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Captain Barry Lusk CLS, Mht, Fig A & B, ACSM CH
Captain Barry Lusk CLS, Mht, Fig A & B, ACSM CH

This document discusses vessel squat experienced by the Queen Elizabeth 2 during its grounding in New York harbor in 1992. An analysis of depth sounder traces and details of the incident show that the QE2 likely experienced between 3.6 and 4.6 feet of squat when traveling at over 20 knots in depths ranging from 34.5 to 50 feet. The document concludes that hydrographic survey vessels should apply a similar squat correction of around 3.6 feet to their depth measurements if operating in similar conditions and with a hull type comparable to the QE2.

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The Question of Vessel Squat I use the grounding of the Queen Elizabeth 2 here for demonstration purposes only At the trial of the grounding of the QE 2 in New York District court there were two expert witnesses who testified regarding vessel squat. The expert witness hired by the American Government testified that the QE 2 could have been experiencing as much as 8 feet of squat. The expert witness hired by the plaintiff, and who was from England, thought that she may have been experiencing less than half of that. As managers and surveyors of hydrographic vessel, how do you compensate your depth measurements for the squat factor? The following will give you a quantitative measure of the absolute value for the squat that this vessel was experiencing while traveling at a speed of over 20 knots in depths ranging from 36 feet to 50 feet. I will use, for demonstrative purposes, two illustrations provided by the Captain of the NOAA vessel Rude, and who conducted the investigation into the QE 2 grounding. This echo sounding trace was taken from the sounder of the QE 2 on August 7th 1992 At the time of the grounding there was a tidal height of 1.5 feet and the QE 2 was drawing 32.4 feet of water.
On August 7, 1992 at 21:44 hrs the sounding trace above shows that the ship came extremely close to the bottom near the NA buoy on the chart. (See attached illustration for a copy of the chart and the ships position). The 1966 NOAA measured depth at this position was 36 feet and was shown on the chart. Therefore, we have the following: Charted depth, NOAA 1966.36 feet Height of tide 1.5 feet Therefore water over the bottom was 37.5 feet The ship was drawing 32.4 feet Lets say that she cleared the bottom by 0.5 feet as the graph shows Therefore her squat was. 4.6 feet Lets look at the depth of water she was traveling over at this time. For some length of time, 2 to 3 minutes, leading up to this near grounding she was in water of 40 feet and less. Experts know that the shallower the water and the greater the speed the more squat will be experienced. Fourteen minutes later she grazed a boulder that was described as a glacial erratic standing about 10 to 20 feet off the bottom. The depth of this boulder was measured to be 34.5 feet and the surrounding water was in excess of 40 feet with most of it being 40 to 50 feet. The ship was within the 50-foot surrounding contour, as shown on the 1939 smooth sheet. This would place the ship in water deeper than the almost grounding 14 minutes earlier. Lets look at the squat numbers. Charted depth Rude 1997.. 34.5 feet (grazed) Height of tide.. 1.5 feet Therefore water over the grazed site.. 36.0 feet The ship was drawing.. 32.4 feet Therefore the squat was. 3.6 feet For the most part, and except for the odd isolated boulder, the ship was traveling in excess of 20 knots across an area that was slightly less than 50 feet in depth with isolated boulders having water over them of less than 31 feet but widely spaced. I doubt very much that boulders widely spaced could be considered shallow water as the ship would be over any one of them for such a short time and therefore would not accentuate or contribute to the squat factor.
Please refer to this illustration for points referred to in the body of this article So what does this exercise tell us about vessel squat? In the first near grounding the ship had not reached her intended speed of 20 knots plus but had almost grounded with a squat of 4.6 feet. After reaching her speed of 20 knots plus and in deeper water she grounded with 3.6 feet of squat. Therefore, I believe the evidence is clear and indicates that this vessels hull squat characteristic are in the range of 3.6 to 4.6 feet when she travels across water depths of 40 to 50 feet at speeds of 20 plus knots. In deeper water squat would be less and in shallower water it would be more as shown by the amount of squat at the NA buoy. If your survey vessel had the same hull characteristics as the QE 2 and was conducting hydrographic survey depth measurements in water such as these and at speed such as these then you would be required to apply a depth measurement correction of 3.6 feet. Are you applying a squat correction and have you determined the squat characteristics of all your vessels?

