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Zalizobeton meleshynskyi artur¡í3

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Artur Meleshynski

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§®?§ß?§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§à §à§ã§Ó?§ä§Ú ? §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú §µ§Ü§â§Ñ?§ß§Ú §¯§Ñ§è?§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Û §å§ß?§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä ¡°§­§î§Ó?§Ó§ã§î§Ü§Ñ §á§à§Ý?§ä§Ö§ç§ß?§Ü§Ñ¡± §¬§Ñ§æ§Ö§Õ§â§Ñ ¡°§¢§å§Õ?§Ó§Ö§Ý§î§ß? §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?? §ä§Ñ §Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú¡± §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§à-§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§Ñ §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ñ ¡í3 §Ù §Õ§Ú§ã§è§Ú§á§Ý?§ß§Ú ¡°§±§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß§Ú§ç §ä§Ñ §Þ§å§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û¡± (§©§Ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ ¡í19) §£§Ú§Ü§à§ß§Ñ§Ó: §ã§ä. §Ô§â. §±§¸§¢§Þ-13 §®§Ö§Ý§Ö§ê§Ú§ß§ã§î§Ü§Ú§Û §¡.§². §±§â§Ú§Û§ß§ñ§Ó: §º§á§Ñ§Ü §®.§®. §­§î§Ó?§Ó-2015
1 §©§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ñ ¡í1 §¥§Ý§ñ §Þ§à§ß§à§Ý?§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§Ñ §Ù§Ò?§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§å§á§à§Ý§Ñ §à§Ò§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ §Ó §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü?§Ý§î§è? §ä§Ñ §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú §Ù§Ó§Ú§é§Ñ§Û§ß§å ? §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§å §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§å. §±§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§é§ß§Ú§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü?§Ý§î§è§ñ b¡Áh=0,5¡Á0,7§Þ. §²§Ñ§Õ?§å§ã §Ü§å§á§à§Ý§Ñ R=30 §Þ. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §â§Ñ§Õ?§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ü?§Ý§î§è§Ö qr = 75§Ü§¯/§Þ. §¬§Ý§Ñ§ã §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ü?§Ó §³§³2, §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â?§ñ §¡ (¦Ãn = 1,1). §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 1 §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§ñ §Ü§å§á§à§Ý§Ñ §®§Ñ§ä§Ö§â?§Ñ§Ý§Ú: §³§ä§Ñ§Ý§î §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¡???§³. §·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä?: §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? fyk = 500 §®§±§Ñ(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý.3.4 [6]); §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú ¦Ãs = 1,15(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 2.1 [7]). §®§à§Õ§å§Ý§î §á§â§å§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¡500§³ ¨C§¦s = 2,1¡¤105§®§±§Ñ (§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 3.4 [6]). §³§ä§Ñ§Ý§î §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¬1500(§¬-7).§·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä?: §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? fp0,1k = 1430 §®§±§Ñ(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý.3.5 [6]); §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú ¦Ãs = 1,2(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 2.1 [7]). §®§à§Õ§å§Ý§î §á§â§å§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å ?15§¬1500¨C §¦p =1,8¡¤105§®§±§Ñ (§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 3.5 [6]). §®§Ñ§Ü§ã§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Û §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §å§Þ§à§Ó §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ú§Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú, §ñ§Ü§Ú§Û§Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å?§à§á?