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Week7 pantryproduction-100314045642-phpapp01

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1. The document discusses types of salads and salad ingredients. It classifies salads into categories like green salads, vegetable salads, and fruit salads. It also discusses different types of salads based on their function, such as appetizer salads, accompaniment salads, and main course salads. 2. A wide variety of ingredients are listed for salads, including various lettuces, vegetables, fruits, starches, and proteins. Freshness and variety are important for high quality salads. 3. Salads can be produced for different purposes in a meal, and the appropriate types and ingredients depend on the role of the salad.

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1 PPPPaaaannnnttttrrrryyyy PPPPrrrroooodddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn ! #$!%'() * +,!-. /!. 2248 email: tpavit@wu.ac.th WWWWeeeeeeeekkkk 7777 SSSSaaaallllaaaadddd aaaannnndddd SSSSaaaallllaaaadddd DDDDrrrreeeessssssssiiiinnnngggg
2 OOOOuuuuttttlllliiiinnnneeee • Salad –Types of Salads –Ingredients –Arrangement Presentation –Recipe • Salad Dressing
3 SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS
4 SSSSaaaallllaaaaddddssss • Because the number and variety of salad combinations is nearly endless, it is helpful to divide salads into categories in order to understand how they are produces. • For the pantry chef, the most useful way to classify salads is by ingredient : – green salads, vegetable salads, fruit salads, and so on. • This is because production techniques are slightly different for each kind. We use this classification when we discuss specific recipes later in this chapter.
5 • Before the pantry chef can produce the salads, first he or she has to decide exactly what salads should be made. • Therefore, you should know what kinds of salads are best for which purposes. • For this reason, salads are also classified according to their function in the meal. • Keep in mind that there are no exact dividing lines between the types of salads discussed below.
6 • For example, a salad that is suitable as the first course of a dinner may also be an excellent main course on a luncheon menu. 1) Green Salads 2) Vegetable Salads 3) Fruit Salads
7 TTTTYYYYPPPPEEEESSSS OOOOFFFF SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS
8 TTTTYYYYPPPPEEEESSSS OOOOFFFF SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Today, the variety of salads on offer seems to be greater than ever in memory. • Restaurants that once listed no more than two or three salads on their menu now devote an entire page to the category. • New kinds of salads fill bin after bin in the prepared – food sections of supermarkets and delicatessens.
9 • At the same time, more traditional salads have not lost their importance. In schools, hospitals, nursing homes, neighborhood dinners, and mom – and – pop restaurant, cooks who may never have heard of mesclun still have to know how to clean a head of iceberg lettuce and how to prepare flavored gelatins.
10 • The following classification of salads types describes the roles salads fill in modem menus. • These categories apply to both traditional and modern recipes.
11 1111.... AAAAPPPPPPPPEEEETTTTIZZZZEEEERRRR SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Many establishments serve salads as a first course, often as a more elaporate first course. Not only does this ease the pressure on the kitchen during service but it also gives the customers a satisfying food to eat while their dinners are being prepared.
12 1111.... AAAAPPPPPPPPEEEETTTTIZZZZEEEERRRR SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • In addition, more elaborate composed salads are popular as appetizer (and also as main courses at lunch) in many elegant restaurants. These often consist of a poultry, meat, or fish item, plus a variety of vegetables and garnishes, attractively arranged on 1 bed of greens.
13 1111.... AAAAPPPPPPPPEEEETTTTIZZZZEEEERRRR SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Appetizer salads should stimulate the appetite. This means they must have fresh crisp ingredients; a tangy, flavorful dressing; and an attractive, appetizing appearance • Pre-portioned salads should not be so large as to be filling, but they should be substantial enough to serve as a complete course in themselves. (Self-service salads bars, of course, avoid this problem.) Tossed green salads are especially popular for this reason as they are bulky without being filling.
14 1111.... AAAAPPPPPPPPEEEETTTTIZZZZEEEERRRR SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • The combination of ingredients should be interesting, not dull or trite. Flavorful foods like cheese, ham, salami, shrimp, and crabmeat, even in small quantities, add appeal. So do crisp raw or lightly cooked vegetables. A bowl of poorly drained iceberg lettuce with a bland dressing is hardly the most exciting way to start a meal. • Attractive arrangement and garnish are important because visual appeal stimulates the appetite. A satisfying, interesting starter puts the customer in a good frame of mind for the rest of the meal.
15 2. ACCOMPANIMENT 222... AAACCCCCCOOOMMMPPPAAANNNIMMMEEENNNTTT SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Salads can also be served with the main course. They serve the same function as other side dishes (vegetables and starches). • Accompaniment salads must balance and harmonize with the rest of the meal, like any other side dish. For example, don’t serve potato salad at the same meal at which you are serving French fries or another starch. Sweet fruit salads are rarely appropriate is accompaniments, except with such items as ham or pork.
16 2. ACCOMPANIMENT 222... AAACCCCCCOOOMMMPPPAAANNNIMMMEEENNNTTT SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Side-dish salads should be light and flavorful, not too rich. Vegetable salads are often good choices. Heavier salads, such as macaroni or high-protein salads containing meat, seafood, cheese, and so on, are less appropriate, unless the main course is light. Combination salads with a variety of elements are appropriate accompaniments to sandwiches.
17 3. 333... MMMMAAAAINNNN CCCCOOOOUUUURRRRSSSSEEEE SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Cold salad plates have popular on luncheon menus, especially among nutrition and diet-conscious diners. The appeal of these salads is in variety and freshness of ingredients. • Main-course salads should be large enough to serve as a full meal and should contain a substantial portion of protein. Meat, poultry, and seafood salads, as well as egg salad and cheese, are popular choices.
18 3. 333... MMMMAAAAINNNN CCCCOOOOUUUURRRRSSSSEEEE SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Main-course salads should offer enough variety on the plate to form a balanced meat, both nutritionally and in flavors and textures. In addition to the protein, a salad platter should offer a variety of vegetable, greens, and/or fruits. Examples are chef’s salad (mixed greens, raw vegetables, and strips of meat and chesses), shrimp or crabmeat salad with tomato wedges and slices of avocado on a bed of greens, and cottage cheese with an assortment of fresh fruits.
