1. In 1997, the Gigabit Ethernet Alliance announced the first draft of the Gigabit Ethernet standard to provide speeds of 1000 Mbps for half and full duplex operation using Ethernet frame format and MAC technology.
2. Gigabit Ethernet was ratified in 1998 and provided backwards compatibility with Fast Ethernet while using Fiber Channel physical signaling technology over fiber optic or copper cables.
3. Gigabit Ethernet leveraged the physical layer of Fiber Channel and used the Gigabit Media Independent Interface to allow different physical layers to connect to the MAC layer, enabling connections over fiber or copper up to hundreds of meters.
This document provides information about Cisco and the CCNA certification. It discusses Cisco as a company and their networking products. The CCNA certification focuses on routing, switching, security, service provider, and voice communication skills. The CCNA exam contains questions in drag and drop and simulation formats. The document also summarizes different types of computer networks, common networking devices, cable types, topologies and more.
This document provides an overview of managing a Cisco network. It discusses CCNA certification which validates skills in installing, configuring, operating and troubleshooting switched and routed networks. It also covers topics like internetworking which connects different networks, IP addressing classes, subnetting to increase networks, routing protocols like RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, switching, VLANs, interVLAN routing, and STP to prevent network loops.
Networking devices are components that connect electronic devices and allow them to share resources over a network. Common networking devices include network interface cards, hubs, switches, bridges, routers, and modems. A switch connects network segments and can perform error checking before forwarding data packets between devices on a local area network. A router connects two or more networks and reads address information in packets to determine the best path to forward packets between networks. Routers work at the network layer and contain routing tables to define the addresses of connected networks.
Esta apresentação, tem como objetivo mostrar um pouco sobre Cabeamento de rede, focando em um cabo especifico : O Cabo de Par Trançado.
Foi elaborado para apresentação na cadeira de Redes 2 , na Faculdade Sete de Setembro 2015.2 Noite
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the basics of LANs, MANs and WANs. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. It also discusses the various components that make up a network including physical media, networking devices, computers, networking software and applications. The document is intended to provide a high-level overview of computer networks.
Este documento describe los protocolos TCP/IP, incluyendo el protocolo IP y cómo funciona el direccionamiento IP. IP usa direcciones de 32 bits y máscaras de subred para identificar redes y hosts. Las direcciones IP se dividen en clases A, B y C dependiendo de los bits más significativos.
This document provides a summary of basic wireless networking concepts for new users. It discusses the need for wireless networks and their benefits over wired networks. It then covers fundamental wireless topics like wireless topologies, regulatory bodies, wireless network components, and wireless network types. It also addresses wireless design concepts such as ad-hoc vs infrastructure networks and wireless access point types. The document aims to give new wireless users a high-level understanding of wireless fundamentals and common industry terminology.
The document provides an overview of computer networking, including definitions of key terms like computer network and network topology. It discusses why networks are needed, how they work, common network models like OSI and TCP/IP. It also covers topics like IP addressing, different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), common network devices, applications, and security concerns.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit signals and data in communication networks. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable, which provide a physical path for signal propagation. It also covers unguided or wireless media that transmit signals through air using radio waves, microwaves, or infrared. The key characteristics, applications, and performance of each transmission medium are outlined.
A protocol is a set of rules for exchanging data between devices and defines how messages should be formatted, transmitted and acknowledged. Some common protocols include HTTP for accessing web pages, SMTP for sending email, FTP for file transfers, TCP for reliable packet delivery across networks, and IP for logical addressing to route information between networks.
3 - Redes de Comutadores - ethernet wifiAndre Peres
Ìý
O documento resume os principais conceitos sobre as redes Ethernet e WiFi, incluindo a estrutura dos quadros Ethernet, os modos de operação half-duplex e full-duplex da Ethernet, os protocolos de acesso ao meio WiFi como CSMA/CA e os padrões 802.11.
CCNA certification is a cornerstone of many IT careers. This book is a comprehensive study guide for the CCNA Intro, CCNA ICND, and CCNA Certification exams. Its target audience is a high school student, a first-year community college or any adult wanting to understand networking better.