§â §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú§Ó§Ú§ë§Ö §å§Þ§à§Ó§ß§à? §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? ¦Ãs6= 1,1 §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§à§Ü §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §à§á§à§â§å §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: fpd = fp0,1k ¦Ãs = 1430 1,2 = 1192§®§±§Ñ. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §à§á§à§â§å §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å §ß§Ö§ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: fyd = fyk ¦Ãs = 500 1,15 = 435 §®§±§Ñ. §°§á§à§â§ß§Ö §Ü?§Ý§î§è§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §å§Þ§à§Ó§Ñ§ç §á§à§Ù§Ñ§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å. §£§ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§à§Ü §Þ§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ô§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§å §Û§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Ø§ß§Ñ §Ó§Ó§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§Ú §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à-§â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Þ.§£
2 §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü?§Ý§î§è? §Ó§Ú§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä§î §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ, §ë§à §Ó §Õ§Ñ§ß§à§Þ§å §Ó§Ú§á§Ñ§Õ§Ü§å §â?§Ó§ß? §Ü?§Ý§î§è§Ö§Ó§à§Þ§å §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ð NEd = N2: NEd = N2 = Rqrcos¦× ? Rqr/(1 + cos¦×) = 30? 75 1 + 0 = 2250 §ÜH, ¦× = 90¡ã ? §Ü§å§ä§à§Ó§Ñ §Ü§à§à§â§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Ü§å§á§à§Ý? (§Ó §Õ§Ñ§ß§à§Þ§å §Ó§Ú§á§Ñ§Õ§Ü§å §ß§Ñ §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü?§Ý§î§è?); H0 = N1 cos¦× = 0 ¨C §â§à§Ù§á?§â, §Õ§Ö N1 ¨C §Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Õ?§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ. ¦×0 = 90¡ã ? ¦× = 90¡ã ? 90¡ã =0. §©§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§Þ§à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§å §á§Ý§à§ë§å §ß§Ö§ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §¡400§³: As,min = NEd ? ¦Ãn fyd = 2250? 1,1 435? (0,1) = 56,89 §ã§Þ2 . §±§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ?§Þ§à 12?25§¡500§³, As,fac = 58,8 §ã§Þ2 . §®§Ñ§Ü§ã§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ, §á§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß? §Õ§à §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú ¦Òp,max §Þ§Ö§ß§ê? §Ù §Õ§Ó§à§ç ¨C 0,8 ¡¤ fpk §Ñ§Ò§à 0,9 ¡¤ fp0,1k; fpk = 1575 §®§±§Ñ ?§ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä? §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú. 0,9 ¡¤ fp0,1k = 0,9¡¤ 1430 = 1287§®§±§Ñ > 0,8 ¡¤ fpk = 0,8 ¡¤ 1575 = 1260 §®§±§Ñ §´§à§Þ§å ¦Òp,max = 0,8¡¤ fpk = 1260 §®§±§Ñ . §¯§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ó §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü?§Ý§î§è? §Ó?§Õ §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ: ¦Ò§£ = NEd ? ¦Ãn Akil = 2250 ? 1,1 3500 = 0,7 §ÜH/§ã§Þ2 Akil = 50 ? 70 = 3500 c§Þ2 ? §á§Ý§à§ë§Ñ §ã?§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü?§Ý§î§è§ñ. §¯§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§å §á§Ý§à§ë§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú, §Ù§Ñ§Ò§Ö§Ù§á§Ö§é§å§ð§é§Ú §Ò§Ö§Ù§Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§ß§Ú§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ß §Ü§å§á§à§Ý§Ñ, §Ù§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§Þ§à §Ù §å§Þ§à§Ó§Ú §â?§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä? §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§î, §ë§à §Õ?§ð§ä§î §Ó §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§ß§è? ? §Ü?§Ý§î§è?. Ap,min = NEd¦Ãn fpd¦Ãs6 = 2250 ? 1,1 1192 ? 1,1 ? 10?1 = 18,87§ã§Þ2 . §¬§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §Ñ§â§Þ§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ: ¦Ì = ¦Ò§£ ¦Òp,max = 7 1260 = 0,0055; Ap,min = 18,87 §ã§Þ2 < §¡kil ? ¦Ì = 3500? 0,0055 = 19,25§ã§Þ2 < 0,05 ? §¡kil = 0,05? 3500 = 175 §ã§Þ2 . §°§ä§Ø§Ö, §á§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ?§Þ§à 14?15 §¬-7, Ap,fac = 19,46 §ã§Þ2 .