19 3. 333... MMMMAAAAINNNN CCCCOOOOUUUURRRRSSSSEEEE SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • The portion size and variety of ingredients give the chef an excellent opportunity to use imagination and creativity to produce attractive, appetizing salad plates. Attractive • Arrangements and good color balance are important.
20 4. SEPARATE 444... SSSEEEPPPAAARRRAAATTTEEE CCCCOOOOUUUURRRRSSSSEEEE SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Many fine restaurants serve a refreshing, light salad after the main course. The purpose is to cleanse the palate after a rich dinner and to refresh the appetite and provide a pleasant break before desert. • Salads served after the main course were the rule rather than the exception many years ago, and the practice deserve to be more widespread. A dinner who may be satiated after a heavy meal is often refreshed and ready for dessert after a light, piquant salad.
21 4. SEPARATE 444... SSSEEEPPPAAARRRAAATTTEEE CCCCOOOOUUUURRRRSSSSEEEE SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Separate-course salads must be very light and in no way filling. Rich, heavy dressing, such as those made with sour cream and mayonnaise, should be avoided. Perhaps the ideal choice is a few delicate greens, such as Bibb lettuce or Belgian endive, lightly dressed with vinaigrette. Fruit salads are also popular choices.
22 5555.... DDDDEEEESSSSSSSSEEEERRRRTTTT SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Desert salads are usually sweet and may contain items such as fruits, sweetened gelatin, nut and cream. They are often too sweet to be serve as appetizers or accompaniments and are best serve as dessert or as part of a buffet or party menu.
23 SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD INNNNGGGGRRRREEEEDDDDIEEEENNNNTTTTSSSS
24 • Freshness and variety of ingredients are essential for high-quality salads. Lettuce, of course, is the first choice for most people. • The following table list, by categories, most of the ingredients used in popular salads
25 SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD GGGGRRRREEEEEEEENNNNSSSS • Iceberg lettuce • Romaine lettuce • Boston lettuce • Bibb or limestone lettuce • Loose-leaf lettuce • Escarole • Chicory or curly endive • Belgian endive • Chinese cabbage or celery cabbage • Spinach • Dandelion greens • Watercress • Arugula • Radicchio • Mesclun • Tatsoi • Mache • Microgreens • Sprouts • Edible flowers
26 VVVVEEEEGGGGEEEETTTTAAAABBBBLLLLEEEESSSS,,,, RRRRAAAAWWWW • Avocado • Cucumbers • Bean sprouts • Jerusalem artichokes • Broccoli • Kohlrabi • Cabbage, white, green, and red • Mushrooms • Carrots • Onions and scallions • Cauliflower • peppers, red, green, and yellow • Celery • radishes • Celeriac (celery root) • Tomatoes
27 VEGETABLES, COOKED, VVVEEEGGGEEETTTAAABBBLLLEEESSS,,, CCCOOOOOOKKKEEEDDD,,, PPPPICCCCKKKKLLLLEEEEDDDD,,,, AAAANNNNDDDD CCCCAAAANNNNNNNNEEEEDDDD • Artichoke hearts • Hearts of palm • Asparagus • Leeks • Beans (all kinds) • Olives • Beets • Peas • Carrots • Peppers, roasted and pickled • Corn • potatoes • Cucumber pickles (dill, sweet, etc.) • Water chestnuts
28 SSSSTTTTAAAARRRRCCCCHHHHEEEESSSS • Dried beans (cooked or canned) • Grains • Potatoes • Bread (croutons) • Macaroni products
29 FFFFRRRRUUUUITTTTSSSS • Apples • Apricots • Bananas • Berries • Cherries • Coconut • Dates • Figs • Grapefruit • Grapes • Kiwi fruit • Kumquats • Mandarin orange • Mangoes • Melons • Nectarines • Oranges • Papayas • Peaches • Pears • Persimmons • Pineapple • plums • Pomegranates • Prickly pear • Prunes • Raisin
30 PPPPRRRROOOOTTTTEEEEINNNN FFFFOOOOOOOODDDDSSSS • Meats (beef, ham) • Bacon • Poultry (chicken, turkey) • Eggs, hard-cooked • Fish and shellfish (tuna, crab, • shrimp, lobster, salmon, sardines, • anchovies, herring, any fresh cooked fish) • Cheese, cottage • Cheese, aged or cured types • Salami, prosciutto, luncheon meats, etc.
31 AAAARRRRRRRRAAAANNNNGGGGEEEEMMMMEEEENNNNTTTT AAAANNNNDDDD PPPPRRRREEEESSSSEEEENNNNTTTTAAAATTTTIOOOONNNN
32 SSSSttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff aaaa SSSSaaaallllaaaadddd 1. Base or Underliner 2. Body 3. Garnish 4. Dressing
33 AAAArrrrrrrraaaannnnggggiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee SSSSaaaallllaaaadddd • Perhaps even more than with most other foods, the appearance and arrangement of the salad are essential to its quality. • The colorful variety of salad ingredients gives the chef an opportunity to create works of art on the salad plate.
RRRREEEECCCCIPPPPEEEESSSS AAAANNNNDDDD TTTTEEEECCCCHHHHNNNNIQQQQUUUUEEEESSSS 34
35 RECIPES RRREEECCCIPPPEEESSS AAAANNNNDDDD TTTTEEEECCCCHHHHNNNNIQQQQUUUUEEEESSSS 1. Green Salad 2. Vegetable, grain and Pasta 3. Bound Salad 4. Fruit Salad 5. Composed Salad 6. Gelatin Salad
36 SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGG
37 SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGG • Salad dressings are liquids or semi liquids used to flavor salads. They are sometimes considered cold sauces, and they serve the same functions as sauces-that is, they flavor, moisten, and enrich. • Most of the basic salad dressing used today can be divided into three categories:
38 SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGG 1. Oil and vinegar dressings (most unthickened dressings). 2. Mayonnaise-based dressings (most thickened dressings). 3. Cooked dressing (similar in appearance to mayonnaise dressings, but more tart, and with little or no oil content). • A number of dressings have as their main ingredient such products as sour cream, yogurt, and fruit juices. Many of these are designed specifically for fruit salad or for low-calorie diets.
