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Week 3 Lecture Planning.(part 1) .pptx
- 1. 1. What is Planning? 2. Why do Manager Plan? 3. Types of plans 4. Levels in organization Week 3 Lecture PLANNING WORK ACTIVITIES
- 2. Planning involves defining the organizations goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate work activities. When we use the term planning, we mean formal planning. In formal planning, specific goals covering a specific time period are defined. These goals are written and shared with organizational members to reduce ambiguity(uncertainty)(-悋惷忰 愃惘) and create a common understanding about what needs to be done. What is Planning?
- 3. IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING planning-performance Studies of the planning-performance relationship have concluded that Firstly, formal planning is associated with positive financial performance, ,higher profits, higher return on assets and so forth Seconld, its more important to do a good job of planning and implementing the plans than doing more extensive planning; the external environment is usually the reason why companies that plan dont achieve high levels of performance; Finally, the planning-performance relationship seems to be influenced by the planning time frame.
- 4. Why do Manager Plan?(Four Reasons) 1. First planning provides direction to managers and non- managers personnel. When employees know what their organization or work unit is trying to accomplish and what they must contribute to reach goals, they can coordinate their activities, cooperate with each other, and do what it takes to accomplish those goals. 2. Planning reduce uncertainty by forcing manager look ahead. Anticipate change, consider the impact of change, and develop appropriate responses. Although planning wont eliminate uncertainty, managers plan so they can respond effectively.
- 5. 3. Planning minimize waste and failure. When work activities are coordinated around plans, inefficiencies become obvious and can be corrected or eliminated. 4. planning establishes the goals or standards used in controlling. When managers plan, they develop goals and plans. When they control, they see whether the plans have been carried out and the goals
- 7. Plans are classified into 8 types on the bases of 4 characteristics, such as breadth (range), time frame, specificity and frequency of use. 1. Breadth (Wide range) i. Strategic Plans: Plans that apply to an entire organization and establish goals. ii. Operational Plans: Plans for a particular operational area of the organization are called operational plan. For example Each product is manufactured in a separate plant run by a plant manager who prepares a separate operational plan. TYPES OF PLANS
- 8. Types of Plans 2. Time Frame i. Long-term Plans: Plans with the time frame more than 1 year usually three year. For example business goal is to triple the revenue in next 5 years. ii. Short-term Plans: Plans covering the duration 1 year or less than 1 year. This statement is an example of short- term plan, I will increase my salary by 10% in the next six months.
- 9. Types of Plans 3. Specificity (悋 悽惶惶 ) I. Specific Plans: Plans with clearly defined objectives, and no room for clarification or misinterpretation (惠愆惘忰 )愃愀. II. Directional Plans: Flexible plans that set out general guidelines. They provide focus but dont lock managers into specific goals or courses of action. 4. Frequency of Use i. A Single Use Plan: A single use plan is a one-time plan, designed to meet a unique situation. ii. Standing Plans: Standing plans are ongoing plans that provide guidelines for activities performed repeatedly. In contrast, standing plans are ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly. Standing plans include policies, rules, and procedures.
- 10. Developing Plans The process of developing plan is influence by three contingency (愃惘 惠惺) factors. We need to consider or focus in such factors while developing plans. Developing Plans Factors to be Consider While Developing Plans
- 11. CONTINGENCY FACTORS ON PLANNING Contingency factors in planning Three contingency factors affect the choice of plans: i. organizational level ii. degree of environmental uncertainty iii. length of future commitments