The document discusses quality measurement using a balanced scorecard and cost of quality analysis. It provides an example of how a company called Photon uses activity-based costing to calculate their cost of quality. Photon identifies quality costs for their photocopying machines from all business functions. They determine direct quality costs and allocate indirect costs using cost allocation bases like inspection hours. This allows Photon to calculate their total cost of quality for photocopying machines as $40.02 million or 13.3% of revenues.
This document discusses various topics related to quality, time, and the balanced scorecard including:
1. Defining quality and measuring it using financial, customer, internal, and learning & growth perspectives.
2. Operational measures of time such as customer-response time and on-time performance. Common time drivers like uncertainty in customer orders and limited capacity bottlenecks.
3. Applying the balanced scorecard and time-related measures to quality including financial measures like revenue losses from delays and non-financial measures like customer-response time. The theory of constraints for managing bottleneck operations is also covered.
This document discusses evaluating strategy using strategic analysis of operating income. It provides an example analysis of operating income for a chipset company from 2012 to 2013. The analysis breaks down changes in operating income into growth, price recovery, and productivity components. It examines the revenue and cost effects of each component, calculating the impact on operating income from changes in units sold, prices, input levels, and efficiency. The example shows increases in operating income driven by growth but decreases due to rising costs and less productivity.
This document discusses responsibility accounting and control systems. It covers two types of responsibility accounting - financial-based centers (cost, revenue, profit, investment) and strategy-based responsibility accounting which translates organizational strategy into objectives and measures. Strategy-based responsibility accounting adds a process perspective compared to traditional financial-based accounting. The document also discusses using responsibility centers, transfer pricing, and decentralization to balance control and autonomy in organizations.
The document discusses decentralization and various management control systems used to control decentralized organizations, including responsibility accounting, transfer pricing, and the use of responsibility centers. It provides examples of how transfer pricing can be used to motivate divisions and evaluates different transfer pricing methods. It also examines the trade-off between knowledge transfer costs and agency costs when decentralizing organizations.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in week 5 including strategy, balanced scorecard, strategic profitability analysis, and decision making. It discusses basic business strategies of product differentiation and cost leadership. It provides an example of a company, Chipset, pursuing a cost leadership strategy through value engineering and process reengineering. It also discusses implementing strategy through a balanced scorecard and evaluating strategy using measurement. Learning objectives covered include recognizing generic business strategies, understanding what comprises reengineering, understanding the four perspectives of a balanced scorecard, and analyzing changes in operating income to evaluate strategy.
Productivity measurement and benchmarking are important for improving construction productivity. Benchmarking involves comparing a company's performance metrics to other companies' best practices. This allows identification of improvement areas and investment in new technologies. Independent studies found over $20 billion was wasted annually in construction due to inefficiencies. Benchmarking categories include internal, external with competitors and non-competitors, data-based, domestic, global, qualitative, and quantitative.
Productivity is defined as the relationship between the output generated by a production or service system and the input provided to create that output. Management contributes the most to annual productivity increases at around 4/6, while capital and labor each contribute around 1/6. Productivity measurement is important for improvement, decision-making, and evaluating development programs. There are multiple approaches to measuring productivity at different economic levels. Effective productivity measurement addresses objectives, efficiency, effectiveness potential, comparability, and trends.
The financial system plays a crucial role in economic development by facilitating the transfer of resources from savers to investors. It consists of financial institutions, financial markets, financial instruments, and financial services. Recent developments include the establishment of regulatory bodies like SEBI and reforms in the capital market, money market, and commercial banking sector. Capital market reforms involve the growth of stock exchanges, mutual funds, and electronic trading. Money market reforms include deregulating interest rates and developing new market instruments. Reforms in commercial banks feature reduced reserve requirements, interest rate deregulation, and increased operational autonomy.
This document discusses approaches to measuring government productivity. It describes three types of productivity measures: operational measures focused on internal efficiency; direct output measures of final outputs divided by resources; and outcome measures addressing a program's effects on society. Specifying and measuring outputs is challenging for heterogeneous services and those where outputs are difficult to define. Quality and service level changes must also be accounted for. The document provides examples for education, noting issues defining the unit of output and disentangling contributions of different education providers.