39 Innnnggggrrrreeeeddddiiiieeeennnnttttssss • Because the flavors of most salad dressings are not modified by cooking, their quality depends directly on the quality of the ingredients. • Most salad dressings are made primarily of an oil and an acid, with other ingredients added to modify the flavor or texture.
40 1111.... OOOOILLLLSSSS 1111.... CCCCoooorrrrnnnn ooooiiiillll is widely used in dressing. It has a light golden color and is nearly tasteless, except for a very mild cornmeal-type flavor. 2222.... CCCCoooottttttttoooonnnnsssseeeeeeeedddd ooooiiiillll,,,, ssssooooyyyybbbbeeeeaaaannnn ooooiiiillll,,,, ccccaaaannnnoooollllaaaa ooooiiiillll,,,, aaaannnndddd ssssaaaafffffffflllloooowwwweeeerrrr ooooiiiillll are bland, nearly tasteless oils. Vegetable oil or salad oil is a blend of oil and is popular because of its neutral flavor and relatively low cost.
41 OOOOILLLLSSSS 3333.... PPPPeeeeaaaannnnuuuutttt ooooiiiillll has a mild but distinctive flavor and may be used in appropriate dressings. It is somewhat more expensive. 4444.... OOOOlllliiiivvvveeee ooooiiiillll has distinctive, fruity flavor and aroma and a greenish color. The best olive oils are called virgin or extra-virgin, which means they are made from the first pressing of the olives. Because of its flavor, olive oil is not an all-purpose oil but may be used in specialty salads such as Caesar salad.
42 QQQQuuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy FFFFaaaaccccttttoooorrrrssss • All-purpose oils for dressings should have a mild, sweet flavor. Strongly flavored oils can make excellent salad dressings but are not appropriate with every food. • Winterized oil should be used with dressings that are to be refrigerated. These oils have been treated so they remain a clear liquid when chilled. • Rancidity is a serious problem with oils because even a hint of a rancid flavor can ruin an entire batch of dressing. A thin film of oil, such as might be left on containers through careless washing, becomes rancid very quickly. Clean all dressing containers thoroughly, and never pour a fresh batch into a jar containing older dressing.
43 2222.... VVVViiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr • CCCCiiiiddddeeeerrrr vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr is made from apples. It is brown in color and has a slightly sweet apple taste. • WWWWhhhhiiiitttteeee oooorrrr ddddiiiissssttttiiiilllllllleeeedddd vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr is distilled and purified so that it has a neutral flavor. • WWWWiiiinnnneeee vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr may be white or red, and it has, naturally, a winy flavor. • FFFFllllaaaavvvvoooorrrreeeedddd vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrrssss have had another product added to them, such as tarragon, garlic, or raspberries.
44 VVVViiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr • SSSShhhheeeerrrrrrrryyyy vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr is made from sherry wine and, consequently, has the distinctive flavor of that wine. • BBBBaaaallllssssaaaammmmiiiicccc vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr is a special wine vinegar that has been aged in wooden barrels. It is dark brown in color and has a noticeably sweet taste. • OOOOtttthhhheeeerrrr ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallllttttyyyy vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrrssss include malt vinegar, rice vinegar, and vinegar, and vinegars flavored with fruits, such as raspberry.
45 TRADITIONAL TTTRRRAAADDDITTTIOOONNNAAALLL BBBBAAAALLLLSSSSAAAAMMMMICCCC VVVVINNNNEEEEGGGGAAAARRRR • True balsamic vinegar is made by small artisan producers, as distinguished from the industrial product found in most kitchens and supermarkets. It is made not from wine or wine vinegar but from grape juice, usually from white Trebbiano grapes, although four other grapes are permitted by Italian law. Balsamico tradizionale is aged in a series of small wooden barrels for at least 10 but as long as 50 years. The result is an intensely flavorful, thick, almost syrupy, dark brown liquid. • Because of the small production and the long aging, true balsamic vinegar is very expensive, the oldest bottlings being among the most expensive foods anywhere. • The familiar inexpensive balsamico vinegars most of us are familiar with are made in large quantities from wine vinegar and caramelized sugar, sometimes with the addition of a quantity of aged balsamico. The quality of inexpensive balsamic vinegars ranges from terribl to good. The better ones can be excellent salad ingredients. True balsamico tradizionale is too costly to be mixed with salad dressings. It is generally used by itself as a condiment, measured out in mere drops.
46 QQQQuuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy FFFFaaaaccccttttoooorrrrssss • Vinegars should have a good, clean, sharp flavor for their type. • Strength of acidity determines the tartness of the vinegar—and of the dressing made from it. • Most salads vinegars are about 5 percent acidity, but some range as high as 7 or 8 percent. • White vinegar is used when a completely neutral flavor is desired for a dressing. Other vinegars are used for their characteristic flavor. Wine vinegars are usually preferred for the best-quality oil-and-vinegar dressings
47 3333.... LLLLEEEEMMMMOOOONNNN JJJJUUUUICCCCEEEE //// EEEEGGGGGGGG YYYYOOOOLLLLKKKK • LLLLEEEEMMMMOOOONNNN JJJJUUUUICCCCEEEE Fresh lemon juice may be used in place of or in addition to vinegar in some preparations, when its flavor is desired. • EEEEGGGGGGGG YYYYOOOOLLLLKKKK Egg yolk is an essential ingredient in mayonnaise and other emulsified dressings. For safety, pasteurized eggs should be used (see pp.788 and 1030), and the finished product should be refrigerated to guard against spoilage.
48 4. SEASONINGS 444... SSSEEEAAASSSOOONNNINNNGGGSSS AAAANNNNDDDD FFFFLLLLAAAAVVVVOOOORRRRINNNNGGGGSSSS • Nearly any herb or spice can e used in salad dressings. Fresh herbs are preferable to dried herbs as flavorings, especially when the dressings are used for simple, light mixed green salads. Remember that dried herbs and spics need extra time to release their flavors if they are not heated in the product. This is why most dressings are best at least two or three hours before serving. Review Chapter 4 to refresh your memory on the use of herbs and spices.
