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- 1. Introduction to VLSI Design V. Jagathi M Tech , VLSI DESIGN SRM University
- 2. Overview VLSI Overview Transistor Structure Static CMOS Logic VLSI Trends
- 3. Objectives VLSI Circuit Analysis: Understand MOS transistor operation, design eqns. Understand parasitic & perform simple calculations Understand static & dynamic CMOS logic Estimate delay of CMOS gates, networks, & long wires Estimate power consumption Understand design and operation of latches & flip/flops
- 4. Objectives CMOS Processing and Layout Understand the VLSI manufacturing process. Have an appreciation of current trends in VLSI manufacturing. Understand layout design rules. Design and analyze layouts for simple digital CMOS circuits Design and analyze hierarchical circuit layouts. Understand ASIC Layout styles.
- 5. VLSI Overview Why Make IC IC Evolution Common technologies CMOS Transistors & Logic Gates Structure Switch-Level Transistor Model Basic gates The VLSI Design Process Levels of Abstraction Design steps Design styles VLSI Trends
- 6. Why ICs are Important Integration improves size speed power Integration reduce manufacturing costs (almost) no manual assembly
- 7. IC Evolution SSI Small Scale Integration (early 1970s) contained 1 10 logic gates MSI Medium Scale Integration logic functions, counters LSI Large Scale Integration first microprocessors on the chip VLSI Very Large Scale Integration now offers 64-bit microprocessors, complete with cache memory (L1 and often L2), floating-point arithmetic unit(s), etc.
- 8. IC Evolution Bipolar technology TTL (transistor-transistor logic) ECL (emitter-coupled logic) MOS (Metal-oxide-silicon) although invented before bipolar transistor, was initially difficult to manufacture nMOS (n-channel MOS) technology developed in 1970s required fewer masking steps, was denser, and consumed less power than equivalent bipolar ICs.
- 9. IC Evolution aluminum gates for replaced by polysilicon by early 1980 CMOS (Complementary MOS): n-channel and p- channel MOS transistors => lower power consumption, simplified fabrication process Bi-CMOS - hybrid Bipolar, CMOS (for high speed) GaAs - Gallium Arsenide (for high speed) Si-Ge - Silicon Germanium (for RF)
- 10. Silicon Manufacturing Alternatives Standard Components Application Specific ICs Fixed Application Application by Programming Semi Custom Silicon Compilation Full Custom Logic Families Hardware Programming (MASK) Software Programming TTL CMOS PLA ROM Microprocessor EPROM,EEPROM PLD
- 11. VLSI Technology - CMOS Transistors Key feature: transistor length L p+ p+ n substrate channel Source Drain p transistor G S D SB Polysilicon Gate SiO 2 Insulator L W G substrate connected to VDD Polysilicon Gate SiO 2 Insulator n+ n+ p substrate channel Source Drain n transistor G S D SB L W G S D substrate connected to GND 2002: L=130nm 2003: L=90nm 2005: L=65nm?
- 12. Transistor Switch Model NFET or n transistor on when gate H "good" switch for logic L "poor" switch for logic H "pull-down" device PFET or p transistor on when gate L "good" switch for logic H "poor" switch for logic L "pull-up" device L H L L L L H L H H OFF when gate=L ON when gate=H OFF when gate=H ON when gate=L
- 13. CMOS Logic Design Complementary transistor networks Pullup: p transistors Pulldown - n transistors VDD Out Gnd VDD Out Gnd Pullup Network (p-transistors) Pulldown Network (n-transistors) InInputs Inverter
- 14. CMOS Inverter Operation V DD L Gnd H O N O FF V DD H Gnd L O FF O N
- 15. CMOS Logic Example A B A B O UT +V DD GND P Transistors on when gate L N Transistors on when gate H A B O UT NA ND
- 16. VLSI Levels of Abstraction Specification (what the chip does, inputs/outputs) Architecture major resources, connections Register-Transfer logic blocks, FSMs, connections Circuit transistors, parasitics, connections Layout mask layers, polygons Logic gates, flip-flops, latches, connections
- 17. The VLSI Design Process Move from higher to lower levels of abstraction Use CAD tools to automate parts of the process Use hierarchy to manage complexity Different design styles trade off: Design time Non-recurring engineering (NRE) cost Unit cost Performance Power Consumption
- 18. VLSI Design Tradeoffs Non-Recurring Engineering (NRE) Costs Design Costs Mask Tooling costs Unit Cost - related to chip size Amount of logic Current technology Performance Clock speed Implementation
- 19. VLSI Design Tradeoffs Power consumption - a relatively new concern Power supply voltage Clock speed
- 20. VLSI Design Styles Full Custom Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) Programmable Logic (PLD, FPGA) System-on-a-Chip
- 21. Full Custom Design Each circuit element carefully handcrafted Huge design effort High Design & NRE Costs / Low Unit Cost High Performance Typically used for high-volume applications
- 22. Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) Constrained design using pre-designed (and sometimes pre-manufactured) components Also called semi-custom design CAD tools greatly reduce design effort Low Design Cost / High NRE Cost / Med. Unit Cost Medium Performance
- 23. Programmable Logic (PLDs, FPGAs) Pre-manufactured components with programmable interconnect CAD tools greatly reduce design effort Low Design Cost / Low NRE Cost / High Unit Cost Lower Performance
- 24. System-on-a-chip (SOC) Idea: combine several large blocks Predesigned custom cores (e.g., microcontroller) - intellectual property (IP) ASIC logic for special-purpose hardware Programmable Logic (PLD, FPGA) Analog Open issues Keeping design cost low Verifying correctness of design
- 25. Microprocessor Trends (Intel) Y e ar Chip L transistors 1971 4004 10袖m 2.3K 1974 8080 6袖m 6.0K 1976 8088 3袖m 29K 1982 80286 1.5袖m 134K 1985 80386 1.5袖m 275K 1989 80486 0.8袖m 1.2M 1993 Pe ntium速 0.8袖m 3.1M 1995 Pe ntium速 Pro 0.6袖m 15.5M 1999 Mobile PII 0.25袖m 27.4 2000 Pe ntium速 4 0.18袖m 42M 2002 Pe ntium速 4 (N) 0.13袖m 55M Source: http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickreffam.htm
- 26. Trends in VLSI Transistor Smaller, faster, use less power Interconnect Less resistive, faster, longer (denser design) Yield Smaller die size, higher yield
- 27. Power and Noise Huge power consumption and heat dissipation becomes a problem Noise and cross talk. Solutions: Better physical design
- 28. Interconnect Delay Interconnect delay becomes a dominating factor in circuit performance Solutions: Use copper wire Interconnect optimization in physical design, e.g., wire sizing, buffer insertion, buffer sizing.
- 29. Interconnect Delay 0.65 1989 0.5 1992 0.35 1995 0.25 1998 0.18 2001 0.13 2004 0.1 2007 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Gate delay Interconnect delay Source: SIA Roadmap 1997