Nikah refers to the Islamic marriage contract entered into by a man and woman in the presence of witnesses. Divorce in Islam involves the husband pronouncing talaq, meaning "I divorce you", to dissolve the marriage. There are several forms of talaq and conditions for a valid divorce according to Islamic law. Talaq aims to dissolve the marriage in a peaceful manner, though divorce is generally discouraged and settlement encouraged.
This presentation was part of a workshop carried out in Department of Law & Justice in Jahangirnagar University where law students were briefed on the basics of moot court related activities.
The document discusses Article 356 of the Indian constitution which allows for the imposition of President's rule in a state. It provides details on the provisions and conditions for invoking Article 356 based on the failure of constitutional machinery in a state. Key cases related to Article 356 are also summarized, including S.R. Bommai vs. Union of India which established that the President's proclamation is subject to judicial review and cannot be imposed on mala fide grounds. Recent instances where Article 356 was invoked in various states are also briefly mentioned.
The document discusses state responsibility under international law. It covers:
- The nature of state responsibility, which refers to a state's liability for breaching international obligations.
- The elements of state responsibility, which are: conduct attributable to the state, and the conduct constituting a breach of an international obligation.
- Various ways conduct can be attributable to a state, including actions of state organs, ultra vires acts, persons directed or controlled by the state, and conduct acknowledged by the state.
- Exceptions where conduct of private individuals or unsuccessful insurrections are not attributable to the state.
False Imprisonment and Malicious Prosecution.pptShreyas243008
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This document discusses the laws around false imprisonment and malicious prosecution in India. It provides definitions and essential elements for both torts.
For false imprisonment, the key elements are complete deprivation of liberty, knowledge of the restraint by the plaintiff, and the detention being unlawful. Examples of cases are provided to illustrate these elements.
For malicious prosecution, the essential elements are prosecution by the defendant, termination of proceedings in plaintiff's favor, prosecution starting without reasonable cause, prosecution initiated with malice, and plaintiff suffering damages. Again, case examples are used to demonstrate how courts have applied these elements.
Finally, the document distinguishes between false imprisonment and malicious prosecution by comparing their key differences, such as false imprisonment involving direct restraint
Prisoners should have the right to vote according to the principles of democracy. Around 2 million prisoners in the US are denied this right. While some countries and US states restrict prisoner voting, Vermont and Maine allow all prisoners to vote. The 15th Amendment states the right to vote cannot be denied based on race or past actions, but this is not applied to prisoners in most states. Advocates argue that denying prisoners the right to vote is inconsistent with democratic values of participation and that their votes could influence election outcomes.
The document discusses the role of the United Nations in neutrality. It explains that under the UN Charter, member states have obligations to assist the UN in maintaining international peace and security. This could require supporting UN actions with military forces, which would be incompatible with remaining neutral in a conflict. The collective security system created by the UN does not allow for neutrality, as members must assist the UN against any state it is taking action against.
Asylum provides shelter and protection by a host state to citizens of another state. There are two kinds of asylum: territorial asylum, which is granted within a state's own territory where it has sovereignty, and extra-territorial asylum, which can be granted outside a state's territory in places like embassies, consulates, warships, or international institutions in some cases. Extra-territorial asylum allows states to protect individuals in other states by granting protection in areas considered under the host state's jurisdiction rather than the local state.
The document discusses different types of dower in Islamic law. Dower is a bridal gift or property that a wife receives from her husband through the marriage contract. There are three main types: specified dower, which is fixed at the time of marriage; unspecified dower, which is not fixed at the time of marriage; and deferred dower, which is paid after death or divorce. Specified dower can be prompt, paid instantly, or deferred. The minimum amount of dower varies by school of Islamic law, but there is no maximum amount. A wife can remit or cancel a dower in favor of her husband or heirs. If dower is not paid, the wife or her heirs can enforce
Legal Effect of Divorce Under Muslim LawJahid Hassan
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The document discusses the legal effects of dissolution of marriage under Bangladeshi law. It outlines that after divorce:
1) Cohabitation becomes illegal, the wife must observe "iddat" or a waiting period of 3 months if not pregnant or until delivery if pregnant, and certain restrictions apply to remarriage.
2) The ex-husband must provide maintenance to the ex-wife during her iddat period and any unpaid dowry becomes due.
3) The mutual rights of inheritance between the ex-spouses cease, though an exception exists if the divorce was during the ex-husband's death illness.
