The document discusses coherence and cohesion in text. It defines coherence as the logical progression and completeness of ideas, while cohesion refers to the connections between sentences. The document provides examples of how coherence creates meaning through logical ordering of ideas, while cohesion uses linking words and phrases. Maintaining coherence and cohesion are important for effective organization when writing paragraphs and longer texts.
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Week 1 reading and writing skills mascara junaid -
5. Jens Martensson
FLOCABULARY
3. Ideas are connected and developed around central idea heading
towards to a single goal.
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Organization
Coherence
Cohesion
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4. Means to express warning or disapproval to
someone especially in a gentle
or earnest manner.
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admonish
disheveled
jettison
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Lesson objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Find out the meaning of well
organize text, coherence, and
cohesion.
2. identify the components and
structure of effective essay, also find
the difference between coherence and
cohesion.
3. write paragraph, applying the
properties of well written text.
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Organization is the structural
framework for writing.
organization is the logical
progression and
completeness of ideas in
text.
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Organization
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Organization
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Text Organization
Physical
Presentation
Text
structure
Textual clues
- headings
-subheadings
Locating main
idea
Topic sentence
Thesis statement
Expository
Narratives
grammar
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.
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IMPORTANT FEATURES OF AN ORGANIZE TEXT
Topic sentence in the beginning of the paragraph
Controlling idea: touch intimate, Powerful
communication
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Cohesion
means that the overall text
has meaning.
- Subset of coherence.
-. Focus on grammatical aspect
of writing.
-degree of which sentence are
connected.
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20. Jens Martensson
Coherence
by coherence we mean that
every part of a composition
must contribute to one main
unifying thought, which
means that the various parts
of a text must follow one
another in an order which
makes their relationship clear.
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21. Jens Martensson
Coherence
Quality of being logical,
consistent and able to
understood.
Rhetorical aspect of writing
which include developing and
supporting your argument,
synthesizing and interacting
reading, organizing and
clarifying idea.
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Example between coherence and cohesion
Coherence Cohesion
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- A text is will be cohesive if cohesive ties are used.
However it will only coherent if the cohesive ties
are used appropriately to create meaning.
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Example
I have most beautiful
experience when I went
to zoo. I saw different
kinds of birds, but it is
my first time to see a
elephant flying.
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Example
You can have cohesion
without coherence but
you can can have
coherence without
cohesion.
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COHERENCE- --------LOGICAL ORDER
COHESION-------------- Helpful link or glue.
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E
3. Ellipsis
- Ommiting words because it is
already understood in the
context
- Example:
- I can play basketball and he can
too.
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32. Jens Martensson
E
5. Cohesive nouns
- A kind of lexical reference.
- I can summarize many words.
- Can be used to signal what is to come or
refer back.
Example: Two cars collided on the flyover.
However, no body was hurt in the accident.
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E
5. Cohesive nouns
- A kind of lexical reference.
- I can summarize many words.
- Can be used to signal what is to come or
refer back.
Example: Two cars collided on the flyover.
However, no body was hurt in the accident.
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34. Jens Martensson
E
6. Conjunction
a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to
coordinate words in the same clause (e.g. and, but, if )
Example:
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37. Jens Martensson
Coherence
How can you achieve
coherent text?
Clarify the meaning
Indicate a change of topic
Heading and subheading
Layout
Formating.
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38. Jens Martensson
Compare this two examples
Sentence 1
I did some
shopping, went
home, but before
that I went to the
movies.
Sentence 2
First I went to the
movies, then I Did
my shopping and
after that I went
home.
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Coherence vs cohesion
Cohesion is where you can see connections
Coherence is where you infair connections.
Coherence is the feature of cohesive text, but
cohesive text without being coherent.
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Organization can be achieved through the
following techniques:
Definition explains a concept, term or subject. Its main purpose is to
tell what something is.
It consists of three parts: (1) the term, concept or subject to be defined;
(2) the general class to which it belongs; and (3) the characteristics
that differentiate it from the other members of its class.
A definition explains what a term means. When you want your
readers to know exactly how you are using a certain term or an
unfamiliar concept, you use definition.
It appeals to the readers senses.
A descriptive paragraph has concrete and specific details, which are
carefully chosen by a writer to paint a picture in the mind of the reader.
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the term to be defined
the class to which the term belongs
the characteristics that distinguish the term from the other
members of its class.
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Definition is the main constituent of any dictionary. In
developing a paragraph by definition, you should take
account of these things:
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An owl is a bird with a large head, strong talons and
has a nocturnal habit.
Owl is the term to defined
Bird is the class where the owl belongs
with a large head, strong talons and has a nocturnal
habit are the characteristics that distinguish the owl
from the other birds.
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Take a look at this example of a definition:
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FORMAL DEFINITION
INFORMAL DEFINITIONS
DEFINITION PARAGRAPH
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The following are the different types of
definitions:
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The three common informal definitions are operational
definitions, synonyms, and connotations.
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2. Informal Definitions
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gives the meaning of an abstract word for one
particular time and place.
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A. Operational Definitions
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or words that mean the same as another word.
Synonyms clues may be signaled by the following
words: like or as
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B. Synonyms
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is the exact meaning of the
word.
The definition can be found in
the dictionary
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C. Denotation
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is an idea or meaning
suggested by or associated
with a word or things.
The definition can be positive,
negative, and neutral.
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D. Connotation
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is an idea or meaning
suggested by or associated
with a word or things.
The definition can be positive,
negative, and neutral.
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D. Connotation
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Example between denotation and connotation
Word: Father
Compare A
DENOTATION: A male parent.
Compare B
CONNOTATION: association:
positive
- feelings: love and
respect
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Example between denotation and connotation
FLAG POSITION
Compare A
DENOTATION:
Compare B
CONNOTATION:
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DENOTATION:
CONNOTATION
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Example between denotation and connotation
Denotation
HOUSE- NEUTRAL
HOME- POSITIVE
SHANTY- NEGATIVE
CONNOTATION
HOUSE- building which someone
lives.
HOME- a place of warmth and
comfort.
SHANTY- associated with poverty;
it is small, crudely built shack.
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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease
caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to
moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring
special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and
require medical attention. Older people and those with
underlying medical conditions like cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more likely
to develop serious illness. Anyone can get sick with COVID-19
and become seriously ill or die at any age.
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3. Definition Paragraph