WASTE FLOW ANALYSIS AND LCA_ISWA CONGRESS NOVI SAD_2016
- 1. WASTE FLOW ANALYSIS AND LCA OF INTEGRATED WM SYSTEMS AS PLANNING TOOLS: APPLICATION TO OPTIMISE THE SYSTEM OF THE CITY OF BOLOGNA S. TUNESI STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTALCONSULTING S. BARONI - HERAMBIENTE S. BOARINI - HERA SPA DSA BO
- 2. The City of Bologna (Italy) decided to increase recycling of municipal waste and to eliminate big waste collection containers in the historical centre.
- 3. Esthetic considerations were relevant for decision makers in choosing a new organisation for segregated collection : shift to door to door and build underground banks.
- 4. food waste paper and board residual 140 UNDERGROUND BANKS OPEN ALL THE TIME DOOR TO DOOR BY PLASTIC BAGS (1/7)
- 5. The public WM company HERA asked the question what is the relevance of the environmental considerations in this choice? Compare 2 WM scenarios: 2013 and 2017 when changes in collections organization and infrastructures are going to be completed. Relevant objectives of this study were to: 1. test how to support decisions at the Citys scale (so far used at regional scale): focus on waste collection as part of a wider system 2. assess the capability of Life Cycle Assessment to identify specific elements that impact on collections environmental performance
- 6. WASTES arisings, composition 1. INPUT of RESOURCES and ENERGY 2. Costruction; Operation; Maintenance; Dismantling Home Composting COLLECTION containers, bags, cards TRANSPORT vehicles distances MATERIAL RECOVERY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, COMPOSTING LANDFILLS hazardous nonhazardous 2. EMISSIONS and WASTES to environment: air; soil; water; . 3. RECOVERY of MATERIALS and ENERGY from waste PREVENTION Consumption of electrical energy, of gas for heating and transport. Fertilisers, soil conditioners for agriculture Recycling of materials in industries, the building sector, roads. THERMAL TREATMENTS energy recovery INTERMEDIATE PLANTS: banking /MRFs pre-TREATMENT of residual waste (MBT) OVERALL impact = S DIRECT impacts (1+2) - S AVOIDED impacts (3) Graph Modified from Gentil E C et al. (2010) Models for waste LCA: Review of technical assumptions Waste Management 30: 2636-2648. 1. CHOOSE THE APPROPRIATE DEFINITION FOR THE INTEGRATED WM SYSTEM
- 7. 2 SCENARIOS 2013 2017 WASTE MANAGEMENT STEP % % Segregated collection of dry fractions 22 28 Food waste from SC to Composting or Anaerobic Digestion 9 19 Segregated collection of green waste 2 2 Textile to reuse /recycling 0.4 0.4 Thermal treatment with energy recovery from residual waste 38 44 Pre-treatment mechanical biological 2 7 Residual waste to landfill 26 no Other waste to landfill (sorting plants rejects; dry and wet fractions out of pre-treatment) almost doubled Total 100 100 2. QUANTIFY THE CHANGES IN THE BOLOGNAS WM INTEGRATED SYSTEM
- 8. Describing complicated things is not easy. So how did we describe the WM system of Bologna? Looking only at collection? No, need a tool adequate to confront the complexity of WM. Could not adopt the abstract vision of the materials recovery supply-chain 3. DEVELOP THE APPROPRIATE TOOL TO COMPARE SCENARIOS FIGURA ECOMONDO Ecomondo PaP Prossimit Centri di Raccolta RICICLAGGIO non-ferrosi RICICLAGGIO CARTA Riciclaggio Estero Date 26/03/2013 Software Version 2.0.1.4 Database Version 2.0.1.4 TYPES OF WASTE DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION CENTRES ROAD COLLECTION INTERNATIONAL RECYCLING RECYCLING NON-FERROUS RECYCLING PAPER
- 9. LCA Comune Bologna SC 2017-A RSU da URBANI RSU da IND ROVERI RSU da TARGET RIR Prf 5 IIn PRIVATI aCdR RIR CS 14 IInt CdR CAAB CdR BORGO CdR STRADELLI CdR Tolmino RIR Target Cassoni C M_SGR a AKR CC da Target C da TARGET RD CS NEGOZI e TARGET C assml aAK ORG a DA Heramb CC assiml a AK C Roveri aAK PL ROV aAK PL C+R PaP a AK PL M_SGR aAK PL neg aAK L a EcoLgn V+L da UNiv a EMRot RIR ROVERI PL da TRAGET RIR C+R a SAT V+L Perf + (C+R) CAMP L da ROVERI L da target VERDE da target R abb a TITAN RIR Piazzola RD StGuelfi RIR a SG V e L EmilRott FE CdR a RotINd ECOLEGNO BO PREP x REC L Rov a EcoL RIR SGR RIR CS aTITAN RIR M_SGR C SGR Sacc C CS come 2013 AKRON GRANAROLO PL SGR ad AK G Discarica 3M C C+R adAKSacc C C+R Sacc PL C+R 42,58 VERDE Compg Privati bio-Sacc C+R ScAl DISC PER ASA CastelMagg Fe daTM Vetro non-FE Compost Verdecompost da VERDE CC CdR T ScVg CdR Caab Legno Ferrosi L CdR Caab PL CdR CAAB C+C CdR CAAB C da CDR aAK L CdR a ECOLgn ScVg CdR aStAg L CdR SG PL da CdR SG Scarti RD TT MO per COBO Sacc RIR CS LDPE RECY CS IsI V+L CS IsI V+L OTHEROTHER REC MATRIX a COnselice DIS ASA per SCORIE CARTA PLASTICA ScAl aStAg DA Anaerobic Digestion da DAn a compost da TM secco a DISC Biostab aDISC CS IsIn P ScAl bio-SACC CS IS ScAl CS IsIn LAc bio-sacch M_SGR bio-sacc ScAl SGR ScAl M_SGR sacch C Roveri PL sacch Rov sacch ScAl Rov RIR C+R C C+R cass C Perf M_SGR PL C+R cass PL M_SGR SacchPL CS ScAl M_SGR SGR ScAl 2017 RIR CS cass a TITAN C su nave C REC Cina RIR M_SGR aSG TM AKRON TB AKRON DISIDRAT Verde Pub Compost da DA FE CdR T Fe CdR G L cdR BP PL CdR BP C+C CdR BP V CdR T C+C CdR SG L CdR T Fe CdR aRIB RIR Target aSG RIR IS Perf aSG CS IS aSGCS IS aFEA ScVg CdR G C Target aAK Fe CdR BP CC Target aAK Fe CdR Caab Pl Target aAK L Target aEcoLegn ScVg target a StAg ScVg CdR BPV+L da CdR BP V+L CdR Caab V da CdR G RIR Rov aSG TITAN Rabb aSGTITAN Rabb aFEA RIR C+R Sat aSGRIR C+R Sat aFEA RIR SGR aFEA RIR SGR aSG RIR M_SGR a FEA RIR Perf IS aFEA RIR CS sacc aSGRIR CS saccFEA C SRG adAK PL SGR aAK ScAl C+R a StAgC+R ScAl Bidn ScAl SGR aStAg ScAl CS IsIn ScAl C+R cassC+R ScAl Bidnc PL CdR aAK V CdR aEmRott V+L Prf+ C+R aEmRot V+L Cs IsIn a ER RIR daSG aTB FE TM aREC ScorieMO a MATRIX Cen MO aDISIDRAT Ceneri trattate aDISC Scorie Bo aASA C a portoRA C aREC Scarti RD aDISC Scarti ScAl a DISC daER aNOFE REC EmR a V REC Scarti L aDISC EcoLg aREC FEda LRI aREC PL daAK a IISEL 30% PL aTT PL IISEL a REC PLSca I属SEL aTT PL SECONDA SELEZIONE C CS a AKC CS aAKC CS aAK PL CS aAKPL CS aTraspPL CS aTras C BidoniMIx C+R TT FEA per COBO Sc BO aMatrix Cen BO a DISIDRAT CenMO aBS Sistema Amb CenBS a DISC C porto aREC Cina Cen MO aBS RIR SG a TT BO Cen Bo aBS RIR SG aTTMO Three main flows from which to recover materials and energy and formulate scenarios: Dry fractions to recycling Segregated collection of food waste Residual waste 3. DEVELOP THE APPROPRIATE TOOL TO COMPARE SCENARIOS
- 10. LCA Comune Bologna SC 2017-A RSU da URBANI RSU da IND ROVERI RSU da TARGET RIR Prf 5 IIn PRIVATI aCdR RIR CS 14 IInt CdR CAAB CdR BORGO CdR STRADELLI CdR Tolmino RIR Target Cassoni C M_SGR a AKR CC da Target C da TARGET RD CS NEGOZI e TARGET C assml aAK ORG a DA Heramb CC assiml a AK C Roveri aAK PL ROV aAK PL C+R PaP a AK PL M_SGR aAK PL neg aAK L a EcoLgn V+L da UNiv a EMRot RIR ROVERI PL da TRAGET RIR C+R a SAT V+L Perf + (C+R) CAMP L da ROVERI L da target VERDE da target R abb a TITAN RIR Piazzola RD StGuelfi RIR a SG V e L EmilRott FE CdR a RotINd ECOLEGNO BO PREP x REC L Rov a EcoL RIR SGR RIR CS aTITAN RIR M_SGR C SGR Sacc C CS come 2013 AKRON GRANAROLO PL SGR ad AK G Discarica 3M C C+R adAKSacc C C+R Sacc PL C+R 42,58 VERDE Compg Privati bio-Sacc C+R ScAl DISC PER ASA CastelMagg Fe daTM Vetro non-FE Compost Verdecompost da VERDE CC CdR T ScVg CdR Caab Legno Ferrosi L CdR Caab PL CdR CAAB C+C CdR CAAB C da CDR aAK L CdR a ECOLgn ScVg CdR aStAg L CdR SG PL da CdR SG Scarti RD TT MO per COBO Sacc RIR CS LDPE RECY CS IsI V+L CS IsI V+L OTHEROTHER REC MATRIX a COnselice DIS ASA per SCORIE CARTA PLASTICA ScAl aStAg DA Anaerobic Digestion da DAn a compost da TM secco a DISC Biostab aDISC CS IsIn P ScAl bio-SACC CS IS ScAl CS IsIn LAc bio-sacch M_SGR bio-sacc ScAl SGR ScAl M_SGR sacch C Roveri PL sacch Rov sacch ScAl Rov RIR C+R C C+R cass C Perf M_SGR PL C+R cass PL M_SGR SacchPL CS ScAl M_SGR SGR ScAl 2017 RIR CS cass a TITAN C su nave C REC Cina RIR M_SGR aSG TM AKRON TB AKRON DISIDRAT Verde Pub Compost da DA FE CdR T Fe CdR G L cdR BP PL CdR BP C+C CdR BP V CdR T C+C CdR SG L CdR T Fe CdR aRIB RIR Target aSG RIR IS Perf aSG CS IS aSGCS IS aFEA ScVg CdR G C Target aAK Fe CdR BP CC Target aAK Fe CdR Caab Pl Target aAK L Target aEcoLegn ScVg target a StAg ScVg CdR BPV+L da CdR BP V+L CdR Caab V da CdR G RIR Rov aSG TITAN Rabb aSGTITAN Rabb aFEA RIR C+R Sat aSGRIR C+R Sat aFEA RIR SGR aFEA RIR SGR aSG RIR M_SGR a FEA RIR Perf IS aFEA RIR CS sacc aSGRIR CS saccFEA C SRG adAK PL SGR aAK ScAl C+R a StAgC+R ScAl Bidn ScAl SGR aStAg ScAl CS IsIn ScAl C+R cassC+R ScAl Bidnc PL CdR aAK V CdR aEmRott V+L Prf+ C+R aEmRot V+L Cs IsIn a ER RIR daSG aTB FE TM aREC ScorieMO a MATRIX Cen MO aDISIDRAT Ceneri trattate aDISC Scorie Bo aASA C a portoRA C aREC Scarti RD aDISC Scarti ScAl a DISC daER aNOFE REC EmR a V REC Scarti L aDISC EcoLg aREC FEda LRI aREC PL daAK a IISEL 30% PL aTT PL IISEL a REC PLSca I属SEL aTT PL SECONDA SELEZIONE C CS a AKC CS aAKC CS aAK PL CS aAKPL CS aTraspPL CS aTras C BidoniMIx C+R TT FEA per COBO Sc BO aMatrix Cen BO a DISIDRAT CenMO aBS Sistema Amb CenBS a DISC C porto aREC Cina Cen MO aBS RIR SG a TT BO Cen Bo aBS RIR SG aTTMO The method tested is the WASTE FLOWS ANALYSIS of an INTEGRATED WM system provides a visual tool supports in defining scenarios and quantifying infrastructural needs facilitates the use of LCA and the comparison of alternative complex scenarios 3. DEVELOP THE APPROPRIATE TOOL TO COMPARE SCENARIOS
- 11. The Waste Flows Analysis of an integrated WM system was considered appropriate and used as the basis for the quantification of environmental impacts by LCA for the Bologna WM system. To support the comparison of appropriate scenarios, this method requires to: define the boundaries of the WM system being planned: avoid partial flows reconstruct ALL waste flows and follow the waste till the last treatment / operation: such as the energy recovery of rejects from SC sorting plants describe in DETAIL all operations and phases of WM waste composition must be well defined COLLECT A HIGH AMOUNT OF GOOD QUALITY DATA 3. DEVELOP THE APPROPRIATE TOOL TO COMPARE SCENARIOS
- 12. -12000 -10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 CO2 AC Normalised values2013 2017 Sc-17B - modifies Sc-17: recycled-LDPE bags are substituted with non-recycled-LDPE for door to door collection of residual waste in the HC Sc-13 Sc-17 Sc-17B* Global Warming Potential (t CO2-eq year-1) 21 949 - 11 416 -11 169 Global Warming Potential (t CO2-eq 揃 t waste-1) 0.123 -0.064 0.063 Abiotic Resources Depletion (t antimonyeq揃 year-1) - 403 -525 -520 Abiotic Resources Depletion (t antimony eq 揃 t waste-1) -2.3 10-3 - 3.0 10-3 -2.9 10-3 Acidification Potential ( t SOx eq 揃 year-1) -285 -365 -364 Acidification Potential (t SOx eq 揃 t waste-1) -1.6 10-3 -2.1 10-3 -2.0 10-3 OVERALL PERFORMANCES OF SCENARIOS 4. WHAT ABOUT ESTHETIC VS ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ?
- 13. The analysis of the WM integrated system shows that even if Sc-17 improves, the impact of the collection phase increases SC-13 SC-17 collection 7,478 11,140 transport 29,789 28,765 interm. facilities 7,211 8,580 recycling -186,031 -251,938 pre-treat. ReW + En. Rec. -233,228 -312,667 landfill -27,606 -8,589 -350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 kgantimonyeq.X1.000 consumption/saving of abiotic resources The set of changes applied by 2017 will result in a significant improvement of the environmental performance mainly as an effect of high integration between materials and energy recovery from waste 4. WHAT ABOUT ESTHETIC VS ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ?
- 14. 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 kgCO2eq. CO2-eq direct emissions for waste containers 10,578,859 MONOUSE bio-plastics bags in periphery Sc-17A 4. WHAT ABOUT ESTHETIC VS ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ? high number of MONOUSE bags used in this collection: 5,356,410 Sc-17B 10 years
- 15. 1. Waste Flow Fnalysis and LCA can provide relevant planning recommendations at citys scale when an integrated WM system is considered and appropriate scenarios are designed and compared. 2. Given the highly infrastructured WM system serving Bologna, the impact of the collection phase is only a fraction of the overall environmental impact: so esthetic factors can have their place in collection. 2. But this detailed analysis shows that choice of the containers is environmentally relevant (together with cost and working conditions considerations) and thus the new collection style could be improved: beware of the materials forming the mono-use bags used for door-to-door collection: e.g. for non-recycled LDPE bags 22 kg CO2-eq (tonne of waste)-1; relatively low environmental impacts associated to underground banks, that could collect for any waste fraction: 4 kg CO2-eq (tonne of waste)-1; relatively low impact of big street containers with respect to plastic bags: 2.6 kg CO2-eq (tonne of waste)-1. 5. HOW THIS ANALYSIS ANSWERED THE ORIGINAL QUESTIONS
- 17. 1. DESCRIBE THE CHANGES IN THE BOLOGNAS WM INTEGRATED SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS 2013 VS. 2017 INCREASE SEGREGATED COLLECTION AMOUNT AND % Begin food segregated collection in HC (SC): underground banks Increase interception rate for (glass + cans): underground banks Residual waste: begin door to door in historic centre (plastic bags; 1/7) Increase SC paper, plastics, food in the residential periphery by use of restricted opening on big residual W containers INFRASTRUCTURE CHANGES Anaerobic digestion of food waste replaces composting: biogas recovery NO residual waste directly to landfill Increase % of residual waste thermal treatment with energy recovery Slags from thermal treatment to recovery