This document provides an overview of an Anton Piller injunction order. It explains that this is an extraordinary legal remedy obtained without notifying the defendant that allows the preservation of evidence that may otherwise be destroyed. The document outlines the conditions for obtaining this order, how it has been recognized in Quebec law, its applications in labor law cases, and the protections for defendants against potential abuses of this process. Advantages of the order include encouraging settlements and obtaining evidence for future litigation, while disadvantages include high costs and risks of damages for non-compliance.
International law recognizes several subjects that possess international legal personality:
1. States are the primary subjects of international law. The criteria for statehood under international law are a defined territory, permanent population, government, and capacity to enter into relations with other states.
2. International organizations like the UN have also been recognized as having international legal personality, though to a limited extent compared to states. They can enter into treaties, have privileges and immunities, and bring international claims.
3. Individuals can be subject to certain obligations under international criminal law for crimes like genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. However, individuals generally do not have standing to access international courts directly.
This document defines key concepts related to citizenship including citizen, nationality, alien, and acquisition of citizenship. It explains that citizenship denotes membership in a political society which implies duties of allegiance and protection. A citizen enjoys full civil and political rights within a democratic community. While all citizens are nationals, not all nationals are citizens. Citizenship can be acquired by birth via jus sanguinis (citizenship of parents' country) or jus soli (place of birth), or by naturalization which involves residency, oath of allegiance, and other conditions. Citizenship can also be lost through renunciation, marriage, foreign service, or long absence. The document concludes by outlining qualities, rights, and responsibilities of good
The document outlines several key sources of the UK constitution:
Statute law includes written laws passed by Parliament that can be enforced in courts, along with statutes affecting how the country is governed. EU law and treaties have also become significant as they take precedence over conflicting UK law. Constitutional conventions are established practices relating to government powers that are not legally binding. Major works of authority and documents like the Magna Carta provide guidance and established important principles recognized as authoritative. The royal prerogative consists of traditional powers of the monarch now exercised by ministers, and common law is case law developed from legal precedents.
Dr. Khakare Vikas provides definitions and explanations of nuisance from various legal sources. Nuisance is defined as anything that causes harm, inconvenience or damage. There are two kinds of nuisance: public nuisance, which interferes with public rights, and private nuisance, which interferes with an individual's use or enjoyment of land. For a private nuisance claim, the plaintiff must prove interference, while a public nuisance is actionable itself. Remedies for nuisance include abatement, damages, and injunctions. Defenses can include grants, prescriptions, or statutory authority, but coming to the nuisance, reasonable use, or public benefits are not defenses.
The document summarizes the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1966. It describes the ICCPR's recognition of inherent human dignity and equal rights. The ICCPR guarantees civil and political rights including the right to self-determination, equal protection, liberty, due process, privacy, freedom of speech and religion. It establishes a Human Rights Committee to monitor implementation of the ICCPR and receive reports from state parties. In conclusion, it notes that the ICCPR sets basic principles for upholding minimum human rights standards.
This slide show would help assist those who are interested to learn the basics of Shia Law of Inheritance. It is a difficult area of law, but comprehension of some basic principles can facilitate a lot to make it relatively easy to understand and apply in practical life.
This document discusses the tort of trespass to land. It defines trespass to land as entry onto another's property without permission. Trespass can occur through direct entry, placing objects on the land, or allowing animals to enter. The plaintiff must prove possession of the land and interference with that possession to win a trespass case. Available remedies include injunctions and damages. Defenses include licenses, necessity, and authority of law. If a lawful entry later involves wrongful acts, the trespasser may be liable from the beginning in the doctrine of trespass ab initio.
The document discusses the Advocates Act of 1961 in India, which established the Bar Council of India as the supreme regulatory body for the legal profession. The Bar Council regulates legal practice and ensures lawyers comply with laws and professional standards. It has the authority to pass regulations, handle misconduct cases, and manage various responsibilities regarding admitting, enrolling, and overseeing advocates (lawyers) in India.
Its consists of the emergence of international law, Expalanation of international law, reason why it is a weak law, Father of International law, types of law, Formulation of treaties, Why international law is not a real law, Nature of international law, basis of international law , sources of international law, famous case of international law and current state of international law
This document discusses John Locke's natural rights theory and introduces some key questions about natural rights and the state of nature. It explains that natural rights theory imagines life without government, in a state of nature, and that according to Locke all people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. The document then instructs students to work in groups to answer questions about natural rights and how people might organize themselves if starting a new society on an uninhabited island.
