際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

XII INVESTIGATORY PHYSICS PROJECT

Er Shambhu Chauhan
Er Shambhu Chauhan

This document describes an investigatory project on investigating the relationship between the input and output voltage of a transformer. It includes an introduction describing transformers, the objectives of investigating the ratio of input/output voltages and primary/secondary coil turns. The document outlines the theory of transformer operation, required apparatus, procedures followed, applications of transformers, sources of error, conclusions and references. The student aims to build self-made transformers and measure voltages and currents to determine the relationships.

1 of 19
Downloaded 664 times
1 INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON PHYSICS A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Physics Practical Examination of CLASS XII RITU KUMARI MAHATO ROLL NO: - 04 Kendriya Vidyalaya Tinsukia Assam -786125
2 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project To investigate the relation ratio of Input and output voltage Transformer Kumari Mahato (Roll No: year 2015-16 physics practical e by AISSCE, New Date: PLACE : Tin CERTIFICATE is is to certify that the project To investigate the relation between the Input and output voltage is being submitted by Kumari Mahato (Roll No: - 04) during the in partial Fulfillment physics practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi. nsukia Signature of physics teacher entitled between the Input and output voltage of the is being submitted by Ritu during the ulfillment of xamination conducted Signature of physics teacher
3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my physics teacher, Sushil Kumar verma, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Tinsukia, for his constant guidance and insightful comments during the project work. I shall always cherish my association with them for their constant encouragement and freedom to thought and action that rendered to me throughouttheprojectwork. I would like to thank all the teachers and principal of atKendriya Vidyalaya,Tinsukia, formaintaining acongenialenvironment. I am also thankful to all my friends for their constant help and encouragementformysuccessfulcompletionofprojectwork. (RITU KUMARI MAHATO)
4 1. Title .. 1 2. CERTIFICATE . 2 3. ACKNOWLDGEMENT . 3 4. CONTENTS .. 4 5. OBJECTIVES . 5 6. INTRODUCTION .. 5-6 7. THEORY .. ..7-13 8. APPARATUS REQUIRED . 14-15 9. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED 16 10. Applications 17 11.PRECAUTION 18 12. REFRENCES 19 CONTENTS
5 OBJECTIVES To investigate the relation between the ratio of: 1. Input and output voltage. 2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer. The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice- versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
6 linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil. A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones. A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
7 THEORY Fig: - 1
8 Fig: - 2 When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and 標 = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant. And then Ep = -N p 標 .. (1) Es = -N s 標 .. (2)
9 Where, N p = No. of turns of the primary coil. N s = No. of turns of the secondary coil. Ep = e.m.f.s induced in the primary coil. Es = e.m.f.s induced in the secondary coil From the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get; Es / Ep = - N s / N p (3) As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by : Ip = E Ep / Rp E Ep = I p Rp When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp I p can be neglected so therefore E Ep = 0 or Ep = E Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
10 Hence equation (3) can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N s / Np = K Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio. IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER Es < E so K < 1, hence N s < N p If I p = value of primary current at the same instant And I s = value of secondary current at this instant, then Input power at the instant = Ep I p and Output power at the same instant = Es I s If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power = output power Or Ep I p = Es I s Or
11 Es / Ep = I p / I s = K IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so I p > I s or I s < Ip i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
12 ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down transformer steps up the current. EFFICIENCY Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power .i.e. 侶 = output power / input power = Es I s / Ep I p Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, 侶 = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
13 ENERGY LOSSES Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer: 1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires. 2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores. 3. Leakage of magnetic flux - occurs in spite of best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2. 4. Hysteresis loss- is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it. 5. Magneto striation- i.e. humming noise of a transformer.
14 APPARATUS REQUIRED
15
16 PROCEDURE 1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer. 2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer. 3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively. 4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2. 5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer. 6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
17 USES OF TRANSFORMER... A transformer issued in almost all a.c. operations- In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.
18 SOURCES OF ERROR 1.Values of current can be changed due to heating effect. 2. Eddy current can change the readings. CONCLUSION 1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage 2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage 3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer. PRECAUTIONS 1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage. 2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain constant.
19 REFRENCES