The document discusses the Cisco Nexus 7000 series modular datacenter switches. It provides details on:
1) The Nexus product line including the Nexus 1000v, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 7000 series switches.
2) Key features of the Nexus 7000 including scalable switching capacity beyond 15 terabits per second, unified fabric, and high availability.
3) The principles behind the Nexus 7000's design which focus on infrastructure scalability, operational continuity, and transport flexibility.
A computer network connects multiple computers allowing them to communicate and share resources. It requires a minimum of two computers connected by cables or wirelessly with network interface cards. There are different types of networks including local area networks covering a small area like a building, metropolitan area networks spanning a city, and wide area networks covering larger distances like the internet. Networks can be configured in a peer-to-peer setup where computers act as equal partners or a client-server setup with dedicated server computers.
El documento describe el protocolo HDLC, que proporciona un mecanismo de detección y corrección de errores para enlaces digitales. HDLC define tramas con campos como dirección, control e información, y utiliza banderas y detección de errores CRC para garantizar la transmisión fiable. HDLC puede operar en modo balanceado o no balanceado dependiendo de si las estaciones son primarias, secundarias u combinadas.
The document discusses the data link layer and its purpose of enabling communication between network interfaces and encapsulating higher layer packets. It describes data link layer standards and sublayers, including the logical link control (LLC) and media access control (MAC) sublayers. It also summarizes common network topologies at the data link layer, including point-to-point, hub-and-spoke and mesh WAN topologies as well as star and bus LAN topologies. Additionally, it covers data link frames, addressing, error detection and common data link protocols.
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including their characteristics and applications. It covers both guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as unguided or wireless transmission using radio frequencies, microwaves, and satellites. Key points discussed include the factors that determine transmission quality like bandwidth and interference, the advantages of higher bandwidth and fiber optics, and how different media are suited for various uses from local networks to long-distance trunks based on their data rates and transmission distances.
Networking devices connect electronic devices together to share files and resources. They include routers, hubs, switches, bridges, gateways, and network interface cards. Routers direct network traffic and route information between local area networks. Hubs connect devices physically but copy all data to every port. Switches intelligently send data only to the destination port, unlike hubs. Bridges connect networks using the same protocol, while gateways allow communication across different networks using protocols. Network interface cards provide the physical connection between a computer and the network.
This document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and its layers from physical to application layer. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different types of addressing used in networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also defines common networking hardware like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches and explains their basic functions. Finally, it introduces the concepts of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs).
The document discusses various network architectures including Token Ring, Ethernet, FDDI, AppleTalk, ARCNET, and MAN systems. Token Ring uses a logical ring topology and token passing for data transfer. It has advantages like no data collisions but disadvantages if links are malfunctioning. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD and can use any physical topology. FDDI provides high performance over fiber optic cables in a token ring architecture. AppleTalk was an early client-server system for Macintosh. ARCNET uses token passing over coaxial cable and supports up to 255 nodes. MAN connects different LANs over large distances.
IP specifies the format of packets and an addressing scheme to allow communication between devices on a network. While IP alone only supports one-way transmission like a postal system, TCP/IP establishes two-way connections between hosts to allow them to send messages back and forth. IP addresses are unique identifiers for network interfaces, consisting of a network prefix and host number. IP addresses are divided into classes A-E based on their format and usage. Subnetting allows networks to be divided into smaller subnetworks to better utilize blocks of addresses.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the basics of LANs, MANs and WANs. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. It also discusses the various components that make up a network including physical media, networking devices, computers, networking software and applications. The document is intended to provide a high-level overview of computer networks.
Este documento describe los protocolos TCP/IP, incluyendo el protocolo IP y cómo funciona el direccionamiento IP. IP usa direcciones de 32 bits y máscaras de subred para identificar redes y hosts. Las direcciones IP se dividen en clases A, B y C dependiendo de los bits más significativos.
This document provides a summary of basic wireless networking concepts for new users. It discusses the need for wireless networks and their benefits over wired networks. It then covers fundamental wireless topics like wireless topologies, regulatory bodies, wireless network components, and wireless network types. It also addresses wireless design concepts such as ad-hoc vs infrastructure networks and wireless access point types. The document aims to give new wireless users a high-level understanding of wireless fundamentals and common industry terminology.