3 §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 2 §£§å§Ù§Ý§Ú §Ñ§â§Þ§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ (1) §Ò§Ö§Ù §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ ? (2) §Ù §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß?§Þ §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ§Þ
4 §©§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ñ ¡í2 §£?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§ß§à §Õ§à §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§Ú§ã§ñ§é§à§Ô§à §Ü§â§å§Ô§Ý§à§Ô§à §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ß? §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ §à§Ò§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ §Ó §à§Ü§â§Ö§Þ§à§Þ§å §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä? §ä§Ñ §á§Ý§à§ë§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§é§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å §è§î§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ q§Ó = 4 §Ü§¯/§Þ2 . §¤§Ö§à§Þ§Ö§ä§â§Ú§é§ß? §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ü§â§å§Ô§Ý§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ a = 2,2 §Þ,R = 30 §Þ,f = 3 §Þ.§´§Ö§â§Þ?§ß §Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ý§å§Ñ§ä§Ñ§è?? Tef = 70§â§à§Ü?§Ó. §¬§Ý§Ñ§ã §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ü?§Ó ¨C §³§³1. §¬§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â?§ñ §Ó?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä? ¨C §¡ (¦Ãn = 1,0). §®?§ã§ä§à §Ò§å§Õ?§Ó§ß§Ú§è§ä§Ó§Ñ ¨C §Þ.§¹§Ö§â§Ü§Ñ§ã§Ú. §®§Ñ§Ü§ã§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Û §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §å§Þ§à§Ó §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ú §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú, §ñ§Ü§Ú§Û §Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å? §à§á?§â §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §Ó§Ú§ë§Ö §å§Þ§à§Ó§ß§à? §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? ¦Ãs6= 1,1 §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 3 §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§Ñ §®§Ñ§ä§Ö§â?§Ñ§Ý§Ú: §³§ä§Ñ§Ý§î §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¬1500(§¬-7). §·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä?: §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? fp0,1k = 1335 §®§±§Ñ(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý.3.5 [6]); §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú ¦Ãs = 1,2(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 2.1 [7]). §®§à§Õ§å§Ý§î §á§â§å§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¬1500 ¨C §¦p =1,8¡¤105§®§±§Ñ (§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 3.5 [6]). §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§à§Ü §£§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§à §á§à§Ó§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð. §¥§Ý§ñ §è§î§à§Ô§à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§Ö §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð: Sm = ¦ÃfmS0C; §Õ§Ö fm? =1,07¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ù§Ñ §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§Ú§Þ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ§Þ §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ§Þ, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ô?§Õ§ß§à §Ù (§á. 8.11[4]); S0=1520 §±§Ñ ¨C §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ (§Ó §±§Ñ), §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ô?§Õ§ß§à §Ù (§á. 8.5 [4]); §³ ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ §Ó§Ü§Ñ§Ù?§Ó§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú (§á. 8.6[4]); C = ¦ÌCeCalt; §Õ§Ö ? =1¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§å §Ó?§Õ §Ó§Ñ§Ô§Ú §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§Ó§å §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß? ?§â§å§ß§ä§å §Õ§à §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð, §ñ§Ü§Ú§Û §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ (§á. 8.7, 8.8[4]); Ce=1 ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä, §ë§à §Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å? §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ §Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ý§å§Ñ§ä§Ñ§è?? §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý? ? §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ(§á. 8.6[4]); Calt=1 ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §Ô§Ö§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§à? §Ó§Ú§ã§à§ä§Ú, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ (§á. 8.10[4]). §°§ä§Ø§Ö: C = ¦ÌCeCalt = 1;