49 SEASONINGS SSSEEEAAASSSOOONNNINNNGGGSSS AAAANNNNDDDD FFFFLLLLAAAAVVVVOOOORRRRINNNNGGGGSSSS • Other ingredients added for flavoring include mustard, ketchup, Worcestershire sauce, and various kinds of cheeses. • A note on blue cheese and Roquefort cheese: Many restaurants sell what they call Roquefort dressing when it is actually blue cheese dressing. Roquefort is a brand name for a special kind of blue cheese made in Roquefort, France. It is made of sheep’s milk, has a distinctive taste, and is expensive. Do not use the term Roquefort for blue cheese dressing unless you are actually using this brand of cheese.
50 EEEEMMMMUUUULLLLSSSSIOOOONNNNSSSS INNNN SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGGSSSS
51 EMULSIONS EEEMMMUUULLLSSSIOOONNNSSS INNNN SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGGSSSS • As you know, oil and water do not normally stay mixes but separate into layers. Salad dressings, however, must be evenly mixed for proper service, even thought they are made primarily of oil and vinegar. • A uniform mixture of two unmixable liquids is called an emulsion. One liquid is said to be in suspension in the other. • TTTTEEEEMMMMPPPPOOOORRRRAAAARRRRYYYY EEEEMMMMOOOOTTTTIOOOONNNNSSSS • PPPPEEEERRRRMMMMAAAANNNNEEEENNNNTTTT EEEEMMMMUUUUSSSSIOOOONNNNSSSS
52 TEMPORARY EMOTIONS • A simple oil and vinegar dressing is called a temporary emulsion because the two liquids always separate after being shaken. • The harder the mixture is beaten or shaken, the longer it takes for it to separate. This because the oil and water are broken into smaller droplets, so the droplets take longer to recombine with each other so the oil and water can separate.When a mixture of oil and vinegar is mixed in a blender, the resulting mixture stays in emulsion considerably longer.
53 TEMPORARY EMOTIONS • Some ingredients act as weak emulsifiers. For example, when mustard is added to the mixture, the vinaigrette stays emulsified longer. Other ingredients that work this way include vegetable purees and stocks with a good gelatin content. Even these mixture, however, will separate when they stand long enough. They should be mixed again before use.
54 PPPPEEEERRRRMMMMAAAANNNNEEEENNNNTTTT EEEEMMMMUUUUSSSSIOOOONNNNSSSS • Mayonnaise is also a mixture of oil and vinegar, but the two liquids do not separate. This is because the formula also contains egg yolk, which is a strong emulsifier. The egg yolk forms a layer around each of the tiny droplets and holds them in suspention. • The harder the mayonnaise is beaten to break up the droplets, the more stable the emulsion becomes. All emulsion, whether permanent or temporally, form more easily at room temperature, because chilled oil is harder to break up into small droplets.
55 PPPPEEEERRRRMMMMAAAANNNNEEEENNNNTTTT EEEEMMMMUUUUSSSSIOOOONNNNSSSS • Other stabilizers are used in some preparations. • Cooked dressing uses starch in addition to eggs. Commercially made dressings may use such emulsifiers as gums, starches, and gelatin.
56 OOOOILLLLSSSS AAAANNNNDDDD VVVVINNNNEEEEGGGGAAAARRRR DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGGSSSS
57 OIL AND VENEGAR DRESSING • Basic vinaigrette, the first recipe in this section, is a simple mixture of oil, vinegar, and seasoning. It can be used as is, but it is usually the base fore other dressings, such as the variations that follow.
58 OIL AND VENEGAR DRESSING • The ratio of oil to vinegar in a basic vinaigrette is 3 parts oil to 1 part vinegar. • This is not a divine law, however, and the proportions may be changed to taste. • Some chefs prefer a 2:1 ratio, while others prefer a 4:1 or even 5:1 ratio. • Less oil makes the dressing more tart, while more oil makes it taste milder and oilier
59 OIL AND VENEGAR DRESSING • A very strong vinegar, more than 5 percent acid, may have to be diluted with water before being measured and added to the recipe. • For guidelines in the preparation of vinaigrettes, review the discussion of temporary emulsion above.
60 BASIC VINAIGRETTE UUUU....SSSS.... MMMMeeeettttrrrriiiicccc Innnnggggrrrreeeeddddiiiieeeennnnttttssss 1 cup 250 ml. Wine vinegar 1 tbsp 15 ml Salt 1 tsp 5 ml White pepper 3 cups 750 ml Salad oil, olive oil, or Part salad oil and part olive oil
61 EEEEMMMMUUUULLLLSSSSIFFFFIEEEEDDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGGSSSS
62 EEEEMMMMUUUULLLLSSSSIFFFFIEEEEDDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGGSSSS • Mayonnaise is the most important emulsified dressing. It is sometimes used by itself as a salad dressing, but more often it serves as the base for a wide variety of other dressings. Mayonnaise-based dressings are generally thick and creamy. In face, many of them are made with the addition of sour cream.
63 EEEEMMMMUUUULLLLSSSSIFFFFIEEEEDDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGGSSSS • Emulsified French dressing is similar to basic French dressing, except that egg yolk has been added to keep the oil and vinegar from separating. Its preparation is similar to that of mayonnaise. Emulsified French dressing is given a red-orange color and a subtle flavoring through the addition of Spanish paprika.
64 PREPARATION PPPRRREEEPPPAAARRRAAATTTIOOONNN OOOOFFFF MMMMAAAAYYYYOOOONNNNNNNNAAAAISSSSEEEE • Good-quality prepared mayonnaise is readily available on the market, and few establishments make their own. But it is such a basic preparation and, like the mother sauces you studied in chapter 8, the foundation of many others. Therefore, it is important to know how to make it.
