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Cognitive Networks:
   From Neural to National Assemblies


Bradley Voytek, PhD
UCSF Department of Neurology

bradley.voytek@gmail.com
http://ketyov.com
Frontal Cognitive Networks


1. Frontal-dependent working memory networks
2. Decision making and frontal network dynamics
3. Neurophysiology of executive function in aging
Voytek & Voytek, J Neurosci Methods 2012
Prefrontal Working Memory Network


1. Prefrontal lesions impair top-down control
2. Dynamic network reorganization
3. Rapid information (re)routing
Visual Working Memory Task




c.f.: Vogel & Machizawa, Nature 2004
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Brain and Behavior - Causal Relations




Source: Damasio et al., Science 1994
Frontal Lobe Lesions




Source: Voytek & Knight, PNAS 2010
Lateralized Presentation
                                                                     Non-match
                             Match




                                                                                  (1080-2580 ms)
                                                                 
                                                           y
 s)
                                                        la 0 m
                                                     de 08                                                    +




                                                                                       test
                                                          1
                                                      80-
                                                   (1
                                                                     +                                  +




                                     (0-180 ms)
                                      memory
                                                                                                                     e
                                                                                                    +             tim




                                                    Ipsilesional
                    Contralesional




Source: Voytek & Knight, PNAS 2010
Working Memory Deficits
                                         Non-match
                             Match
                                                                                                               3.0
            **
      ipsi-




                                                      (1080-2580 ms)
                                     
                          y
    s)
                          la 0 m
                      de 08                                                       +




                                                           test
                         0-
                            1                                                                                                         contra-




                                                                                              accuracy (d')
                       8
                    (1




                                                                                                                                                 accuracy (d')
                                         +                                  +
      (0-180 ms)
       memory




                                                                                         e
                                                                        +             tim
                                                                                                               2.5
              *
 *
 *


                                                                                                               2.0
                                                                                                                      Control
 PFC
     BG
                     Ipsilesional
                       Contralesional
                                                                                                                       L / R



Source: Voytek & Knight, PNAS 2010
EEG
Top-Down Network Dysfunction
                              Controls
                          Patients

                                                  0.6 袖V                             0.4 袖V




                                                  -0.6 袖V                            -0.4 袖V


                         Posterior Hemispheric
             Posterior Hemispheric
                           Alpha Differences
                 Alpha Differences
                                P = 0.15
                         P = 0.045




Source: Voytek & Knight, PNAS 2010
Visual Working Memory Maintenance




Source: Vogel & Machizawa, Nature 2004
Ipsilesional
                                            Contralesional

                             -4
                    *
                                -4




       CDA amplitude (亮V)




                                                                CDA amplitude (亮V)
                             -2
                                                      -2

PFC
                              0
                                                      0


                              2
                                                      2
                                         300
            900
                                      300
             900

                             -4
                                                      -4
       CDA amplitude (亮V)




                                                                CDA amplitude (亮V)
                             -2
                                                      -2
BG




                             0
                                                        0



                             2
                                                       2
                             stimulus
   300
            900
                         stimulus
    300
             900
                                onset
     time (ms)
                                    onset
     time (ms)
Why arent Deficits Complete?




Source: Voytek, et al., Neuron 2010
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Dynamic Network Compensation




Source: Voytek, et al., Neuron 2010   c.f.: Voytek, et al., PLoS ONE 2012
Prefrontal Working Memory Network


1. Prefrontal lesions impair top-down control
2. Dynamic network reorganization
3. Rapid information (re)routing
Frontal Cortical Network Coordination


1. Frontal networks in cognitive control
2. Frontal networks are dynamic
3. Oscillatory coupling subserves network activity
Electrocorticography
Electrocorticography



WARNING
GRAPHIC
Electrocorticography
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Why ECoG?




Source: Voytek, et al., J Cogn Neurosci 2010
Frequency Decomposition
Neurophysiology of Communication




c.f.: work by Miller EK; Fries; Singer; etc.
Coherence
Coherence
Communication through Coherence




source: Fries, Trends Cogn Sci 2005   c.f.: Voytek, et al., NeuroImage 2012
Spectral Topography




Source: Voytek, et al., Front Hum Neurosci 2010
Frontal Theta/Gamma Coupling




Source: Voytek, et al., Front Hum Neurosci 2010   c.f.: Canolty, et al., Science 2006
Visual Alpha/Gamma Coupling




Source: Voytek, et al., Front Hum Neurosci 2010
Watrous et al., Nat Neurosci 2013
Source: Voytek, et al., in revision
Rostro-caudal Frontal Organization




Source: Badre & DEsposito, Nat Rev Neurosci 2009
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Phase/Amplitude Coupling Networks




Source: Voytek, et al., in revision
PFC Phase/Amplitude Coupling




Source: Voytek, et al., in revision
Phase/Amplitude Coupling Networks




Source: Voytek, et al., in revision
Cognitive Brain Computer Interface




Source: Voytek, in progress   c.f.: work by Ro; Thut; Herrmann; etc.
Frontal Network Coordination


1. Frontal networks in cognitive control
2. Frontal networks are dynamic
3. Oscillatory coupling subserves network activity
Aging and Cognition


1. Behavioral noise increases in aging
2. Neural noise increases in aging
3. Altered network communication in aging
Age and Response Time




Source: Voytek & Gazzaley, in preparation
Theories of Cognitive Aging
          Frontal Atrophy                         Neural Noise




Source: Andrews-Hanna et al., Neuron 2007
Neural Noise Hypothesis




Source: Voytek, et al., under review
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Aging Increases Neural Noise




Source: Voytek, et al., under review
Aging Increases Neural Noise




Source: Voytek, et al., under review
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Aging Decreases PAC




Source: Voytek, et al., under review
Aging and Cognition


1. Behavioral noise increases in aging
2. Neural noise increases in aging
3. Altered network communication in aging
Where We Are Now

1. Frontal networks critical (causal) in cognition
2. Rapid network plasticity
3. Oscillatory mechanisms subserve frontal control
4. Frontal involvement in aging and neural noise
Age and Response Time




Source: Voytek & Gazzaley, in preparation
Flanker Interference




Source: lumosity.com
Age, Distractibility, & Practice




Source: Voytek & Gazzaley, in preparation
n-back Working Memory




Source: lumosity.com
50 States
                            267,776 participants               16,288 participants




                                                          IQ




Source: Voytek & Gazzaley, submitted
51 Countries




                            109,907 participants              9,985 participants


                                                         IQ




Source: Voytek & Gazzaley, submitted
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Future Directions
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks
Support

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NS021135
National Institute of General Medical Sciences Institutional Research and
    Career Development Award (IRACDA)
UCSF Information Technology Innovation Award
The Feldman Family Foundation
University of California President's Postdoctoral Fellowship Program
Society for Neuroscience - Neuroscience Scholars Program
Cognitive Networks:
   From Neural to National Assemblies


Bradley Voytek, PhD
UCSF Department of Neurology

bradley.voytek@gmail.com
http://ketyov.com

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Bradley Voytek - Cognitive Networks