandy and found on hilly areas Laterite soil- Laterite are soil types rich in iron and aluminu WHERE IT IS FOUND Red soil- large tracts of western Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, southern Maharashtra. Mountain soil- Gangtok,Sikkim,arunachal Pradesh. Laterite soil-Tamil Nadu Orissa
  • 33. The protection of soil from physical as well as chemical deterioratio n is called soil Afforestation Crop rotation Contour ploughing Strip cropping Terrace farming
  • 34. It is most effective in conserving soil on mountain. In this method the hill slopes are cuted into terrace to create flat area to grow crops. It reduces the speed
  • 35. In this method cover crops such as small grains and grasses are planted alternatively with cultivated crops in narrow strips. These cover crops absorbs the moisture to hold
  • 36. In areas such as orchards and plantations, cover crop are planted between young trees to check soil erosion. Leguminous crops are often used as they often add nitrogen to soil.
  • 37. METHODS OF WATER CONSERVATION ARE : DRIP IRRIGATION SPRINKLER IRRIGATION RAINWATER HARVESTING
  • 38. CONVENTIONAL Energy resources that have been in common use for a long period of time are Conventional Resources. Some NON-CONVENTIONAL Energy resources that have not been common use for a long period of time are called Non Conventional Resources. Some of the Non Conventional
  • 39. Coal is the most abundantly found fossil fuel. It occurs between the layers of sedimentary rocks. Coal was formed millions of years ago, when huge ferns and swamps got buried under the layers of the earth.
  • 40. Petroleum is found between the layers of sedimentary rocks and is drilled from the oil fields located in offshore and coastal areas. About two third of the total reserves of petroleum are found around the Persian gulf.
  • 41. It is the energy that we receive from The SUN. It is the most non-polluting and inexhaustible source of energy. It is used in solar heaters, solar cookers, solar dryers and is also used in community lightning and traffic signals.
  • 42. Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy. It is a clean , safe and non-polluting source of energy
  • 43. Nuclear energy is produced by the disintegration of radioactive elements like uranium and thorium. This process is called nuclear fusion and is used to generate electricity in power stations.
  • 44. Biogas is a gaseous fuel. It is developed from organic waste like dead plants,farm waste,kitchen waste,animal and human waste.
  • 45. Tidal energy is a energy generated from the ocean tides. High tides and low tides are used to run turbines for electricity generation.
  • 46. COAL (25%) NATURAL GAS (21%) OIL (34%) NUCLEAR POWER (6.4%) HYDROELECTRICITY( 2.2%) BIOMASS AND REFUSE(11%) OTHER RENEWABLE SOURCES (0.4%) Coal Natural gas Oil Nuclear power Hydroelectricity Biomass And refuse Other renewable sources