65 PREPARATION PPPRRREEEPPPAAARRRAAATTTIOOONNN OOOOFFFF MMMMAAAAYYYYOOOONNNNNNNNAAAAISSSSEEEE • Homemade mayonnaise is not as stable as the commercial product, which is prepared with special equipment that creates a finer emulsion and which may have adds stabilizers to increase its shelf life. Also, the commercial product is usually less expensive. Nevertheless, making mayonnaise in your operation takes only minutes with a power mixer, and by carefully selecting your ingredients you can make a superior-tasting product. • To make mayonnaise, you must observe several conditions in order to get an emulsion. Study these guidelines before proceeding with the recipe:

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Week7 pantryproduction-100314045642-phpapp01

  • 1. 1 PPPPaaaannnnttttrrrryyyy PPPPrrrroooodddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn ! #$!%'() * +,!-. /!. 2248 email: tpavit@wu.ac.th WWWWeeeeeeeekkkk 7777 SSSSaaaallllaaaadddd aaaannnndddd SSSSaaaallllaaaadddd DDDDrrrreeeessssssssiiiinnnngggg
  • 2. 2 OOOOuuuuttttlllliiiinnnneeee • Salad –Types of Salads –Ingredients –Arrangement Presentation –Recipe • Salad Dressing
  • 4. 4 SSSSaaaallllaaaaddddssss • Because the number and variety of salad combinations is nearly endless, it is helpful to divide salads into categories in order to understand how they are produces. • For the pantry chef, the most useful way to classify salads is by ingredient : – green salads, vegetable salads, fruit salads, and so on. • This is because production techniques are slightly different for each kind. We use this classification when we discuss specific recipes later in this chapter.
  • 5. 5 • Before the pantry chef can produce the salads, first he or she has to decide exactly what salads should be made. • Therefore, you should know what kinds of salads are best for which purposes. • For this reason, salads are also classified according to their function in the meal. • Keep in mind that there are no exact dividing lines between the types of salads discussed below.
  • 6. 6 • For example, a salad that is suitable as the first course of a dinner may also be an excellent main course on a luncheon menu. 1) Green Salads 2) Vegetable Salads 3) Fruit Salads
  • 7. 7 TTTTYYYYPPPPEEEESSSS OOOOFFFF SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS
  • 8. 8 TTTTYYYYPPPPEEEESSSS OOOOFFFF SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Today, the variety of salads on offer seems to be greater than ever in memory. • Restaurants that once listed no more than two or three salads on their menu now devote an entire page to the category. • New kinds of salads fill bin after bin in the prepared – food sections of supermarkets and delicatessens.
  • 9. 9 • At the same time, more traditional salads have not lost their importance. In schools, hospitals, nursing homes, neighborhood dinners, and mom – and – pop restaurant, cooks who may never have heard of mesclun still have to know how to clean a head of iceberg lettuce and how to prepare flavored gelatins.
  • 10. 10 • The following classification of salads types describes the roles salads fill in modem menus. • These categories apply to both traditional and modern recipes.
  • 11. 11 1111.... AAAAPPPPPPPPEEEETTTTIZZZZEEEERRRR SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Many establishments serve salads as a first course, often as a more elaporate first course. Not only does this ease the pressure on the kitchen during service but it also gives the customers a satisfying food to eat while their dinners are being prepared.
  • 12. 12 1111.... AAAAPPPPPPPPEEEETTTTIZZZZEEEERRRR SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • In addition, more elaborate composed salads are popular as appetizer (and also as main courses at lunch) in many elegant restaurants. These often consist of a poultry, meat, or fish item, plus a variety of vegetables and garnishes, attractively arranged on 1 bed of greens.
  • 13. 13 1111.... AAAAPPPPPPPPEEEETTTTIZZZZEEEERRRR SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Appetizer salads should stimulate the appetite. This means they must have fresh crisp ingredients; a tangy, flavorful dressing; and an attractive, appetizing appearance • Pre-portioned salads should not be so large as to be filling, but they should be substantial enough to serve as a complete course in themselves. (Self-service salads bars, of course, avoid this problem.) Tossed green salads are especially popular for this reason as they are bulky without being filling.
  • 14. 14 1111.... AAAAPPPPPPPPEEEETTTTIZZZZEEEERRRR SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • The combination of ingredients should be interesting, not dull or trite. Flavorful foods like cheese, ham, salami, shrimp, and crabmeat, even in small quantities, add appeal. So do crisp raw or lightly cooked vegetables. A bowl of poorly drained iceberg lettuce with a bland dressing is hardly the most exciting way to start a meal. • Attractive arrangement and garnish are important because visual appeal stimulates the appetite. A satisfying, interesting starter puts the customer in a good frame of mind for the rest of the meal.
  • 15. 15 2. ACCOMPANIMENT 222... AAACCCCCCOOOMMMPPPAAANNNIMMMEEENNNTTT SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Salads can also be served with the main course. They serve the same function as other side dishes (vegetables and starches). • Accompaniment salads must balance and harmonize with the rest of the meal, like any other side dish. For example, don’t serve potato salad at the same meal at which you are serving French fries or another starch. Sweet fruit salads are rarely appropriate is accompaniments, except with such items as ham or pork.
  • 16. 16 2. ACCOMPANIMENT 222... AAACCCCCCOOOMMMPPPAAANNNIMMMEEENNNTTT SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Side-dish salads should be light and flavorful, not too rich. Vegetable salads are often good choices. Heavier salads, such as macaroni or high-protein salads containing meat, seafood, cheese, and so on, are less appropriate, unless the main course is light. Combination salads with a variety of elements are appropriate accompaniments to sandwiches.
  • 17. 17 3. 333... MMMMAAAAINNNN CCCCOOOOUUUURRRRSSSSEEEE SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Cold salad plates have popular on luncheon menus, especially among nutrition and diet-conscious diners. The appeal of these salads is in variety and freshness of ingredients. • Main-course salads should be large enough to serve as a full meal and should contain a substantial portion of protein. Meat, poultry, and seafood salads, as well as egg salad and cheese, are popular choices.
  • 18. 18 3. 333... MMMMAAAAINNNN CCCCOOOOUUUURRRRSSSSEEEE SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Main-course salads should offer enough variety on the plate to form a balanced meat, both nutritionally and in flavors and textures. In addition to the protein, a salad platter should offer a variety of vegetable, greens, and/or fruits. Examples are chef’s salad (mixed greens, raw vegetables, and strips of meat and chesses), shrimp or crabmeat salad with tomato wedges and slices of avocado on a bed of greens, and cottage cheese with an assortment of fresh fruits.
  • 19. 19 3. 333... MMMMAAAAINNNN CCCCOOOOUUUURRRRSSSSEEEE SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • The portion size and variety of ingredients give the chef an excellent opportunity to use imagination and creativity to produce attractive, appetizing salad plates. Attractive • Arrangements and good color balance are important.