5 Sm = ¦ÃfmS0C = 1,07 ? 1520? 1 ? 10?3 = 1,63 kH/§Þ2 . §±§à§Ó§ß§Ö §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð: q = (q§Ó + Sm ) = (4 + 1,63) = 6,52 kH/§Þ2 , §£§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å§ð§é§Ú, §ë§à §à§á§à§â§Ú §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §à§Õ§ß§à§Þ§å §â?§Ó§ß? ? §ä§Ö, §ë§à §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ú§Û §ä§Ú§ã§Ü §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§à §á§à §Õ§à§ä§Ú§é§ß?§Û §Õ§à §à§ã? §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú §Ó §Þ?§ã§è? §Ù§Ñ§Ü§â?§á§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§ñ, §Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §ã§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§à§Ó? §à§á§à§â§ß§Ú§ç §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è?§Û §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §ã§Ú§Þ§Ö§ä§â?? §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§ß§à? §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§Ú §Õ§à§â?§Ó§ß§ð§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú§Þ§å§ä§î: A = B = 0,5qaR = 0,5 ? 6,52 ? 2,2 ? 30 = 215,2kH. §©§ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å §ã§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§à§Ó§å: H = qaR2 6f = 6,5? 2,2 ? 302 6 ? 3 = 715kH. §£§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å§ð§ä§î §ß§Ñ §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ: NEd = ¡ÌA2 + H2 = ¡Ì215,2 2 + 7152 = 746,7kH. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §à§á§à§â§å §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: fpd = fp0,1k ¦Ãs = 1335 1,2 = 1112,5 §®§±§Ñ. §©§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§Þ§à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§å §á§Ý§à§ë§å §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: Ap,min = NEd¦Ãn fpd = 746,7 ? 1,0 1112,5 ? 10?1 ? 1,2 = 5,59 §ã§Þ2 . §°§ä§Ø§Ö, §á§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ?§Þ§à: 25?6 §¬-7, Ap,fac=5,75 §ã§Þ2 . §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 4 §±§å§é§à§Ü §Ù 25 ? 6§¬1500(§¬-7)
6 §©§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ñ ¡í3 §¯§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§Ú§ã§ñ§é§à§Ô§à §à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ß? §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ §à§Ò§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ §Ó §à§Ü§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ç §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ç Nx, Ny §ä§Ñ §á§Ý§à§ë§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§é§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å §è§Ú§ç §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ q§Ó = 1.75 §Ü§¯ §Þ2 . §¤§Ö§à§Þ§Ö§ä§â§Ú§é§ß? §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ a = 80,5 §Þ, b = 63 §Þ, f = 7,0 §Þ, d = 3,5 §Þ. §´§Ö§â§Þ?§ß §Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ý§å§Ñ§ä§Ñ§è?? Tef = 70 §â§à§Ü?§Ó. §¬§Ý§Ñ§ã §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ü?§Ó §³§³2, §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â?§ñ §Ó?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä? §¡ (¦Ãn = 1,10). §®?§ã§ä§à §Ò§å§Õ?§Ó§ß§Ú§è§ä§Ó§Ñ ¨C ?§Ó§Ñ§ß§à-§¶§â§Ñ§ß§Ü?§Ó§ã§î§Ü. §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 5 §³§ç§Ö§Þ§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ß? §ä§Ñ §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§Ñ §®§Ñ§ä§Ö§â?§Ñ§Ý§Ú: §¡§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ñ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¡600§³: §·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú§Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä?: §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä?§Õ§â§à§ä§å§ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? fp0,1k = 575 §®§±§Ñ(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý.3.4 [6]); §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú ¦Ãs = 1,2 (§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 2.1 [7]); §Þ§à§Õ§å§Ý§î §á§â§å§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¡600§³ ¨C §¦p=1,9¡¤105 §®§±§Ñ(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 3.4 [6]); §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§à§Ü §£§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§à §á§à§Ó§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð. §¥§Ý§ñ §è§î§à§Ô§à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§Ö §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð: Sm = ¦ÃfmS0C, §Õ§Ö fm? =1,10 ¨C§Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ù§Ñ §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§Ú§Þ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ§Þ §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ§Þ, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ô?§Õ§ß§à §Ù (§á. 8.11[4]); S0 =1410 §±§Ñ ¨C §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ (§Ó §±§Ñ), §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ô?§Õ§ß§à §Ù (§á. 8.5 [4]); §³ ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ §Ó§Ü§Ñ§Ù?§Ó§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú (§á. 8.6[4]); C = ¦ÌCeCalt = 1;