More Related Content

XII INVESTIGATORY PHYSICS PROJECT

  • 1. 1 INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON PHYSICS A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Physics Practical Examination of CLASS XII RITU KUMARI MAHATO ROLL NO: - 04 Kendriya Vidyalaya Tinsukia Assam -786125
  • 2. 2 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project To investigate the relation ratio of Input and output voltage Transformer Kumari Mahato (Roll No: year 2015-16 physics practical e by AISSCE, New Date: PLACE : Tin CERTIFICATE is is to certify that the project To investigate the relation between the Input and output voltage is being submitted by Kumari Mahato (Roll No: - 04) during the in partial Fulfillment physics practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi. nsukia Signature of physics teacher entitled between the Input and output voltage of the is being submitted by Ritu during the ulfillment of xamination conducted Signature of physics teacher
  • 3. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my physics teacher, Sushil Kumar verma, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Tinsukia, for his constant guidance and insightful comments during the project work. I shall always cherish my association with them for their constant encouragement and freedom to thought and action that rendered to me throughouttheprojectwork. I would like to thank all the teachers and principal of atKendriya Vidyalaya,Tinsukia, formaintaining acongenialenvironment. I am also thankful to all my friends for their constant help and encouragementformysuccessfulcompletionofprojectwork. (RITU KUMARI MAHATO)
  • 4. 4 1. Title .. 1 2. CERTIFICATE . 2 3. ACKNOWLDGEMENT . 3 4. CONTENTS .. 4 5. OBJECTIVES . 5 6. INTRODUCTION .. 5-6 7. THEORY .. ..7-13 8. APPARATUS REQUIRED . 14-15 9. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED 16 10. Applications 17 11.PRECAUTION 18 12. REFRENCES 19 CONTENTS
  • 5. 5 OBJECTIVES To investigate the relation between the ratio of: 1. Input and output voltage. 2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer. The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice- versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
  • 6. 6 linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil. A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones. A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
  • 8. 8 Fig: - 2 When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and 標 = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant. And then Ep = -N p 標 .. (1) Es = -N s 標 .. (2)
  • 9. 9 Where, N p = No. of turns of the primary coil. N s = No. of turns of the secondary coil. Ep = e.m.f.s induced in the primary coil. Es = e.m.f.s induced in the secondary coil From the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get; Es / Ep = - N s / N p (3) As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by : Ip = E Ep / Rp E Ep = I p Rp When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp I p can be neglected so therefore E Ep = 0 or Ep = E Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
  • 10. 10 Hence equation (3) can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N s / Np = K Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio. IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER Es < E so K < 1, hence N s < N p If I p = value of primary current at the same instant And I s = value of secondary current at this instant, then Input power at the instant = Ep I p and Output power at the same instant = Es I s If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power = output power Or Ep I p = Es I s Or
  • 11. 11 Es / Ep = I p / I s = K IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so I p > I s or I s < Ip i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
  • 12. 12 ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down transformer steps up the current. EFFICIENCY Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power .i.e. 侶 = output power / input power = Es I s / Ep I p Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, 侶 = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
  • 13. 13 ENERGY LOSSES Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer: 1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires. 2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores. 3. Leakage of magnetic flux - occurs in spite of best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2. 4. Hysteresis loss- is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it. 5. Magneto striation- i.e. humming noise of a transformer.
  • 15. 15
  • 16. 16 PROCEDURE 1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer. 2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer. 3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively. 4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2. 5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer. 6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
  • 17. 17 USES OF TRANSFORMER... A transformer issued in almost all a.c. operations- In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.
  • 18. 18 SOURCES OF ERROR 1.Values of current can be changed due to heating effect. 2. Eddy current can change the readings. CONCLUSION 1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage 2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage 3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer. PRECAUTIONS 1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage. 2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain constant.