  • 20. 20 4. SEPARATE 444... SSSEEEPPPAAARRRAAATTTEEE CCCCOOOOUUUURRRRSSSSEEEE SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Many fine restaurants serve a refreshing, light salad after the main course. The purpose is to cleanse the palate after a rich dinner and to refresh the appetite and provide a pleasant break before desert. • Salads served after the main course were the rule rather than the exception many years ago, and the practice deserve to be more widespread. A dinner who may be satiated after a heavy meal is often refreshed and ready for dessert after a light, piquant salad.
  • 21. 21 4. SEPARATE 444... SSSEEEPPPAAARRRAAATTTEEE CCCCOOOOUUUURRRRSSSSEEEE SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Separate-course salads must be very light and in no way filling. Rich, heavy dressing, such as those made with sour cream and mayonnaise, should be avoided. Perhaps the ideal choice is a few delicate greens, such as Bibb lettuce or Belgian endive, lightly dressed with vinaigrette. Fruit salads are also popular choices.
  • 22. 22 5555.... DDDDEEEESSSSSSSSEEEERRRRTTTT SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDDSSSS • Desert salads are usually sweet and may contain items such as fruits, sweetened gelatin, nut and cream. They are often too sweet to be serve as appetizers or accompaniments and are best serve as dessert or as part of a buffet or party menu.
  • 24. 24 • Freshness and variety of ingredients are essential for high-quality salads. Lettuce, of course, is the first choice for most people. • The following table list, by categories, most of the ingredients used in popular salads
  • 25. 25 SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD GGGGRRRREEEEEEEENNNNSSSS • Iceberg lettuce • Romaine lettuce • Boston lettuce • Bibb or limestone lettuce • Loose-leaf lettuce • Escarole • Chicory or curly endive • Belgian endive • Chinese cabbage or celery cabbage • Spinach • Dandelion greens • Watercress • Arugula • Radicchio • Mesclun • Tatsoi • Mache • Microgreens • Sprouts • Edible flowers
  • 26. 26 VVVVEEEEGGGGEEEETTTTAAAABBBBLLLLEEEESSSS,,,, RRRRAAAAWWWW • Avocado • Cucumbers • Bean sprouts • Jerusalem artichokes • Broccoli • Kohlrabi • Cabbage, white, green, and red • Mushrooms • Carrots • Onions and scallions • Cauliflower • peppers, red, green, and yellow • Celery • radishes • Celeriac (celery root) • Tomatoes
  • 27. 27 VEGETABLES, COOKED, VVVEEEGGGEEETTTAAABBBLLLEEESSS,,, CCCOOOOOOKKKEEEDDD,,, PPPPICCCCKKKKLLLLEEEEDDDD,,,, AAAANNNNDDDD CCCCAAAANNNNNNNNEEEEDDDD • Artichoke hearts • Hearts of palm • Asparagus • Leeks • Beans (all kinds) • Olives • Beets • Peas • Carrots • Peppers, roasted and pickled • Corn • potatoes • Cucumber pickles (dill, sweet, etc.) • Water chestnuts
  • 28. 28 SSSSTTTTAAAARRRRCCCCHHHHEEEESSSS • Dried beans (cooked or canned) • Grains • Potatoes • Bread (croutons) • Macaroni products
  • 29. 29 FFFFRRRRUUUUITTTTSSSS • Apples • Apricots • Bananas • Berries • Cherries • Coconut • Dates • Figs • Grapefruit • Grapes • Kiwi fruit • Kumquats • Mandarin orange • Mangoes • Melons • Nectarines • Oranges • Papayas • Peaches • Pears • Persimmons • Pineapple • plums • Pomegranates • Prickly pear • Prunes • Raisin
  • 30. 30 PPPPRRRROOOOTTTTEEEEINNNN FFFFOOOOOOOODDDDSSSS • Meats (beef, ham) • Bacon • Poultry (chicken, turkey) • Eggs, hard-cooked • Fish and shellfish (tuna, crab, • shrimp, lobster, salmon, sardines, • anchovies, herring, any fresh cooked fish) • Cheese, cottage • Cheese, aged or cured types • Salami, prosciutto, luncheon meats, etc.
  • 31. 31 AAAARRRRRRRRAAAANNNNGGGGEEEEMMMMEEEENNNNTTTT AAAANNNNDDDD PPPPRRRREEEESSSSEEEENNNNTTTTAAAATTTTIOOOONNNN
  • 32. 32 SSSSttttrrrruuuuccccttttuuuurrrreeee ooooffff aaaa SSSSaaaallllaaaadddd 1. Base or Underliner 2. Body 3. Garnish 4. Dressing
  • 33. 33 AAAArrrrrrrraaaannnnggggiiiinnnngggg tttthhhheeee SSSSaaaallllaaaadddd • Perhaps even more than with most other foods, the appearance and arrangement of the salad are essential to its quality. • The colorful variety of salad ingredients gives the chef an opportunity to create works of art on the salad plate.
  • 35. 35 RECIPES RRREEECCCIPPPEEESSS AAAANNNNDDDD TTTTEEEECCCCHHHHNNNNIQQQQUUUUEEEESSSS 1. Green Salad 2. Vegetable, grain and Pasta 3. Bound Salad 4. Fruit Salad 5. Composed Salad 6. Gelatin Salad
  • 37. 37 SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGG • Salad dressings are liquids or semi liquids used to flavor salads. They are sometimes considered cold sauces, and they serve the same functions as sauces-that is, they flavor, moisten, and enrich. • Most of the basic salad dressing used today can be divided into three categories:
  • 38. 38 SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGG 1. Oil and vinegar dressings (most unthickened dressings). 2. Mayonnaise-based dressings (most thickened dressings). 3. Cooked dressing (similar in appearance to mayonnaise dressings, but more tart, and with little or no oil content). • A number of dressings have as their main ingredient such products as sour cream, yogurt, and fruit juices. Many of these are designed specifically for fruit salad or for low-calorie diets.
  • 39. 39 Innnnggggrrrreeeeddddiiiieeeennnnttttssss • Because the flavors of most salad dressings are not modified by cooking, their quality depends directly on the quality of the ingredients. • Most salad dressings are made primarily of an oil and an acid, with other ingredients added to modify the flavor or texture.
