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Introduction to i18n and l10n
Dave McHale
@thedavetheory
@dmchale
dave@websolutions.com
dmchale@gmail.com

i n t e r n a t i o n a l i z a t i o n
1 + 18 +1
i18n
l o c a l i z a t i o n
1 + 10 + 1
l10n

Actually�� no
? In the 2014 State of the Word, Matt Mullenweg reported that
WordPress had more non-English downloads than English downloads
in that year - http://ma.tt/2014/10/sotw-2014/
? That is a BIG deal. Non-English growing quickly!
? 7.2 Million non-English downloads versus 6.5 Million English

Why do we care
? 71% of all current
WordPress.com sites are English,
29% are non-English
https://wordpress.com/activity/
? 74.4% of WordPress 4.3
downloads are US English, and
25.6% in non-English
�C Additional language packs are
not counted in these numbers

Why do we care
? WordPress is currently running over 24% of the internet
? If we use the WordPress.com usage percentages, ��only�� 29% of that market
share == 6.96% of the internet is running a non-English WordPress install

Why i18n matters for growth
? Social Media sites like Facebook,
Twitter and others experienced 30%
growth in their first year after
localizing
? What's helped? Numerous factors,
but rising global usage is an "easy"
place to gain market share
? Continued improvements to i18n
process only continue to make the
platform more accessible
https://speakerdeck.com/petya/wordpress-is-growing-glo

Introduction to __()
? The double-underscore function
? Most common
? Most basic, but fits most needs
? Based on the _() (single underscore) gettext function, but specifically
for WordPress in order to load translation files
��In computing, gettext is an internationalization and localization (i18n) system
commonly used for writing multilingual programs on Unix-like computer operating
systems. The most commonly used implementation of gettext is GNU gettext,
released by the GNU Project in 1995.�� - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext

Translate full phrases, NOT this

Creating the .pot file
? When our code is prepared for
translation, we will run it through a
program that generates a .pot file
? .pot = portable object template
? File contains all translatable strings
? Can be generated��
�C Through the WP repository
�C Using Loco Translate
�C Via command-line, using the WP i18n tools
�C Grunt
�C GlotPress
https://codex.wordpress.org/I18n_for_WordPress_Developers
https://wordpress.org/plugins/loco-translate/
# Loco Gettext template
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: i18n testn"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: n"
"POT-Creation-Date: Thu Sep 24 2015 18:38:43 GMT-0400
(Eastern Daylight Time)n"
"POT-Revision-Date: Thu Sep 24 2015 18:38:51 GMT-0400
(Eastern Daylight Time)n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONEn"
"Last-Translator: n"
"Language-Team: n"
"Language: n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=INTEGER; plural=EXPRESSIONn"
"MIME-Version: 1.0n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bitn"
"X-Poedit-SourceCharset: UTF-8n"
"X-Poedit-Basepath: .n"
"X-Poedit-SearchPath-0: .n"
"X-Poedit-KeywordsList:
_:1;gettext:1;dgettext:2;ngettext:1,2;dngettext:2,3;"
"__:1;_e:1;_c:1;_n:1,2;_n_noop:1,2;_nc:1,2;__ngettext:1,2;__ngette
xt_noop:1,2;"
"_x:1,2c;_ex:1,2c;_nx:1,2,4c;_nx_noop:1,2,3c;_n_js:1,2;_nx_js:1,2,3
c;"
"esc_attr__:1;esc_html__:1;esc_attr_e:1;esc_html_e:1;esc_attr_x:1,
2c;"
"esc_html_x:1,2c;comments_number_link:2,3;t:1;st:1;trans:1;transC
hoice:1,2n"
"X-Generator: Loco - https://localise.biz/"

Translating the .pot file
? Someone (maybe even you!) will translate the strings in your code into
another language
? Once translation is complete, two files are created
�C .po and .mo files
? These files are named for the language scheme they apply to
�C es_ES.po and es_ES.mo for Spanish
�C pl_PL.po and pl_PL.mo for Polish
�C etc
? Those files are added to the /languages subfolder of your code

.pot file results
echo __('Hack the planet!', 'my-text-domain');
#: /i18n-test.php:14 /i18n-test.php:17
msgid "Hack the planet!"
msgstr ""
echo __("Hack the $noun!", 'my-text-domain');
echo __($verb . ' the planet!', 'my-text-domain');
?No results. The parser skips these entirely

sprintf() with multiple variables

.pot file interpretations of sprint()

.pot file interpretations of sprintf()

One last look at __() and sprintf()
echo __('Hello. My name is Inigo Montoya.', 'my-text-domain');
echo sprintf( __('Hello. My name is %1$s.', 'my-text-domain'),
$my_name );
echo sprintf( __('%2$s. My name is %1$s.', 'my-text-domain'),
$my_name, $greeting_text );