A codicil is a supplementary document that allows a person to make minor changes to an existing will without replacing the entire document. Codicils are commonly used to modify details about property, assets, family, or wealth distribution. To create a valid codicil, the original will must still be valid and the codicil must clearly reference the specific clauses it aims to alter, then be signed by the author and two witnesses like a standard will.
The document discusses the appointment process for judges of the Supreme Court of India. It outlines the composition and qualifications required to become a judge. Originally, appointments were made by the President in consultation with Supreme Court and High Court judges. Later, a National Judicial Appointments Commission was formed to make recommendations. However, the collegium system was reinstated with improvements through a Memorandum of Procedure. The current process involves recommendations from the collegium of Supreme Court judges to the President for appointment.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 18 - Protection of Different Categorie...Nilendra Kumar
Ìý
This presentation describes in detail the different categories of persons involved in an Armed Conflict. Furthermore it explains the status of these persons.
Judicial review is a process under which executive or legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. Judicial Review plays an important role in Indian Judiciary.
The September 11 attacks involved 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacking 4 commercial airplanes and crashing them into important buildings, killing nearly 3,000 people. On September 11, 2001, the terrorists crashed two planes into the World Trade Center in New York City, one into the Pentagon near Washington D.C., and a fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania after passengers fought the hijackers. The attacks were orchestrated by Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda to attack the United States.
Asylum provides shelter and protection by a host state to citizens of another state. There are two kinds of asylum: territorial asylum, which is granted within a state's own territory where it has sovereignty, and extra-territorial asylum, which can be granted outside a state's territory in places like embassies, consulates, warships, or international institutions in some cases. Extra-territorial asylum allows states to protect individuals in other states by granting protection in areas considered under the host state's jurisdiction rather than the local state.
The document discusses different types of dower in Islamic law. Dower is a bridal gift or property that a wife receives from her husband through the marriage contract. There are three main types: specified dower, which is fixed at the time of marriage; unspecified dower, which is not fixed at the time of marriage; and deferred dower, which is paid after death or divorce. Specified dower can be prompt, paid instantly, or deferred. The minimum amount of dower varies by school of Islamic law, but there is no maximum amount. A wife can remit or cancel a dower in favor of her husband or heirs. If dower is not paid, the wife or her heirs can enforce
Legal Effect of Divorce Under Muslim LawJahid Hassan
Ìý
The document discusses the legal effects of dissolution of marriage under Bangladeshi law. It outlines that after divorce:
1) Cohabitation becomes illegal, the wife must observe "iddat" or a waiting period of 3 months if not pregnant or until delivery if pregnant, and certain restrictions apply to remarriage.
2) The ex-husband must provide maintenance to the ex-wife during her iddat period and any unpaid dowry becomes due.
3) The mutual rights of inheritance between the ex-spouses cease, though an exception exists if the divorce was during the ex-husband's death illness.
This document provides an overview of an Anton Piller injunction order. It explains that this is an extraordinary legal remedy obtained without notifying the defendant that allows the preservation of evidence that may otherwise be destroyed. The document outlines the conditions for obtaining this order, how it has been recognized in Quebec law, its applications in labor law cases, and the protections for defendants against potential abuses of this process. Advantages of the order include encouraging settlements and obtaining evidence for future litigation, while disadvantages include high costs and risks of damages for non-compliance.
International law recognizes several subjects that possess international legal personality:
1. States are the primary subjects of international law. The criteria for statehood under international law are a defined territory, permanent population, government, and capacity to enter into relations with other states.
2. International organizations like the UN have also been recognized as having international legal personality, though to a limited extent compared to states. They can enter into treaties, have privileges and immunities, and bring international claims.
3. Individuals can be subject to certain obligations under international criminal law for crimes like genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. However, individuals generally do not have standing to access international courts directly.
This document defines key concepts related to citizenship including citizen, nationality, alien, and acquisition of citizenship. It explains that citizenship denotes membership in a political society which implies duties of allegiance and protection. A citizen enjoys full civil and political rights within a democratic community. While all citizens are nationals, not all nationals are citizens. Citizenship can be acquired by birth via jus sanguinis (citizenship of parents' country) or jus soli (place of birth), or by naturalization which involves residency, oath of allegiance, and other conditions. Citizenship can also be lost through renunciation, marriage, foreign service, or long absence. The document concludes by outlining qualities, rights, and responsibilities of good
The document outlines several key sources of the UK constitution:
Statute law includes written laws passed by Parliament that can be enforced in courts, along with statutes affecting how the country is governed. EU law and treaties have also become significant as they take precedence over conflicting UK law. Constitutional conventions are established practices relating to government powers that are not legally binding. Major works of authority and documents like the Magna Carta provide guidance and established important principles recognized as authoritative. The royal prerogative consists of traditional powers of the monarch now exercised by ministers, and common law is case law developed from legal precedents.