  • 40. 40 1111.... OOOOILLLLSSSS 1111.... CCCCoooorrrrnnnn ooooiiiillll is widely used in dressing. It has a light golden color and is nearly tasteless, except for a very mild cornmeal-type flavor. 2222.... CCCCoooottttttttoooonnnnsssseeeeeeeedddd ooooiiiillll,,,, ssssooooyyyybbbbeeeeaaaannnn ooooiiiillll,,,, ccccaaaannnnoooollllaaaa ooooiiiillll,,,, aaaannnndddd ssssaaaafffffffflllloooowwwweeeerrrr ooooiiiillll are bland, nearly tasteless oils. Vegetable oil or salad oil is a blend of oil and is popular because of its neutral flavor and relatively low cost.
  • 41. 41 OOOOILLLLSSSS 3333.... PPPPeeeeaaaannnnuuuutttt ooooiiiillll has a mild but distinctive flavor and may be used in appropriate dressings. It is somewhat more expensive. 4444.... OOOOlllliiiivvvveeee ooooiiiillll has distinctive, fruity flavor and aroma and a greenish color. The best olive oils are called virgin or extra-virgin, which means they are made from the first pressing of the olives. Because of its flavor, olive oil is not an all-purpose oil but may be used in specialty salads such as Caesar salad.
  • 42. 42 QQQQuuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy FFFFaaaaccccttttoooorrrrssss • All-purpose oils for dressings should have a mild, sweet flavor. Strongly flavored oils can make excellent salad dressings but are not appropriate with every food. • Winterized oil should be used with dressings that are to be refrigerated. These oils have been treated so they remain a clear liquid when chilled. • Rancidity is a serious problem with oils because even a hint of a rancid flavor can ruin an entire batch of dressing. A thin film of oil, such as might be left on containers through careless washing, becomes rancid very quickly. Clean all dressing containers thoroughly, and never pour a fresh batch into a jar containing older dressing.
  • 43. 43 2222.... VVVViiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr • CCCCiiiiddddeeeerrrr vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr is made from apples. It is brown in color and has a slightly sweet apple taste. • WWWWhhhhiiiitttteeee oooorrrr ddddiiiissssttttiiiilllllllleeeedddd vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr is distilled and purified so that it has a neutral flavor. • WWWWiiiinnnneeee vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr may be white or red, and it has, naturally, a winy flavor. • FFFFllllaaaavvvvoooorrrreeeedddd vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrrssss have had another product added to them, such as tarragon, garlic, or raspberries.
  • 44. 44 VVVViiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr • SSSShhhheeeerrrrrrrryyyy vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr is made from sherry wine and, consequently, has the distinctive flavor of that wine. • BBBBaaaallllssssaaaammmmiiiicccc vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrr is a special wine vinegar that has been aged in wooden barrels. It is dark brown in color and has a noticeably sweet taste. • OOOOtttthhhheeeerrrr ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallllttttyyyy vvvviiiinnnneeeeggggaaaarrrrssss include malt vinegar, rice vinegar, and vinegar, and vinegars flavored with fruits, such as raspberry.
  • 45. 45 TRADITIONAL TTTRRRAAADDDITTTIOOONNNAAALLL BBBBAAAALLLLSSSSAAAAMMMMICCCC VVVVINNNNEEEEGGGGAAAARRRR • True balsamic vinegar is made by small artisan producers, as distinguished from the industrial product found in most kitchens and supermarkets. It is made not from wine or wine vinegar but from grape juice, usually from white Trebbiano grapes, although four other grapes are permitted by Italian law. Balsamico tradizionale is aged in a series of small wooden barrels for at least 10 but as long as 50 years. The result is an intensely flavorful, thick, almost syrupy, dark brown liquid. • Because of the small production and the long aging, true balsamic vinegar is very expensive, the oldest bottlings being among the most expensive foods anywhere. • The familiar inexpensive balsamico vinegars most of us are familiar with are made in large quantities from wine vinegar and caramelized sugar, sometimes with the addition of a quantity of aged balsamico. The quality of inexpensive balsamic vinegars ranges from terribl to good. The better ones can be excellent salad ingredients. True balsamico tradizionale is too costly to be mixed with salad dressings. It is generally used by itself as a condiment, measured out in mere drops.
  • 46. 46 QQQQuuuuaaaalllliiiittttyyyy FFFFaaaaccccttttoooorrrrssss • Vinegars should have a good, clean, sharp flavor for their type. • Strength of acidity determines the tartness of the vinegar—and of the dressing made from it. • Most salads vinegars are about 5 percent acidity, but some range as high as 7 or 8 percent. • White vinegar is used when a completely neutral flavor is desired for a dressing. Other vinegars are used for their characteristic flavor. Wine vinegars are usually preferred for the best-quality oil-and-vinegar dressings
  • 47. 47 3333.... LLLLEEEEMMMMOOOONNNN JJJJUUUUICCCCEEEE //// EEEEGGGGGGGG YYYYOOOOLLLLKKKK • LLLLEEEEMMMMOOOONNNN JJJJUUUUICCCCEEEE Fresh lemon juice may be used in place of or in addition to vinegar in some preparations, when its flavor is desired. • EEEEGGGGGGGG YYYYOOOOLLLLKKKK Egg yolk is an essential ingredient in mayonnaise and other emulsified dressings. For safety, pasteurized eggs should be used (see pp.788 and 1030), and the finished product should be refrigerated to guard against spoilage.
  • 48. 48 4. SEASONINGS 444... SSSEEEAAASSSOOONNNINNNGGGSSS AAAANNNNDDDD FFFFLLLLAAAAVVVVOOOORRRRINNNNGGGGSSSS • Nearly any herb or spice can e used in salad dressings. Fresh herbs are preferable to dried herbs as flavorings, especially when the dressings are used for simple, light mixed green salads. Remember that dried herbs and spics need extra time to release their flavors if they are not heated in the product. This is why most dressings are best at least two or three hours before serving. Review Chapter 4 to refresh your memory on the use of herbs and spices.
  • 49. 49 SEASONINGS SSSEEEAAASSSOOONNNINNNGGGSSS AAAANNNNDDDD FFFFLLLLAAAAVVVVOOOORRRRINNNNGGGGSSSS • Other ingredients added for flavoring include mustard, ketchup, Worcestershire sauce, and various kinds of cheeses. • A note on blue cheese and Roquefort cheese: Many restaurants sell what they call Roquefort dressing when it is actually blue cheese dressing. Roquefort is a brand name for a special kind of blue cheese made in Roquefort, France. It is made of sheep’s milk, has a distinctive taste, and is expensive. Do not use the term Roquefort for blue cheese dressing unless you are actually using this brand of cheese.