This document provides an overview of a guide to measuring productivity published by SPRING Singapore. It discusses why measuring productivity is important, how to measure outputs and inputs to calculate productivity indicators, and what value added is as a key measure of organizational output. Value added represents the wealth created through production or services and is a better measure than sales alone. It can be calculated using either the subtraction method (sales minus costs of inputs) or addition method (summing distributions of value added like wages and profits).
This document discusses various methods for measuring productivity in the construction industry. It outlines key factors that influence productivity such as pre-construction activities, resource management, and labor characteristics. It then describes different formulas that can be used to calculate productivity, including comparing the ratio of outputs to inputs or measuring the level of profitability and business efficiency. The document also provides an example of a formula for measuring productivity changes related to material waste.
A brief overview of the techniques I found useful and often use to increase focus and energy, to be more productive. Then an overview of two of my favorite systems: custom weekly paper notebooks (used in the past) and Gmail + Things + Calendar (used for the past 2 years).
Database population in Odoo 18 - Odoo slidesCeline George
Ìý
In this slide, we’ll discuss the database population in Odoo 18. In Odoo, performance analysis of the source code is more important. Database population is one of the methods used to analyze the performance of our code.
QuickBooks Desktop to QuickBooks Online How to Make the MoveTechSoup
Ìý
If you use QuickBooks Desktop and are stressing about moving to QuickBooks Online, in this webinar, get your questions answered and learn tips and tricks to make the process easier for you.
Key Questions:
* When is the best time to make the shift to QuickBooks Online?
* Will my current version of QuickBooks Desktop stop working?
* I have a really old version of QuickBooks. What should I do?
* I run my payroll in QuickBooks Desktop now. How is that affected?
*Does it bring over all my historical data? Are there things that don't come over?
* What are the main differences between QuickBooks Desktop and QuickBooks Online?
* And more
Useful environment methods in Odoo 18 - Odoo ºÝºÝߣsCeline George
Ìý
In this slide we’ll discuss on the useful environment methods in Odoo 18. In Odoo 18, environment methods play a crucial role in simplifying model interactions and enhancing data processing within the ORM framework.
How to Setup WhatsApp in Odoo 17 - Odoo ºÝºÝߣsCeline George
Ìý
Integrate WhatsApp into Odoo using the WhatsApp Business API or third-party modules to enhance communication. This integration enables automated messaging and customer interaction management within Odoo 17.
How to Modify Existing Web Pages in Odoo 18Celine George
Ìý
In this slide, we’ll discuss on how to modify existing web pages in Odoo 18. Web pages in Odoo 18 can also gather user data through user-friendly forms, encourage interaction through engaging features.
Research & Research Methods: Basic Concepts and Types.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
Ìý
This ppt has been made for the students pursuing PG in social science and humanities like M.Ed., M.A. (Education), Ph.D. Scholars. It will be also beneficial for the teachers and other faculty members interested in research and teaching research concepts.
How to Configure Flexible Working Schedule in Odoo 18 EmployeeCeline George
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In this slide, we’ll discuss on how to configure flexible working schedule in Odoo 18 Employee module. In Odoo 18, the Employee module offers powerful tools to configure and manage flexible working schedules tailored to your organization's needs.
Finals of Kaun TALHA : a Travel, Architecture, Lifestyle, Heritage and Activism quiz, organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025.
Blind Spots in AI and Formulation Science Knowledge Pyramid (Updated Perspect...Ajaz Hussain
Ìý
This presentation delves into the systemic blind spots within pharmaceutical science and regulatory systems, emphasizing the significance of "inactive ingredients" and their influence on therapeutic equivalence. These blind spots, indicative of normalized systemic failures, go beyond mere chance occurrences and are ingrained deeply enough to compromise decision-making processes and erode trust.
Historical instances like the 1938 FD&C Act and the Generic Drug Scandals underscore how crisis-triggered reforms often fail to address the fundamental issues, perpetuating inefficiencies and hazards.
The narrative advocates a shift from reactive crisis management to proactive, adaptable systems prioritizing continuous enhancement. Key hurdles involve challenging outdated assumptions regarding bioavailability, inadequately funded research ventures, and the impact of vague language in regulatory frameworks.
The rise of large language models (LLMs) presents promising solutions, albeit with accompanying risks necessitating thorough validation and seamless integration.