The document provides an overview of computer networking, including definitions of key terms like computer network and network topology. It discusses why networks are needed, how they work, common network models like OSI and TCP/IP. It also covers topics like IP addressing, different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), common network devices, applications, and security concerns.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit signals and data in communication networks. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable, which provide a physical path for signal propagation. It also covers unguided or wireless media that transmit signals through air using radio waves, microwaves, or infrared. The key characteristics, applications, and performance of each transmission medium are outlined.
A protocol is a set of rules for exchanging data between devices and defines how messages should be formatted, transmitted and acknowledged. Some common protocols include HTTP for accessing web pages, SMTP for sending email, FTP for file transfers, TCP for reliable packet delivery across networks, and IP for logical addressing to route information between networks.
3 - Redes de Comutadores - ethernet wifiAndre Peres
Ìý
O documento resume os principais conceitos sobre as redes Ethernet e WiFi, incluindo a estrutura dos quadros Ethernet, os modos de operação half-duplex e full-duplex da Ethernet, os protocolos de acesso ao meio WiFi como CSMA/CA e os padrões 802.11.
CCNA certification is a cornerstone of many IT careers. This book is a comprehensive study guide for the CCNA Intro, CCNA ICND, and CCNA Certification exams. Its target audience is a high school student, a first-year community college or any adult wanting to understand networking better.
The document discusses the Cisco Nexus 7000 series modular datacenter switches. It provides details on:
1) The Nexus product line including the Nexus 1000v, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 7000 series switches.
2) Key features of the Nexus 7000 including scalable switching capacity beyond 15 terabits per second, unified fabric, and high availability.
3) The principles behind the Nexus 7000's design which focus on infrastructure scalability, operational continuity, and transport flexibility.
A computer network connects multiple computers allowing them to communicate and share resources. It requires a minimum of two computers connected by cables or wirelessly with network interface cards. There are different types of networks including local area networks covering a small area like a building, metropolitan area networks spanning a city, and wide area networks covering larger distances like the internet. Networks can be configured in a peer-to-peer setup where computers act as equal partners or a client-server setup with dedicated server computers.
El documento describe el protocolo HDLC, que proporciona un mecanismo de detección y corrección de errores para enlaces digitales. HDLC define tramas con campos como dirección, control e información, y utiliza banderas y detección de errores CRC para garantizar la transmisión fiable. HDLC puede operar en modo balanceado o no balanceado dependiendo de si las estaciones son primarias, secundarias u combinadas.
The document discusses the data link layer and its purpose of enabling communication between network interfaces and encapsulating higher layer packets. It describes data link layer standards and sublayers, including the logical link control (LLC) and media access control (MAC) sublayers. It also summarizes common network topologies at the data link layer, including point-to-point, hub-and-spoke and mesh WAN topologies as well as star and bus LAN topologies. Additionally, it covers data link frames, addressing, error detection and common data link protocols.
This document discusses different types of transmission media, including their characteristics and applications. It covers both guided media like twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber, as well as unguided or wireless transmission using radio frequencies, microwaves, and satellites. Key points discussed include the factors that determine transmission quality like bandwidth and interference, the advantages of higher bandwidth and fiber optics, and how different media are suited for various uses from local networks to long-distance trunks based on their data rates and transmission distances.
Networking devices connect electronic devices together to share files and resources. They include routers, hubs, switches, bridges, gateways, and network interface cards. Routers direct network traffic and route information between local area networks. Hubs connect devices physically but copy all data to every port. Switches intelligently send data only to the destination port, unlike hubs. Bridges connect networks using the same protocol, while gateways allow communication across different networks using protocols. Network interface cards provide the physical connection between a computer and the network.
This document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and its layers from physical to application layer. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different types of addressing used in networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also defines common networking hardware like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches and explains their basic functions. Finally, it introduces the concepts of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs).