  • 50. 50 EEEEMMMMUUUULLLLSSSSIOOOONNNNSSSS INNNN SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGGSSSS
  • 51. 51 EMULSIONS EEEMMMUUULLLSSSIOOONNNSSS INNNN SSSSAAAALLLLAAAADDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGGSSSS • As you know, oil and water do not normally stay mixes but separate into layers. Salad dressings, however, must be evenly mixed for proper service, even thought they are made primarily of oil and vinegar. • A uniform mixture of two unmixable liquids is called an emulsion. One liquid is said to be in suspension in the other. • TTTTEEEEMMMMPPPPOOOORRRRAAAARRRRYYYY EEEEMMMMOOOOTTTTIOOOONNNNSSSS • PPPPEEEERRRRMMMMAAAANNNNEEEENNNNTTTT EEEEMMMMUUUUSSSSIOOOONNNNSSSS
  • 52. 52 TEMPORARY EMOTIONS • A simple oil and vinegar dressing is called a temporary emulsion because the two liquids always separate after being shaken. • The harder the mixture is beaten or shaken, the longer it takes for it to separate. This because the oil and water are broken into smaller droplets, so the droplets take longer to recombine with each other so the oil and water can separate.When a mixture of oil and vinegar is mixed in a blender, the resulting mixture stays in emulsion considerably longer.
  • 53. 53 TEMPORARY EMOTIONS • Some ingredients act as weak emulsifiers. For example, when mustard is added to the mixture, the vinaigrette stays emulsified longer. Other ingredients that work this way include vegetable purees and stocks with a good gelatin content. Even these mixture, however, will separate when they stand long enough. They should be mixed again before use.
  • 54. 54 PPPPEEEERRRRMMMMAAAANNNNEEEENNNNTTTT EEEEMMMMUUUUSSSSIOOOONNNNSSSS • Mayonnaise is also a mixture of oil and vinegar, but the two liquids do not separate. This is because the formula also contains egg yolk, which is a strong emulsifier. The egg yolk forms a layer around each of the tiny droplets and holds them in suspention. • The harder the mayonnaise is beaten to break up the droplets, the more stable the emulsion becomes. All emulsion, whether permanent or temporally, form more easily at room temperature, because chilled oil is harder to break up into small droplets.
  • 55. 55 PPPPEEEERRRRMMMMAAAANNNNEEEENNNNTTTT EEEEMMMMUUUUSSSSIOOOONNNNSSSS • Other stabilizers are used in some preparations. • Cooked dressing uses starch in addition to eggs. Commercially made dressings may use such emulsifiers as gums, starches, and gelatin.
  • 56. 56 OOOOILLLLSSSS AAAANNNNDDDD VVVVINNNNEEEEGGGGAAAARRRR DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGGSSSS
  • 57. 57 OIL AND VENEGAR DRESSING • Basic vinaigrette, the first recipe in this section, is a simple mixture of oil, vinegar, and seasoning. It can be used as is, but it is usually the base fore other dressings, such as the variations that follow.
  • 58. 58 OIL AND VENEGAR DRESSING • The ratio of oil to vinegar in a basic vinaigrette is 3 parts oil to 1 part vinegar. • This is not a divine law, however, and the proportions may be changed to taste. • Some chefs prefer a 2:1 ratio, while others prefer a 4:1 or even 5:1 ratio. • Less oil makes the dressing more tart, while more oil makes it taste milder and oilier
  • 59. 59 OIL AND VENEGAR DRESSING • A very strong vinegar, more than 5 percent acid, may have to be diluted with water before being measured and added to the recipe. • For guidelines in the preparation of vinaigrettes, review the discussion of temporary emulsion above.
  • 60. 60 BASIC VINAIGRETTE UUUU....SSSS.... MMMMeeeettttrrrriiiicccc Innnnggggrrrreeeeddddiiiieeeennnnttttssss 1 cup 250 ml. Wine vinegar 1 tbsp 15 ml Salt 1 tsp 5 ml White pepper 3 cups 750 ml Salad oil, olive oil, or Part salad oil and part olive oil
  • 62. 62 EEEEMMMMUUUULLLLSSSSIFFFFIEEEEDDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGGSSSS • Mayonnaise is the most important emulsified dressing. It is sometimes used by itself as a salad dressing, but more often it serves as the base for a wide variety of other dressings. Mayonnaise-based dressings are generally thick and creamy. In face, many of them are made with the addition of sour cream.
  • 63. 63 EEEEMMMMUUUULLLLSSSSIFFFFIEEEEDDDD DDDDRRRREEEESSSSSSSSINNNNGGGGSSSS • Emulsified French dressing is similar to basic French dressing, except that egg yolk has been added to keep the oil and vinegar from separating. Its preparation is similar to that of mayonnaise. Emulsified French dressing is given a red-orange color and a subtle flavoring through the addition of Spanish paprika.
  • 64. 64 PREPARATION PPPRRREEEPPPAAARRRAAATTTIOOONNN OOOOFFFF MMMMAAAAYYYYOOOONNNNNNNNAAAAISSSSEEEE • Good-quality prepared mayonnaise is readily available on the market, and few establishments make their own. But it is such a basic preparation and, like the mother sauces you studied in chapter 8, the foundation of many others. Therefore, it is important to know how to make it.
  • 65. 65 PREPARATION PPPRRREEEPPPAAARRRAAATTTIOOONNN OOOOFFFF MMMMAAAAYYYYOOOONNNNNNNNAAAAISSSSEEEE • Homemade mayonnaise is not as stable as the commercial product, which is prepared with special equipment that creates a finer emulsion and which may have adds stabilizers to increase its shelf life. Also, the commercial product is usually less expensive. Nevertheless, making mayonnaise in your operation takes only minutes with a power mixer, and by carefully selecting your ingredients you can make a superior-tasting product. • To make mayonnaise, you must observe several conditions in order to get an emulsion. Study these guidelines before proceeding with the recipe: