Waste water system
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This document proposes implementing a drain-water heat recovery system at Uncle Tom's Cabin to reuse heat from washing machines. It would work by warming cold water with hot water draining from the machines through a spiral tube. This could save up to 40% on water heating costs, reducing energy use and emissions. Data shows the college's washing machines use 287.5-402.5 kWh per week for washing, costing 5545-7765 kroner annually. The system would cost 2145-3580 kroner but pay for itself within a year through savings of 2218-3106 kroner annually. It would help the college's sustainability goals while saving money over the long term.
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Atmosphere contains 21% oxygen (210000 mg/dm3)
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Use glass bottles having 60 mL or greater capacity. Take samples of water.
Turn on the constant temperature chamber to allow the
controlled temperature to stabilize at 20属C 賊1属C.
Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately.
Place water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20 C for 5 days. Exclude all light to prevent possibility of photosynthetic production of DO
If don't have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20o C or 68 属F).
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Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD5 that ranges from 1 to 8 mg/L
Dilution is necessary when the amount of DO consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO available in the air-saturated.
If the BOD5 value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample dilution is not needed.
The DO concentration after 5 days must be at least 1 mg/L and at least 2 mg/L lower in concentration than the initial DO
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BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
Discard dilution water if there is any sign of biological growth.
pH of the dilution water needs to be maintained in a range suitable for bacterial growth
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Sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide may need to be added to the dilution water to lower or raise the pH, respectively.
CALCULATION:
The general equation for the determination of a BOD5 value is:
BOD = D1-D2/P
Where
D1 = initial DO of the sample,
D2 = final DO of the sample after 5 days, and
P = decimal volumetric fraction of sample used.
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Atmosphere contains 21% oxygen (210000 mg/dm3)
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Many Animal species can grow and reproduce normally when dissolved oxygen level is ~ 5.0 mg/L.
HYPOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 3.0 mg/L. Many Species move elsewhere and immobile species may die
ANOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 0.5 mg/L. All aerobic species will die
Fertilizer contains Nitrate contributes to high BOD
Phosphate present in Soap and detergent that enhances the growth of algal blooms. As a result depletion of oxygen occur.
In a body of water with large amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 90 %, this would represent High BOD
In a body of water with small amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 10 %, this would represent Low BOD
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Use glass bottles having 60 mL or greater capacity. Take samples of water.
Turn on the constant temperature chamber to allow the
controlled temperature to stabilize at 20属C 賊1属C.
Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately.
Place water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20 C for 5 days. Exclude all light to prevent possibility of photosynthetic production of DO
If don't have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20o C or 68 属F).
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Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD5 that ranges from 1 to 8 mg/L
Dilution is necessary when the amount of DO consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO available in the air-saturated.
If the BOD5 value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample dilution is not needed.
The DO concentration after 5 days must be at least 1 mg/L and at least 2 mg/L lower in concentration than the initial DO
(American Public Health Association and others, 1995).
BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
Discard dilution water if there is any sign of biological growth.
pH of the dilution water needs to be maintained in a range suitable for bacterial growth
Bacterial growth is very good between 6.5 to 7.5
Sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide may need to be added to the dilution water to lower or raise the pH, respectively.
CALCULATION:
The general equation for the determination of a BOD5 value is:
BOD = D1-D2/P
Where
D1 = initial DO of the sample,
D2 = final DO of the sample after 5 days, and
P = decimal volumetric fraction of sample used.
If 100 mL of sample aself purification of streams Seminan ppt
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The document discusses heat pump water heaters as an energy efficient alternative to electric geysers and solar water heaters. It notes that heat pump water heaters can reduce electricity costs for water heating by over 60% compared to electric geysers by using ambient heat. They provide hot water continuously regardless of weather, unlike solar water heaters. Heat pump water heaters also take up less space than solar panels and have no breakable parts. The document provides technical specifications and examples of applications for heat pump water heaters. It positions the company as providing high-quality, energy efficient products designed by IIT graduates along with excellent after-sales service.Igrid linkedin
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Middle East Construction Trends - GineersNow Engineering MagazineGineersNow
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GineersNow Construction Leaders Magazine Issue No 001
Construction Leaders Magazine: Saudi Arabia Zahid Group Arabian Construction
Exclusive: Water and Electricity Crisis, Supplemental Power, Distributed Power Systems, Decentralized Power Generation in Africa, Dubai Technology Innovation, Trucks and Bus, Construction Equipment.
Special Feature Stories: BIM, Consultant, Contractor, Design, EPC, Finance, Heavy Equipment, Electro-mechanical, Machinery, Rental Equipment, HSE, EHS, Safety, Tools, Trucks, PMV, Construction, Civil Engineering, Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing, MEP, EPC
Country Focus: United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Lebanon, Libya, Egypt.
More engineering stories at https://www.gineersnow.com/topics/magazines
Kupple benefit analysis
Kupple benefit analysisWatermark by Distributor House Pvt Ltd
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This document discusses the water, energy, cost, and ecological savings provided by waterless urinals compared to traditional flush urinals. It states that waterless urinals can save 1000 liters of water per day in a facility with 100 males by eliminating flushes. This leads to annual water savings of 365,000 liters and reduced electricity usage from not pumping water. Waterless urinals also reduce maintenance and staffing needs by 80% and lower costs from water, electricity, chemicals, and repairs over time. By reducing water usage, they lower an organization's ecological footprint as well.More from Chris Hamper (20)
IA assessment criteria
IA assessment criteriaChris Hamper
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This document outlines the assessment criteria for an IA (Internal Assessment) in 5 categories: Personal engagement, Exploration, Analysis, Evaluation, and Communication. Each category contains multiple descriptors that are scored from 0 to various higher numbers, depending on the demonstration of skills, understanding, and completion of tasks involved in a scientific investigation/research project. The descriptors provide details on how to score elements such as defining a clear research question, collecting and processing data, drawing valid conclusions, and structured communication of the project's focus, methods and outcomes.
Logistics
LogisticsChris Hamper
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This document provides guidance on logistics and scheduling for an internal assessment component of a course. It recommends allocating class time for teachers to explain the requirements, for students to work on the assessment and ask questions, and for teacher-student consultations. It suggests 10 hours of class time is sufficient to complete an investigation and allows for checking authenticity without interfering with other deadlines. A suggested schedule includes stages for introducing ideas, practical work, alternative methods, discussion, analysis, drafting, receiving teacher comments, and final submission.Investigation ideas
Investigation ideasChris Hamper
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This document lists various ideas for investigations in early childhood education, including apparatus based activities using materials like play dough, elastic bands, coils and magnets, balloons, rulers, beams, solar cars, slinkies, and jelly. It also mentions simulations that can be done using software like Algodoo, Interactive Physics, Paul Falstad, Excel, and Geogebra. Finally, it provides a link to an online database for additional investigation ideas.Best fit approach
Best fit approachChris Hamper
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The document discusses different approaches to evaluating a report. The old system used a checklist approach and found some small mistakes but overall good performance, though it wanted to award a higher score. The new "holistic" system notes good data but lacking interpretation in some cases, and in others good data with processing mistakes and some uncertainty consideration but still no interpretation.The investigation
The investigationChris Hamper
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The document provides guidance for scientific investigations for a course requiring a 10 hour investigation and 6-12 page write up. It recommends investigations include a purposeful research question, scientific rationale, and adhere to standards of previous assessments. Suggested tasks involve hands-on labs, spreadsheet analysis, extracting and graphing data from databases, or combining experiments with simulations. Traditional hands-on experiments could also be paired with simulations or use old apparatus and particular sensors. System-based designs, sports analyses, and simulations using programs like Algodoo or Interactive Physics are additionally proposed.The investigation
The investigationChris Hamper
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The document provides guidance for scientific investigations for a course requiring a 10 hour investigation and 6-12 page write up. It recommends investigations include a purposeful research question, scientific rationale, and adhere to standards of previous assessments. Suggested tasks involve hands-on labs, spreadsheet analysis, extracting and graphing data from databases, or combining experiments with simulations. Traditional hands-on experiments could also be paired with simulations or use old apparatus and particular sensors. System-based designs, sports analyses, and simulations using programs like Algodoo or Interactive Physics are additionally proposed.Uncertainties
UncertaintiesChris Hamper
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This document discusses different methods for calculating uncertainties in measurements. The old method takes the maximum and minimum values and divides by 2 to get the uncertainty. Two new methods use standard deviation or the range divided by the number of measurements N. The new methods provide more precise uncertainties to 2 significant figures compared to 1 significant figure for the old method. The document also notes some changes to how uncertainties are handled in practical work.Required practicals
Required practicalsChris Hamper
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The document outlines the new practical programme for physics A-levels, including:
- 10 required practicals that may be examined but are not directly assessed
- Additional practicals to develop skills and reinforce concepts
- One assessed investigation worth 10 hours
It then lists several of the required practicals covering topics like motion, thermal concepts, gases, waves, electricity, and radioactivity, along with the key skills developed through each method. Sample exam questions are also included covering areas like graphing experimental data, calculating uncertainties, and identifying sources of error.Extended essay criteria