Dr. Khakare Vikas provides definitions and explanations of nuisance from various legal sources. Nuisance is defined as anything that causes harm, inconvenience or damage. There are two kinds of nuisance: public nuisance, which interferes with public rights, and private nuisance, which interferes with an individual's use or enjoyment of land. For a private nuisance claim, the plaintiff must prove interference, while a public nuisance is actionable itself. Remedies for nuisance include abatement, damages, and injunctions. Defenses can include grants, prescriptions, or statutory authority, but coming to the nuisance, reasonable use, or public benefits are not defenses.
The document summarizes the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1966. It describes the ICCPR's recognition of inherent human dignity and equal rights. The ICCPR guarantees civil and political rights including the right to self-determination, equal protection, liberty, due process, privacy, freedom of speech and religion. It establishes a Human Rights Committee to monitor implementation of the ICCPR and receive reports from state parties. In conclusion, it notes that the ICCPR sets basic principles for upholding minimum human rights standards.
This slide show would help assist those who are interested to learn the basics of Shia Law of Inheritance. It is a difficult area of law, but comprehension of some basic principles can facilitate a lot to make it relatively easy to understand and apply in practical life.
This document discusses the tort of trespass to land. It defines trespass to land as entry onto another's property without permission. Trespass can occur through direct entry, placing objects on the land, or allowing animals to enter. The plaintiff must prove possession of the land and interference with that possession to win a trespass case. Available remedies include injunctions and damages. Defenses include licenses, necessity, and authority of law. If a lawful entry later involves wrongful acts, the trespasser may be liable from the beginning in the doctrine of trespass ab initio.
The document discusses the Advocates Act of 1961 in India, which established the Bar Council of India as the supreme regulatory body for the legal profession. The Bar Council regulates legal practice and ensures lawyers comply with laws and professional standards. It has the authority to pass regulations, handle misconduct cases, and manage various responsibilities regarding admitting, enrolling, and overseeing advocates (lawyers) in India.
Its consists of the emergence of international law, Expalanation of international law, reason why it is a weak law, Father of International law, types of law, Formulation of treaties, Why international law is not a real law, Nature of international law, basis of international law , sources of international law, famous case of international law and current state of international law
This document discusses John Locke's natural rights theory and introduces some key questions about natural rights and the state of nature. It explains that natural rights theory imagines life without government, in a state of nature, and that according to Locke all people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. The document then instructs students to work in groups to answer questions about natural rights and how people might organize themselves if starting a new society on an uninhabited island.
A codicil is a supplementary document that allows a person to make minor changes to an existing will without replacing the entire document. Codicils are commonly used to modify details about property, assets, family, or wealth distribution. To create a valid codicil, the original will must still be valid and the codicil must clearly reference the specific clauses it aims to alter, then be signed by the author and two witnesses like a standard will.
The document discusses the appointment process for judges of the Supreme Court of India. It outlines the composition and qualifications required to become a judge. Originally, appointments were made by the President in consultation with Supreme Court and High Court judges. Later, a National Judicial Appointments Commission was formed to make recommendations. However, the collegium system was reinstated with improvements through a Memorandum of Procedure. The current process involves recommendations from the collegium of Supreme Court judges to the President for appointment.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 18 - Protection of Different Categorie...Nilendra Kumar
Ìý
This presentation describes in detail the different categories of persons involved in an Armed Conflict. Furthermore it explains the status of these persons.
Judicial review is a process under which executive or legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. Judicial Review plays an important role in Indian Judiciary.
The September 11 attacks involved 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacking 4 commercial airplanes and crashing them into important buildings, killing nearly 3,000 people. On September 11, 2001, the terrorists crashed two planes into the World Trade Center in New York City, one into the Pentagon near Washington D.C., and a fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania after passengers fought the hijackers. The attacks were orchestrated by Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda to attack the United States.
