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Jonathan R. White

www.cengage.com/cj/white

Chapter 17:
Security, Terrorism, and the
Future

Rosemary Arway
Hodges University

Emerging Issues in
Anti-Terrorist Security Policy
 Congress requires a Quadrennial
Homeland Security Review (QHSR)
similar to that required of the Department
of Defense.
 The first QHSR was conducted in 2009.

Multi-level Communication and Sharing

 All federal agencies need to develop
procedures to ensure that their activities
complement one another.
 Agencies need to develop methods for
encouraging communications.
 It is necessary to share information.

The Private Industry Problem
 Private industries are becoming involved
in homeland security, replacing defense
activities traditionally performed by the
government.
 The boundaries between government
and private functions are difficult to
determine.
 Rothe and Ross believe that private
companies are circumventing constraints
on government power.

Homeland Security and Foreign Policy
 Homeland Security will be increasingly
determined by foreign policy.
 Homeland Security will, according to
Robert Gates, rely increasingly on
partner capacity; that is the ability of
nations to defend themselves. This
requires a flexible foreign policy with
sound congressional oversight and a
clear national emphasis on consistent
long-term behavior.

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
 Malley and Harling (2010) argue that the U.S.
must take a more pragmatic approach in the
Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. This should
include recognizing differences between
militant groups, engaging all countries in the
region, and encouraging Israeli peace efforts
with other state actors in the region.
 Daniel Byman argues that Mideast peace
talks must include Hamas.
 Stephen Kinser argues that the U.S. must
strengthen relations with Turkey and begin to
include Iran in discussions.

Absorbing an Attack
 Given that the best anti-terrorism efforts
will fail in the future, the U.S. must take
measures to assure that the country can
recover socially, psychologically and
militarily.
 The U.S. needs to develop the ability to
absorb a major attack on one of its cities
or critical aspect of its infrastructure.
 The involvement of nonstate actors (e.g.
al Qaeda) affect military response to
attacks.

Other Critical Issues
 Other critical issues include: education
and training; settling the debate about
the nature of terrorism; and managing
both prosecution of terrorists and
intelligence gathering.
 Education and training must include not
only broad preparation in critical
thinking, but also training in the specific
complexities of terrorism.

Other Critical Issues
 Terrorism is treated as both a criminal
justice and a military issue, leading to
confusion in policy and action.
 Bryan Jenkins believes that, going
beyond a focus on criminal prosecution,
Joint Terrorism Task Forces can play a
greater role in intelligence gathering.

Future Tactics
 While the basic tactics of terrorism
remain relatively constant, terrorist
groups develop innovative
implementations. Recent events suggest
growing importance of the following
tactics:
o Swarming and Multiple Attacks were used
effectively in Mumbai in 2008 and later in an
attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in
Lahore, Pakistan.

Future Tactics
o Blending Criminal and Terrorist Networks,
especially in financial operations, will continue,
but the two types of organizations have
different significant differences in motivation
for action and concerns for publicity.
o Other tactical trends include use of
cyberattacks, focus on smaller attacks, and
(on the other hand) development of the
capacity to use weapons of mass destruction.

Overcoming Barriers to Sharing
 Agencies, although encouraged to share
information, may resist doing so for good
reasons: leaked information may
endanger operations and personnel.
o The Nationwide Suspicious Activity
Reporting System Initiative (NSI) is an
attempt to deal with this problem.
o Only agencies with an established National
Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan can
participate in such a system.

Total Criminal Intelligence
 Intelligence Led Policing (ILP) involves
collection of information on social
problems, potential sources of crime,
and offenders in order to deploy police
forces effectively.
o Expanding community involvement is also
essential. Citizens who note unusual
patterns of behavior (e.g. purchasing
chemicals in large quantities) can provide
important early warning to law enforcement.

Probable Strategic Directions

 Proteus USA is an international think
tank designed to consider future
strategic problems.
 Democratic accountability requires
management of the security structure
being developed and the need for new
legal protections for privacy.

Domestic and International Terrorism
 Domestic and international terrorism
each remain important issues.
o While some analysts believe jihadist
ideology is ultimately self-defeating,
international groups still have the capacity
to launch devastating strikes.
o Right wing domestic terrorism may be
fueled by the election of an African
American president and a weak economy.

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