women of mathematics.pdf
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This document profiles notable female mathematicians from history and around the world. It describes their contributions and accomplishments, including Hypatia who taught at the Library of Alexandria; Sophie Germain who made advances in elasticity theory and number theory; and Mary Cartwright who pioneered chaos theory and discovered examples of the butterfly effect. Overall, it highlights the important but often overlooked roles of women in the field of mathematics over centuries.
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- 1. Hypatia c. 360 415 Roman Empire taught at the library of Alexandria, and wrote commentaries on many scientific books. She also constructed astrolabes and hydrometers. Sophie Germain 1776 1831 France won the grand prize from the Paris Academy for her work about elastic surfaces. She also made considerable progress in trying to solve Fermats Last Theorem. Wang Zhenyi 1768 1797 China studied many scientific subjects, despite laws preventing women from receiving higher education. She wrote about topics in astronomy and trigonometry. Maria Agnesi 1718 1799 Italy was the first female maths professor at a university, and wrote a popular textbook about calculus. One of the functions she studied is now called the Witch of Agnesi. Ada Lovelace 1815 1852 UK wrote one of the first computer programs in history: an algorithm to calculate Bernoulli numbers. She also worked with Charles Babbage on the Analytical Engine. Sofia Kovalevskaya 1850 1891 Russia worked on analysis, partial differential equations, and mechanics. She was the first female editor of a scientific journal, and the first woman with a doctorate in maths. Emmy Noether 1882 1935 Germany discovered the that the symmetries of space-time are related to conservation laws in physics, and can be used to derive the most fundamental laws of nature. Florence Nightingale 1820 1910 UK used statistics to evaluate different medical treatments. She created some of the first infographics and helped promote new careers for women. Mary Cartwright 1900 1998 UK studied differential equations and pioneered a field that would later be known as Chaos theory. She discovered the first examples of the butterfly effect. Julia Robinson 1919 1985 USA worked on computability theory and decision problems. She helped solve Hilberts 10th problem about Diophantine equations, and was president of the AMS. Katherine Johnson 1918 2020 USA worked at NASA, where she helped calculate the orbital trajectories and launch windows for the Mercury, Apollo and Space Shuttle missions. Nina Bari 1901 1961 Russia was the first female mathematician accepted at the Moscow State University. She studied trigonometric series and primitive functions. Marjorie Lee Browne 1914 1979 USA was the third African- American women to receive a PhD in mathematics. She studied Groups and Topology, and promoted further education for secondary teachers. Fan Chung born 1949 Taiwan studies graph theory, discrete geometry, combinatorics and networks. She worked at Bell Labs and the University of Pennsylvania and has an Erds number of 1. Joan Clarke 1917 1996 UK was one of the cryptanalyst working at Bletchley Park during the Second World War, to decrypt the German Enigma code. She received an MBE for this work. Alexandra Bellow born 1935 Romania studied ergodic theory, probability, number theory and analysis especially lifting theory. She is an Emerius Professor at Northwestern University. Cathleen Morawetz 1923 2017 Canada studied the partial differen- tial equations that describe the motion of fluids. She was the first female applied mathematician in the National Academy of Sciences. Maryna Viazovska born 1984 Ukraine solved the sphere-packing problem in 8 and 24 dimensions. She has received numerous awards, including the New Horizons Prize and the Clay Research Award. Annie Easley 1933 2011 USA was a computer scientist and rocket scientist at NASA. She wrote software for the Centaur rocket stage and studied batteries and renewable energy sources. VivienneMalone-Mayes 1932 1995 USA studied functional analysis, non-linear operators and differential equations. She also developed new methods for teaching mathematics. KathleenOllerenshaw 1912 2014 UK was both a mathematician and a politician. She studied most-perfect pandiagonal magic squares, president of the IMA, and an amateur astronomer. Mina Rees 1902 1997 USA was the first female president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She also received 18 honorary doctorates! Alicia Boole Stott 1860 1940 Irish had an impressive grasp of four-dimensional geometry from a young age, and coined the term polytrope for a multi-dimensional convex solid. Jos辿phineGuidyWandja born 1945 Ivory Coast is the first African woman with a PhD in mathematics. She is the president of the International Committee on Mathematics in Developing Countries. Euphemia Haynes 1890 1980 USA was the first African-American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics. She chaired the Washington DC board of education and helped train many other teachers. Grace Hopper 1906 1992 USA was a pioneer of computer science as well as a US Navy admiral. She invented programming languages like COBOL which are still being used today. OlgaLadyzhenskaya 1922 2004 Russia studied partial differential equations, fluid dynamics, and the Navier-Stokes equations. Thoughrout her life, she published more than 200 scientific works. Alexandra Bellow: Konrad Jacobs, CC-BY-SA 2.0 Mary Cartwright: Anitha Maria S, CC-BY-SA 4.0 Fan Chung: Cheryl Graham CC-BY 3.0 Ingrid Daubechies: imago images / Belga Vivienne Malone-Mayes: Unknown Author, CC-BY-SA 2.0 Cathleen Morawetz: New York University Kathleen Ollerenshaw: Billlion, CC-BY-SA 3.0 Karen Uhlenbeck: Andrea Kane, Princeton, CC-BY 2.0 Maryna Vazovska: Petra Lein, CC-BY-SA 2.0 Jos辿phine Guidy Wandja: Ma谷lle Guidy, CC-BY-SA 2.0 Marjorie Lee Browne, Joan Clarke, Mina Rees, Alicia Boole Stott: Fair Use Nira Bari, Olga Ladyzhenskaya: Unknown Author, CC-BY-SA 4.0 息 Mathigon, all rights reserved Mathion Women of Mathematics Karen Uhlenbeck born 1942 USA is one of the worlds leading experts on partial differential equations, and recipient of the Abel prize. Her work had a pivotal impact on topics like mathematical physics. MaryamMirzakhani 1977 2017 Iran is the first and only woman to receive a Fields medal. She worked on dynamical systems and geometry, and was fascinated by the beauty of mathematics. Ingrid Daubechies born 1954 Belgium studied different types of wavelets, which are now an essential part of image compression formats like JPEG. She was the first female president of the IMU. Mary Sommerville 1780 1872 Scotland was called the Queen of Science in her obituary. She first suggested the existence of Neptune and was an excellent writer and communicator of science. 1700 1800 1900 1950