1. Olaudah Equiano was born around 1745 in what is now southeastern Nigeria and was kidnapped as a child and sold into slavery.
2. He was sold and transported across the Atlantic, experiencing the horrors of the Middle Passage. He eventually purchased his freedom after years of enslavement.
3. Equiano wrote an influential autobiography in 1794 about his experiences, which helped advance the abolitionist movement in Britain, America, and elsewhere. Though he did not live to see it, his work contributed to the eventual end of slavery.
Ida B. Wells was born into slavery in Mississippi in 1862. She became an educator, journalist, and prominent activist against lynching and racial segregation in the late 19th century. Wells conducted investigations into lynchings in the South and gave powerful speeches condemning the practice. She co-founded the NAACP and was a leading voice in the women's suffrage movement. Though she tried unsuccessfully to become a state senator, Wells opened doors for future generations of African American women in politics through her pioneering work confronting injustice and fighting for equal rights over a century ago.
Digital Tools with AI for e-Content Development.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
Ìý
This ppt is useful for not only for B.Ed., M.Ed., M.A. (Education) or any other PG level students or Ph.D. scholars but also for the school, college and university teachers who are interested to prepare an e-content with AI for their students and others.
APM event hosted by the South Wales and West of England Network (SWWE Network)
Speaker: Aalok Sonawala
The SWWE Regional Network were very pleased to welcome Aalok Sonawala, Head of PMO, National Programmes, Rider Levett Bucknall on 26 February, to BAWA for our first face to face event of 2025. Aalok is a member of APM’s Thames Valley Regional Network and also speaks to members of APM’s PMO Interest Network, which aims to facilitate collaboration and learning, offer unbiased advice and guidance.
Tonight, Aalok planned to discuss the importance of a PMO within project-based organisations, the different types of PMO and their key elements, PMO governance and centres of excellence.
PMO’s within an organisation can be centralised, hub and spoke with a central PMO with satellite PMOs globally, or embedded within projects. The appropriate structure will be determined by the specific business needs of the organisation. The PMO sits above PM delivery and the supply chain delivery teams.
For further information about the event please click here.
The Constitution, Government and Law making bodies .saanidhyapatel09
Ìý
This PowerPoint presentation provides an insightful overview of the Constitution, covering its key principles, features, and significance. It explains the fundamental rights, duties, structure of government, and the importance of constitutional law in governance. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in understanding the foundation of a nation’s legal framework.
Unit 1 Computer Hardware for Educational Computing.pptxRomaSmart1
Ìý
Computers have revolutionized various sectors, including education, by enhancing learning experiences and making information more accessible. This presentation, "Computer Hardware for Educational Computing," introduces the fundamental aspects of computers, including their definition, characteristics, classification, and significance in the educational domain. Understanding these concepts helps educators and students leverage technology for more effective learning.
ITI Turner Question Paper MCQ E-Book Free DownloadSONU HEETSON
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ITI Turner Question Paper MCQ Book PDF Free Download. All Questions collected from NIMI Mock Test, CTS Bharat Skills Question Bank, Previous Exam papers. Helpful for CTS Trade Theory 1st & 2nd Year CBT Exam,ÌýApprentice test, AITT, ISRO, DRDO, NAVY, ARMY, Naval Dockyard, Tradesman, Training Officer, Instructor, RRB ALP CBT 2,ÌýRailway Technician, CEPTAM, BRO, PWD, PHED, Air India, BHEL, BARC, IPSC, CISF, CTI, HSFC, GSRTC, GAIL, PSC, Viva, Tests, QuizÌý& all other technical competitive exams.
Blind spots in AI and Formulation Science, IFPAC 2025.pdfAjaz Hussain
Ìý
The intersection of AI and pharmaceutical formulation science highlights significant blind spots—systemic gaps in pharmaceutical development, regulatory oversight, quality assurance, and the ethical use of AI—that could jeopardize patient safety and undermine public trust. To move forward effectively, we must address these normalized blind spots, which may arise from outdated assumptions, errors, gaps in previous knowledge, and biases in language or regulatory inertia. This is essential to ensure that AI and formulation science are developed as tools for patient-centered and ethical healthcare.
How to Unblock Payment in Odoo 18 AccountingCeline George
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In this slide, we will explore the process of unblocking payments in the Odoo 18 Accounting module. Payment blocks may occur due to various reasons, such as exceeding credit limits or pending approvals. We'll walk through the steps to remove these blocks and ensure smooth payment processing.