Tackling these blind spots demands a holistic approach, embracing adaptive learning and a steadfast commitment to self-improvement. By nurturing curiosity, refining regulatory terminology, and judiciously harnessing new technologies, the pharmaceutical sector can progress towards better public health service delivery and ensure the safety, efficacy, and real-world impact of drug products.
APM event hosted by the South Wales and West of England Network (SWWE Network)
Speaker: Aalok Sonawala
The SWWE Regional Network were very pleased to welcome Aalok Sonawala, Head of PMO, National Programmes, Rider Levett Bucknall on 26 February, to BAWA for our first face to face event of 2025. Aalok is a member of APM’s Thames Valley Regional Network and also speaks to members of APM’s PMO Interest Network, which aims to facilitate collaboration and learning, offer unbiased advice and guidance.
Tonight, Aalok planned to discuss the importance of a PMO within project-based organisations, the different types of PMO and their key elements, PMO governance and centres of excellence.
PMO’s within an organisation can be centralised, hub and spoke with a central PMO with satellite PMOs globally, or embedded within projects. The appropriate structure will be determined by the specific business needs of the organisation. The PMO sits above PM delivery and the supply chain delivery teams.
For further information about the event please click here.
The financial system plays a crucial role in economic development by facilitating the transfer of resources from savers to investors. It consists of financial institutions, financial markets, financial instruments, and financial services. Recent developments include the establishment of regulatory bodies like SEBI and reforms in the capital market, money market, and commercial banking sector. Capital market reforms involve the growth of stock exchanges, mutual funds, and electronic trading. Money market reforms include deregulating interest rates and developing new market instruments. Reforms in commercial banks feature reduced reserve requirements, interest rate deregulation, and increased operational autonomy.
This document discusses approaches to measuring government productivity. It describes three types of productivity measures: operational measures focused on internal efficiency; direct output measures of final outputs divided by resources; and outcome measures addressing a program's effects on society. Specifying and measuring outputs is challenging for heterogeneous services and those where outputs are difficult to define. Quality and service level changes must also be accounted for. The document provides examples for education, noting issues defining the unit of output and disentangling contributions of different education providers.
This document provides an overview of a guide to measuring productivity published by SPRING Singapore. It discusses why measuring productivity is important, how to measure outputs and inputs to calculate productivity indicators, and what value added is as a key measure of organizational output. Value added represents the wealth created through production or services and is a better measure than sales alone. It can be calculated using either the subtraction method (sales minus costs of inputs) or addition method (summing distributions of value added like wages and profits).
This document discusses various methods for measuring productivity in the construction industry. It outlines key factors that influence productivity such as pre-construction activities, resource management, and labor characteristics. It then describes different formulas that can be used to calculate productivity, including comparing the ratio of outputs to inputs or measuring the level of profitability and business efficiency. The document also provides an example of a formula for measuring productivity changes related to material waste.
A brief overview of the techniques I found useful and often use to increase focus and energy, to be more productive. Then an overview of two of my favorite systems: custom weekly paper notebooks (used in the past) and Gmail + Things + Calendar (used for the past 2 years).
Database population in Odoo 18 - Odoo slidesCeline George
Ìý
In this slide, we’ll discuss the database population in Odoo 18. In Odoo, performance analysis of the source code is more important. Database population is one of the methods used to analyze the performance of our code.
QuickBooks Desktop to QuickBooks Online How to Make the MoveTechSoup
Ìý
If you use QuickBooks Desktop and are stressing about moving to QuickBooks Online, in this webinar, get your questions answered and learn tips and tricks to make the process easier for you.
Key Questions:
* When is the best time to make the shift to QuickBooks Online?
* Will my current version of QuickBooks Desktop stop working?
* I have a really old version of QuickBooks. What should I do?
* I run my payroll in QuickBooks Desktop now. How is that affected?
*Does it bring over all my historical data? Are there things that don't come over?
* What are the main differences between QuickBooks Desktop and QuickBooks Online?
* And more
Useful environment methods in Odoo 18 - Odoo ºÝºÝߣsCeline George
Ìý
In this slide we’ll discuss on the useful environment methods in Odoo 18. In Odoo 18, environment methods play a crucial role in simplifying model interactions and enhancing data processing within the ORM framework.
How to Setup WhatsApp in Odoo 17 - Odoo ºÝºÝߣsCeline George
Ìý
Integrate WhatsApp into Odoo using the WhatsApp Business API or third-party modules to enhance communication. This integration enables automated messaging and customer interaction management within Odoo 17.
How to Modify Existing Web Pages in Odoo 18Celine George
Ìý
In this slide, we’ll discuss on how to modify existing web pages in Odoo 18. Web pages in Odoo 18 can also gather user data through user-friendly forms, encourage interaction through engaging features.
Research & Research Methods: Basic Concepts and Types.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
Ìý
This ppt has been made for the students pursuing PG in social science and humanities like M.Ed., M.A. (Education), Ph.D. Scholars. It will be also beneficial for the teachers and other faculty members interested in research and teaching research concepts.
How to Configure Flexible Working Schedule in Odoo 18 EmployeeCeline George
Ìý
In this slide, we’ll discuss on how to configure flexible working schedule in Odoo 18 Employee module. In Odoo 18, the Employee module offers powerful tools to configure and manage flexible working schedules tailored to your organization's needs.
Finals of Kaun TALHA : a Travel, Architecture, Lifestyle, Heritage and Activism quiz, organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025.
Blind Spots in AI and Formulation Science Knowledge Pyramid (Updated Perspect...Ajaz Hussain
Ìý
This presentation delves into the systemic blind spots within pharmaceutical science and regulatory systems, emphasizing the significance of "inactive ingredients" and their influence on therapeutic equivalence. These blind spots, indicative of normalized systemic failures, go beyond mere chance occurrences and are ingrained deeply enough to compromise decision-making processes and erode trust.
Historical instances like the 1938 FD&C Act and the Generic Drug Scandals underscore how crisis-triggered reforms often fail to address the fundamental issues, perpetuating inefficiencies and hazards.
The narrative advocates a shift from reactive crisis management to proactive, adaptable systems prioritizing continuous enhancement. Key hurdles involve challenging outdated assumptions regarding bioavailability, inadequately funded research ventures, and the impact of vague language in regulatory frameworks.
The rise of large language models (LLMs) presents promising solutions, albeit with accompanying risks necessitating thorough validation and seamless integration.
Tackling these blind spots demands a holistic approach, embracing adaptive learning and a steadfast commitment to self-improvement. By nurturing curiosity, refining regulatory terminology, and judiciously harnessing new technologies, the pharmaceutical sector can progress towards better public health service delivery and ensure the safety, efficacy, and real-world impact of drug products.
APM event hosted by the South Wales and West of England Network (SWWE Network)
Speaker: Aalok Sonawala
The SWWE Regional Network were very pleased to welcome Aalok Sonawala, Head of PMO, National Programmes, Rider Levett Bucknall on 26 February, to BAWA for our first face to face event of 2025. Aalok is a member of APM’s Thames Valley Regional Network and also speaks to members of APM’s PMO Interest Network, which aims to facilitate collaboration and learning, offer unbiased advice and guidance.
Tonight, Aalok planned to discuss the importance of a PMO within project-based organisations, the different types of PMO and their key elements, PMO governance and centres of excellence.
PMO’s within an organisation can be centralised, hub and spoke with a central PMO with satellite PMOs globally, or embedded within projects. The appropriate structure will be determined by the specific business needs of the organisation. The PMO sits above PM delivery and the supply chain delivery teams.
For further information about the event please click here.
Computer Network Unit IV - Lecture Notes - Network LayerMurugan146644
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Title:
Lecture Notes - Unit IV - The Network Layer
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Computer Network concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in Computer Network. PDF content is prepared from the text book Computer Network by Andrew S. Tenanbaum
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : The Network Layer
Sub-Topic : Network Layer Design Issues (Store and forward packet switching , service provided to the transport layer, implementation of connection less service, implementation of connection oriented service, Comparision of virtual circuit and datagram subnet), Routing algorithms (Shortest path routing, Flooding , Distance Vector routing algorithm, Link state routing algorithm , hierarchical routing algorithm, broadcast routing, multicast routing algorithm)
Other Link :
1.Introduction to computer network - /slideshow/lecture-notes-introduction-to-computer-network/274183454
2. Physical Layer - /slideshow/lecture-notes-unit-ii-the-physical-layer/274747125
3. Data Link Layer Part 1 : /slideshow/lecture-notes-unit-iii-the-datalink-layer/275288798
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in Computer Network principles for academic.
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in Computer Network
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of Computer Network