7 §Õ§Ö? =1 ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§å§Ó?§Õ §Ó§Ñ§Ô§Ú §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§Ó§å§ß§Ñ§á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß??§â§å§ß§ä§å §Õ§à §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð, §ñ§Ü§Ú§Û §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ (§á. 8.7, 8.8[4]); Ce =1¨C§Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä, §ë§à §Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å? §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ §Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ý§å§Ñ§ä§Ñ§è?? §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý? ? §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ (§á. 8.6[4]); Calt =1¨C§Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §Ô§Ö§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§à? §Ó§Ú§ã§à§ä§Ú, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ (§á. 8.10[4]). §°§ä§Ø§Ö: Sm = ¦ÃfmS0C = 1,1 ? 1410 ? 1 ? 10?3 = 1,55 kH/§Þ2 . §±§à§Ó§ß§Ö §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð: q = (q§Ó + Sm) ? ? = (1,75 + 1,55) ? 3,5 = 11,55kH/§Þ, §Õ§Ö ¦Ãn = 1,1- §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §á§à §Ó?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä?, §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ò§å§Õ§Ú§ß§Ü?§Ó §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â?? §Ó?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä? §¡ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ü?§Ó §³§³2 §á§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ?§Þ§à §Ù§Ô?§Õ§ß§à (§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý.5 [5]). §©§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§Þ§à §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ §å §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ç: Nx = qa2 4f = 11,55? 80,52 4 ? 7,0 = 2673§ÜH; Ny = qb2 4f = 11,55? 632 4 ? 7,0 = 1637,21 §ÜH. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §à§á§à§â§å §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: fpd = fp0,1k ¦Ãs = 575 1,2 = 479,1 §®§±§Ñ. §©§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§Þ§à §á§Ý§à§ë§å §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: Apx,min = Nx ? ¦Ãn fpd ? ¦Ãs6 = 2673 ? 1,1 479,1 ? (0,1) = 61,37 §ã§Þ2 ; Apy,min = Ny ? ¦Ãn fpd ? ¦Ãs6 = 1637,21 ? 1,1 479,1 ? (0,1) = 37,58 §ã§Þ2 . §°§ä§Ø§Ö, §á§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ?§Þ§à: - §á§à §à§ã? §ç: 40?14§¡600§³: Ap = 61,56 §ã§Þ2 ; - §á§à §à§ã? §å: 36?12§¡600§³: Ap = 40,716 §ã§Þ2 . §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 6 §±§å§é§à§Ü (1) - §Ó §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Þ§Ü§å §·, (2) - §Ó §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Þ§Ü§å Y
8 §£§Ú§Ü§à§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ý?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ñ 1. §±§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Ø§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û: §³§á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§é§ß§à§Ö§á§à§ã§à§Ò§Ú§Ö/§±§à§Õ §â§Ö§Õ. §¡.§¢.§¤§à§Ý§í§ê§Ö§Ó§Ñ.- §¬.:§¢§å§Õ?§Ó§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Ü, 1990.-544§ã. 2. §¢§Ñ§Û§Ü§à§Ó §£. §¯. §³§Ú§Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó §¦.§¦, §¨§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß§í§Ö§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è§Ú§Ú. §°§Ò§ë§Ú§Û §Ü§å§â§ã: §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß. §¥§Ý§ñ §Ó§å§Ù§à§Ó.. ¨C §®.: §³§ä§â§à§Û§Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä, 1991.-767 §ã. 3. §¢§Ñ§â§Ñ§ê§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §¡. §Á. §ä§Ñ ?§ß§ê?. §©§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß?§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è??. ¨C §¬. :§£§Ú§ë§Ñ §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ, 1995. 4. §¥§¢§¯ §£.1.2-2:2006. §¯§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ ? §Ó§á§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ú.-§¬.: §®?§ß§Ò§å§Õ §µ§Ü§â§Ñ?§ß§Ú, 2006.-60§ã. 5. §¥§¢§¯ §£.1.2-14-2009. §©§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ò§Ö§Ù§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §ä§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à? §Ò§Ö§Ù§á§Ö§Ü§Ú§Ò§å§Õ?§Ó§Ö§Ý§î, §ã§á§à§â§å§Õ, §Ò§å§Õ?§Ó§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û §ä§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó. §®?§ß§Ò§å§Õ §µ§Ü§â§Ñ?§ß§Ú, 2009.-48§ã. 6. §¥§³§´§µ§¢ §£.2.6-156:2010. §¢§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß? §ä§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß? §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?? §Ù §Ó§Ñ§Ø§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§å. §±§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ.- §¬.: §®?§ß§Ò§å§Õ §µ§Ü§â§Ñ?§ß§Ú, 2010. 7. §¥§¢§¯ §£.2.6-98:2009. §¢§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß? §ä§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß? §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è??. §°§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß? §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ.-§¬.: §®?§ß§Ò§å§Õ §µ§Ü§â§Ñ?§ß§Ú, 2011.

