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- 2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES AFTER READING THIS CHAPTER,YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. DISCUSS THE MEANING AND BASIC PRINCIPLES OFVIRTUE ETHICS; 2. DISTINGUISHVIRTUOUS ACTS FROM NON-VIRTUOUS ACTS;AND 3. APPLY ARISTOTLE'S ETHICS IN UNDERSTANDING THE FILIPINO CHARACTER.
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Virtue ethics is the ethical framework that is concerned with understanding the good as a matter of developing the virtuous character of a person. • Virtue ethics, on the other hand, focuses on the formation of one's character brought about by determining and doing virtuous acts. • Aristotle's discourse of ethics departs from the Platonic understanding of reality and conception of the good. • Both Plato and Aristotle affirm rationality as the highest faculty of a person and having such characteristic enables a person to realize the very purpose of her existence.
- 4. HAPPINESS AND ULTIMATE PURPOSE • • Aristotle, showing that every act that a person does is directed toward a particular purpose, aim, or what the Greeks called telos. • •These purposes represent the goods that individuals seek to achieve through their actions. • •A person pursues a chosen career, aiming for a good, that is, to provide a better future for her family. • • Aristotle acknowledges that actions can serve as both means to achieve immediate ends and as steps toward higher goals. • • for Aristotle, the good is considered to be the telos or purpose for which all acts seek to achieve. • Aristotle discusses the general criteria inorder for one to recognize the highest good of man.
- 6. • Aristotle argues that happiness is the self-sufficient end, defined as that which, when isolated, makes life desirable and lacking in nothing. Happiness is considered the most desirable of all things and is not merely one good among others; rather, it is the ultimate aim. • Aristotle asserts that no amount of wealth or power can surpass the fulfillment attained through happiness.While wealth, power, and pleasurable feelings may enhance life, they are not sufficient on their own to provide true satisfaction. Once happiness is achieved, these external factors merely contribute additional benefits. • Various opinions exist regarding the nature of happiness, with some associating it with wealth and power, others with pleasurable feelings, and still others with ideals like honor. However,Aristotle argues against debating these opinions, instead focusing on the function of individuals as the key to achieving happiness. • Aristotle posits that individuals arrive at their highest good by performing their function well. By understanding and fulfilling their unique function, individuals are capable of achieving happiness.Aristotle proceeds to explore the function of human beings, which distinguishes them from other beings.
- 7. • Aristotle posits that what truly defines a person is her function or activity of reason. Human actions must be in accordance with reason to be considered truly human.While all individuals utilize reason to some extent,Aristotle emphasizes the importance of performing this function well. • Just as a dancer distinguishes herself by dancing well and not merely by dancing, a good person stands out by exercising rational activity excellently.This excellence in rational activity brings individuals closer to achieving happiness, as it aligns their actions with a higher purpose. • The local saying "Madaling maging tao, mahirap magpakatao" (It's easy to be human, but difficult to be humane) resonates with Aristotle's perspective.While any human being can perform rational activity, being a good human being requires striving for excellence in this activity. Thus, the task of being truly human becomes more challenging because it demands dedicated effort in performing rational activity excellently.
- 8. VIRTUE AS EXCELLENCE -Achieving the highest purpose of a human person concerns the ability to function according to reason and to perform an activity well or excellently. -This excellent way of doing things is called virtue or arete by the Greeks. -Aristotle is quick to add that virtue is something that one strives for in time.
- 9. WHAT EXACTLY MAKES A HUMAN BEING EXCELLENT? Aristotle says that excellence in an activity of the human soul and therefore, one needs to understand the very structure of a person's soul which must be directed by her rational activity in an excellent way.
- 10. THE HUMAN SOUL IS DIVIDED INTO TO PARTS: 1.THE IRRATIONAL ELEMENT 2.THE RATIONAL FACULTY IRRATIONAL ELEMENT -cannot be dictated by reason. Vegetative aspects - giving nutrition and providing the activity of physical growth in a person. Appetitive aspects - desiring faculty of man.
- 11. RATIONAL FACULTY -man exercises excellence in him. Moral - concern with the act of doing. Intellectual -concern with the act of knowing.
- 12. INTELLECTUALVIRTUE - attained through teaching and learning. Two forms of Intellectual virtue: Philosophical wisdominvolve understanding fundamental principles and truths. Practical wisdom guides us in making the right choices and actions in daily life.
- 13. MORALVIRTUE -is attained through habit and choosing the good consistently. -a morally virtuous person has the intellectual virtue of practical wisdom. -character is the identification mark of a person and is formed through habitual actions.
- 14. THE IMPACT OF TELEVISION ON CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT -exposure to violence on television on television can lead to children mimicking such behaviors. -habitual exposure to violence may develop a character that tolerates hostile behaviors.
- 15. MORALVIRTUE AND MESOTES • The passage talks about how Aristotle's idea of practical wisdom involves learning from experiences and using reason to make good choices in life. It mentions seeking advice from wise elders and finding balance in our feelings and actions.Aristotle believes that by finding the middle ground and avoiding extremes, we can live morally upright lives. • The passage talks about Aristotle's idea that being morally good means finding a middle ground in different situations.This middle ground can be tough to figure out because each situation is unique. It's like knowing when to be angry and how much, depending on who you're dealing with.To get good at this, it takes practice and understanding.The passage also gives an example of how the government handled TV violence. Instead of banning everything or doing nothing, they found a middle way.They made rules for safer viewing, dedicated time to kid-friendly shows, and considered how kids might feel about violent content.This balanced approach shows Aristotle's idea of being morally good by avoiding extremes.
- 16. Aristotle says moral virtue means choosing the right balance in actions, feelings, and passions.This balance is determined by practical wisdom and depends on the situation, not personal preferences.A morally good person develops good habits through repeated actions guided by reason.Aristotle also says that some actions, like murder or adultery, are always wrong and cannot be justified by finding a middle ground. He gives examples of virtues and their extremes to show the importance of finding balance in life. Overall,Aristotle believes that violence or unjust acts can never be considered good, and it's wrong to think they can be balanced with good actions. This table shows some of the virtues and their vices: Excess Prodigality Middle Deficiency Impulsiveness Indecisiveness Self-control Cowardice Recklessness Meanness Courage
- 17. Aristotle describes courage as a virtue found between two vices: cowardice and recklessness. Cowardice is when someone lacks bravery and doesn't act appropriately in a situation requiring courage. Recklessness, on the other hand, is when someone acts with too much bravery, without considering the consequences. Courage, then, is about being brave enough to act, but also considering the risks and acting with caution. Aristotle believes that true virtue lies in finding the middle ground in our actions, feelings, and passions.Acting excessively, even in a seemingly virtuous way, is not truly ethical because it goes beyond this middle point. For example, being overly courageous doesn't make someone more virtuous, as they've moved beyond the balanced state. Aristotle's view suggests that using excessive terms like "over" or "super" to describe virtuous actions may not accurately reflect true virtue. Instead, he encourages finding balance as the key to understanding virtue.