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  • 1. The Question of Vessel Squat I use the grounding of the Queen Elizabeth 2 here for demonstration purposes only At the trial of the grounding of the QE 2 in New York District court there were two expert witnesses who testified regarding vessel squat. The expert witness hired by the American Government testified that the QE 2 could have been experiencing as much as 8 feet of squat. The expert witness hired by the plaintiff, and who was from England, thought that she may have been experiencing less than half of that. As managers and surveyors of hydrographic vessel, how do you compensate your depth measurements for the squat factor? The following will give you a quantitative measure of the absolute value for the squat that this vessel was experiencing while traveling at a speed of over 20 knots in depths ranging from 36 feet to 50 feet. I will use, for demonstrative purposes, two illustrations provided by the Captain of the NOAA vessel Rude, and who conducted the investigation into the QE 2 grounding. This echo sounding trace was taken from the sounder of the QE 2 on August 7th 1992 At the time of the grounding there was a tidal height of 1.5 feet and the QE 2 was drawing 32.4 feet of water.
  • 2. On August 7, 1992 at 21:44 hrs the sounding trace above shows that the ship came extremely close to the bottom near the NA buoy on the chart. (See attached illustration for a copy of the chart and the ships position). The 1966 NOAA measured depth at this position was 36 feet and was shown on the chart. Therefore, we have the following: Charted depth, NOAA 1966.36 feet Height of tide 1.5 feet Therefore water over the bottom was 37.5 feet The ship was drawing 32.4 feet Lets say that she cleared the bottom by 0.5 feet as the graph shows Therefore her squat was. 4.6 feet Lets look at the depth of water she was traveling over at this time. For some length of time, 2 to 3 minutes, leading up to this near grounding she was in water of 40 feet and less. Experts know that the shallower the water and the greater the speed the more squat will be experienced. Fourteen minutes later she grazed a boulder that was described as a glacial erratic standing about 10 to 20 feet off the bottom. The depth of this boulder was measured to be 34.5 feet and the surrounding water was in excess of 40 feet with most of it being 40 to 50 feet. The ship was within the 50-foot surrounding contour, as shown on the 1939 smooth sheet. This would place the ship in water deeper than the almost grounding 14 minutes earlier. Lets look at the squat numbers. Charted depth Rude 1997.. 34.5 feet (grazed) Height of tide.. 1.5 feet Therefore water over the grazed site.. 36.0 feet The ship was drawing.. 32.4 feet Therefore the squat was. 3.6 feet For the most part, and except for the odd isolated boulder, the ship was traveling in excess of 20 knots across an area that was slightly less than 50 feet in depth with isolated boulders having water over them of less than 31 feet but widely spaced. I doubt very much that boulders widely spaced could be considered shallow water as the ship would be over any one of them for such a short time and therefore would not accentuate or contribute to the squat factor.
  • 3. Please refer to this illustration for points referred to in the body of this article So what does this exercise tell us about vessel squat? In the first near grounding the ship had not reached her intended speed of 20 knots plus but had almost grounded with a squat of 4.6 feet. After reaching her speed of 20 knots plus and in deeper water she grounded with 3.6 feet of squat. Therefore, I believe the evidence is clear and indicates that this vessels hull squat characteristic are in the range of 3.6 to 4.6 feet when she travels across water depths of 40 to 50 feet at speeds of 20 plus knots. In deeper water squat would be less and in shallower water it would be more as shown by the amount of squat at the NA buoy. If your survey vessel had the same hull characteristics as the QE 2 and was conducting hydrographic survey depth measurements in water such as these and at speed such as these then you would be required to apply a depth measurement correction of 3.6 feet. Are you applying a squat correction and have you determined the squat characteristics of all your vessels?