Extended essay criteriaChris Hamper
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This document provides guidance on developing a strong research question and conducting effective research for a project. It emphasizes that a good research question is important and discusses challenges students may face such as ensuring their topic is focused and within their abilities. The document also provides tips for students and supervisors on how to plan effectively, find relevant sources, keep the research question in scope, and present the results of the research.Berlinnov2012
Berlinnov2012Chris Hamper
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This document outlines the agenda for a workshop on the International Baccalaureate (IB) Physics program. The workshop will cover various components of the IB Physics curriculum including the subject guide, internal assessments, experiments, the exam, theory of knowledge, extended essays, and the group 4 project. The goals are to introduce resources, criteria, and expectations for different elements of the program. Various activities are planned such as exercises to practice marking internal assessments and exams. The full-day workshop also addresses international mindedness and changes to the new IB Physics program.Berlin 2012 intro
Berlin 2012 introChris Hamper
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This document outlines the agenda for an experienced teachers workshop covering various topics related to physics teaching. The workshop will include sessions on data collection and processing, simulations, design challenges, marking assessments, exams, Theory of Knowledge, Extended Essays, Group 4 projects, and an overview of a new IB program.Aims and objectives
Aims and objectivesChris Hamper
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This document outlines 10 aims and 5 objectives for a science curriculum. The aims are to provide opportunities for scientific study and creativity globally, provide a body of scientific knowledge and techniques, enable students to apply science, develop skills in analysis and synthesis of scientific information, foster collaboration and communication, develop investigative skills, apply information technology skills to science, raise awareness of implications of science and technology, develop appreciation of possibilities and limitations of science, and encourage understanding of relationships between scientific disciplines. The objectives are to demonstrate understanding of physics, apply physical principles, construct research questions, demonstrate cooperation and responsibility, and safely manipulate apparatus and perform experiments.Enhancing ia in physics with ict agenda
Enhancing ia in physics with ict agendaChris Hamper
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This document outlines an 11-session course on enhancing physics experiments and internal assessments with information and communication technologies (ICT). The sessions cover topics such as using dataloggers to collect data, processing and graphing data in Excel and LoggerPro, curve fitting, video analysis, creating instructions with screencasts, spreadsheets and databases, simulations, electronic marking, and online collaboration. The goal is to demonstrate how ICT tools can support students in designing and conducting experiments as well as processing and presenting findings for their internal assessments in physics.Communications
CommunicationsChris Hamper
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The document discusses the history and development of a new technology over 19 paragraphs. It provides background on early experiments, describes improvements and testing over time, and notes the technology is now ready for broader use after many years of research and refinement.
Waste water system
- 1. Drain-Water Heat RecoveryWhy would you pay for heat only to let it go down the drain?
- 2. Whether washing clothes by hand or letting the machine do the work, the water going down the drain contains a lot of heat energy.For homeowners, this wasted heat energy costs several thousands kroner per year. For a business (school), it can add up to more than tens of thousands of kroner.
- 3. OUR PROPOSALToimplement Drain-waterheatrecovery in UncleTomsCabin, usingthehotwaterusedbythewashing machines.
- 4. Howdoesitwork? Drain water flows through a spiral tube; this warms the tank water, which rises to the top. Water heater takes preheated water by circulation through a coil at the top of the tank.
- 5. BenefitsSaves up to 40% on water heating costs!*Maintenance-free and has no moving parts to break down.Is environmentally friendly, reducing the energy consumption by five to 10%.Reduces greenhouse-gas emissions.* Heat-RecoveryWaterheatinghttp://gfxtechnology.com/HR3-7-1.PDF
- 6. DataAftersampling 15 out of 200 studentstheresults show thatanaverage of 1.13 washes per personeachweekare done 200*1.13=226.6 washes per week. Thewashing machine takes 0.25 kWh per kilogramof clothes. Anaproximation of 5-7 kilograms are washedeach time 0.25*5=1.25 kWh 0.25*7=1.75 kWh
- 7. For 230 washesbetween 287.5-402.5 kWh are used. Thecost of each 1kWh is 0.50 kr:287.5 kWh (0.50)=143.75 kr
- 8. 402.5 kWh (0.50)= 201.25 krAssumingthatthe machines are used 9 monthseachyear:5545kr 7765kr
- 9. Accordingtoinvestigationsthissystem can save up to 40% of thecosts. 5545kr saving 40% =2218kr.7765kr saving 40% =3106kr.
- 10. FINANCIAL ISSUESCostsBetween 2145 and 3580 kronerper system.
- 11. Withthesaving of 2218kr-3106kr theinvestmentwouldberecovered in oneyear. CONCLUSIONIfthesystemisapplied:Thecollegewillsavemoney (3000 kr per year, afterthefirstyear), and energywillberecycled. Itwouldcontributetoourgoal of an eco-village.
- 12. ALTERNATIVE OPTIONIf for certain reasons the system cant be applied in Uncle Toms Cabin, we recommend the College to use it in the new Leirskule building as a general system. It would be minimize the waste of energy through dissipated heat.