The document discusses various network architectures including Token Ring, Ethernet, FDDI, AppleTalk, ARCNET, and MAN systems. Token Ring uses a logical ring topology and token passing for data transfer. It has advantages like no data collisions but disadvantages if links are malfunctioning. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD and can use any physical topology. FDDI provides high performance over fiber optic cables in a token ring architecture. AppleTalk was an early client-server system for Macintosh. ARCNET uses token passing over coaxial cable and supports up to 255 nodes. MAN connects different LANs over large distances.
IP specifies the format of packets and an addressing scheme to allow communication between devices on a network. While IP alone only supports one-way transmission like a postal system, TCP/IP establishes two-way connections between hosts to allow them to send messages back and forth. IP addresses are unique identifiers for network interfaces, consisting of a network prefix and host number. IP addresses are divided into classes A-E based on their format and usage. Subnetting allows networks to be divided into smaller subnetworks to better utilize blocks of addresses.
Este documento resume la tramitación parlamentaria del proyecto de ley ordenadora del sistema de la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social en España. El Consejo de Ministros aprobó el proyecto de ley el 27 de marzo de 2015, que fue sometido a dictamen del Consejo Económico y Social. El proyecto de ley crea un nuevo organismo autónomo para la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social y establece su relación con las comunidades autónomas. Ahora corresponde esperar la tramitación parlament
3. Funcions d’una xarxa Compartir una connexió a internet Compartir maquinari i perifèrics Compartir dades i fitxers
4. Tipus o medi de connexió Aprox 10 m Fins a 3 Mb/s Ones electrom. Bluetooth Aprox 100 m Fins a 100 Mb/s Ones electrom. Wi-Fi Sense fil Aprox 100 m Fins a 1 Tb/s Feix de llum Fibra òptica Aprox 100 m Fins a 1 Gb/s Senyals elèctrics Parells Trenat FÃsic Dist. mà xima Velocitat Tipus transmissió Nom MitjÃ
8. Elements d’una xarxa Tarjeta de xarxa Concentrador (hub) Conmutador (switch) Encaminador (Router) Cable (parells trenats) Connector RJ45 Fibra òptica
9. Elements d’una xarxa Tarjeta de xarxa (NIC) S’instal.la a les ranures d’expansió de l’equip o a un connector USB Cada tarjeta te un identificador únic hexadecimal de 6 bytes (48 bits) anomenat MAC Es tracta d’un identificador únic per a cada tarjeta, donat de fà brica . getmac
10. Elements d’una xarxa Concentrador (hub). Quan rep un paquet de dades per un port, el transmet a la resta. Pot provocar saturacions, i falta de privacitat. Conmutador (Switch) emmagatzema l’adreça MAC de tots els equips. Quan rep un paquet de dades mira l’adreça a la que va dirigit, i el llança en aquella direcció. Encaminador (Router) Es destina a interconnectar diferents xarxes entre si, p.ex, una LAN amb una WAN
14. Protocols de xarxa Regles i especificacions (protocols) que han de seguir els dipositius en xarxa per transferir-se informació. TCP/IP Protocol de transport (com s’ha de preparar i rebre la informació), i de xarxa (per on s’han d’enviar els paquets, i a on) Rebre els paquets que li pasa IP Ordena, comprova, i verifica Extreu informació útil Si hi ha errors, genera resposta al emissor per que li torni a enviar el paquet fà llid Receptor Dividir informació en paquets Afegir codi errors a cada paquet per comprobar al rebre Passar el paquet a protocol IP per gestionar la seva tramesa Emisor Funcions protocol TCP
15. Protocols de xarxa IP S’encarrega de transmetre paquets d’informació Adreça IP: identifica una mà quina a una xarxa. Está formada per 4 bytes Per definir tipus de xarxa i maquinari implementat, InterNIC va definir tres tipus de xarxa: 2 8 2 16 2 24 Dispositius per xarxa 192.168.0.0 a 192.168.255.255 172.16.0.0. a 172.31.255.255 10.0.0.0 a 10.255.255.255 Adreces reservades xarxes privades 2 21 C 2 14 B 2 7 A Xarxes possibles Classe