Using _e() and printf() to echo
? As a shortcut, you can combine ��echo�� and ��__()�� into the _e() function
_e(��Hello. My name is Inigo Montoya.', 'my-text-domain');
? While sprintf() returns a string, which can be used however you like, you can
alternatively call printf() to just echo the result of whatever is inside the function
printf( __('You killed my %s. Prepare to die.', 'my-text-domain'),
$relative );

Dealing with multiples for numeric values
echo sprintf( _n('I want my %d dollar!', 'I want my %d dollars!',
$int_dollars_owed, 'my-text-domain'), $int_dollars_owed );
? _n() takes 4 parameters
�C Singular string, Plural string, Numeric value, and Text Domain
? In this example, $int_dollars_owed is first used inside of _n(), then
used for replacement as part of sprintf()
? %d is our placeholder in this example because we��re using digits

Custom conditions for numeric values
? The codex recommends writing your own explicit conditionals for
special cases
if ($int_dollars_owed === 0) {
echo __(��You don't owe me any money!��);
} else {
echo sprintf( _n('I want my %d dollar!', 'I want my %d dollars!',
$int_dollars_owed, 'my-text-domain'), $int_dollars_owed );
}
https://codex.wordpress.org/I18n_for_WordPress_Developers

.pot interpretations of _n()
echo sprintf( _n('I want my %d
dollar!', 'I want my %d dollars!',
$int_dollars_owed, 'my-text-
domain'), $int_dollars_owed );
#, php-format
msgid "I want my %d dollar!"
msgid_plural "I want my %d dollars!"
msgstr[0] ""
msgstr[1] ""
if ($int_dollars_owed === 0) {
echo __(��You don't owe me any money!��);
} else {
echo sprintf( _n('I want my %d dollar!', 'I
want my %d dollars!', $int_dollars_owed, 'my-
text-domain'), $int_dollars_owed );
}
#: /i18n-test.php:18
msgid "You don't owe me any money!"
msgstr "��
AND

Austin Powers:
International Man
of Mystery

Dealing with homonyms and homographs
? Homonym: same spelling, same pronunciation
�C ��A bear can bear very cold temperatures��
? Homograph: same spelling, different pronunciation
�C ��The violin player held his bow while taking a bow��
? In text, it can be difficult to convey our meaning with our words
? #polyglots, �� [��] in Jetpack: ��Set the primary account holder��.
Does anyone know if it is the holder of the primary account, or is it the primary
holder of the account?��

Leaving notes for translators
? Sometimes you may have a need for adding a specific note for
translators, which could be different than simply providing context of
a single word or phrase using _n()
? You can do this with the /* translators: comment notation
? Your note will be added to the pot file for translators as long as it is
the last comment before the gettext function call
/* translators: draft saved date format, see http://php.net/date */
$draft_saved_date_format = __( 'g:i:s a' );

.pot interpretation of /* translators:
/* translators: draft saved date format, see http://php.net/date */
$draft_saved_date_format = __( 'g:i:s a' );
#. translators: draft saved date format, see http://php.net/date
msgid "g:i:s a"
msgstr ""

Final notes, for your i18n to DO something
? Text Domain MUST match your plugin/theme slug
? Plugins
add_action('init', 'my_plugin_init');
function my_plugin_init() {
load_plugin_textdomain('my-text-domain', false,
dirname(plugin_basename(__FILE__)) . '/languages');
}
? Themes
add_action('after_setup_theme', 'my_theme_setup');
function my_theme_setup() {
load_theme_textdomain('my-text-domain', get_template_directory() . '/languages');
}

Summary
? __(), _e()
? sprintf(), printf()
? _n()
? _x()
? /* translators:
? What .pot, .po, and .mo files are and how they work together
? Not covered:
�C Escaping content, more _n() love, dates, number formatting, and more!

Final Warnings, ��Gotchas��, and Misc
? Avoid
�C Newline characters
�C HTML in translations
�C URLs in translations
? Unless it��s translatable
�C Empty strings
? Notes
�C Many sentences at once is
okay, but don��t translate War
and Peace. Use paragraphs, at
least.
? More Good Stuff
�C Many exciting changes are
coming to GlotPress soon
�C http://translate.wordpress.org
�C Localized versions of the plugin
& theme repositories exist
�C Language Packs in the repo!
�C Streamlining the
author/translator relationship
right in the repository, similar to
contributors (proposal)

Additional Resources
? WP Links
�C https://codex.wordpress.org/I18n_for_WordPres
s_Developers
�C https://developer.wordpress.org/plugins/internati
onalization/
�C https://developer.wordpress.org/themes/function
ality/localization/
�C https://make.wordpress.org/polyglots/handbook/
? Otto��s Blog - http://ottopress.com/tag/i18n/
? Slack
�C #meta-i18n and #polyglots
? WP Repository
�C https://wordpress.org/plugins/
�C https://wordpress.org/themes/
? Google!
Contact
? dmchale@gmail.com
dave@websolutions.com
? @thedavetheory on Twitter
? @dmchale on Slack
? http://www.binarytemplar.com
All images are the property and copyright of their original owners. No
ownership is claimed by their use in this presentation

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WCRI 2015 I18N L10N

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