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  • 1. §®?§ß?§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§à §à§ã§Ó?§ä§Ú ? §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§Ú §µ§Ü§â§Ñ?§ß§Ú §¯§Ñ§è?§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Û §å§ß?§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä ¡°§­§î§Ó?§Ó§ã§î§Ü§Ñ §á§à§Ý?§ä§Ö§ç§ß?§Ü§Ñ¡± §¬§Ñ§æ§Ö§Õ§â§Ñ ¡°§¢§å§Õ?§Ó§Ö§Ý§î§ß? §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?? §ä§Ñ §Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú¡± §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§à-§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§Ñ §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ñ ¡í3 §Ù §Õ§Ú§ã§è§Ú§á§Ý?§ß§Ú ¡°§±§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß§Ú§ç §ä§Ñ §Þ§å§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û¡± (§©§Ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ ¡í19) §£§Ú§Ü§à§ß§Ñ§Ó: §ã§ä. §Ô§â. §±§¸§¢§Þ-13 §®§Ö§Ý§Ö§ê§Ú§ß§ã§î§Ü§Ú§Û §¡.§². §±§â§Ú§Û§ß§ñ§Ó: §º§á§Ñ§Ü §®.§®. §­§î§Ó?§Ó-2015
  • 2. 1 §©§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ñ ¡í1 §¥§Ý§ñ §Þ§à§ß§à§Ý?§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§Ñ §Ù§Ò?§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü§å§á§à§Ý§Ñ §à§Ò§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ §Ó §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü?§Ý§î§è? §ä§Ñ §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú §Ù§Ó§Ú§é§Ñ§Û§ß§å ? §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§å §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§å. §±§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§é§ß§Ú§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü?§Ý§î§è§ñ b¡Áh=0,5¡Á0,7§Þ. §²§Ñ§Õ?§å§ã §Ü§å§á§à§Ý§Ñ R=30 §Þ. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §â§Ñ§Õ?§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ü?§Ý§î§è§Ö qr = 75§Ü§¯/§Þ. §¬§Ý§Ñ§ã §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ü?§Ó §³§³2, §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â?§ñ §¡ (¦Ãn = 1,1). §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 1 §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§ñ §Ü§å§á§à§Ý§Ñ §®§Ñ§ä§Ö§â?§Ñ§Ý§Ú: §³§ä§Ñ§Ý§î §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¡???§³. §·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä?: §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? fyk = 500 §®§±§Ñ(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý.3.4 [6]); §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú ¦Ãs = 1,15(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 2.1 [7]). §®§à§Õ§å§Ý§î §á§â§å§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¡500§³ ¨C§¦s = 2,1¡¤105§®§±§Ñ (§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 3.4 [6]). §³§ä§Ñ§Ý§î §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¬1500(§¬-7).§·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä?: §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? fp0,1k = 1430 §®§±§Ñ(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý.3.5 [6]); §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú ¦Ãs = 1,2(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 2.1 [7]). §®§à§Õ§å§Ý§î §á§â§å§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å ?15§¬1500¨C §¦p =1,8¡¤105§®§±§Ñ (§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 3.5 [6]). §®§Ñ§Ü§ã§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Û §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §å§Þ§à§Ó §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ú§Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú, §ñ§Ü§Ú§Û§Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å?§à§á?§â §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú§Ó§Ú§ë§Ö §å§Þ§à§Ó§ß§à? §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? ¦Ãs6= 1,1 §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§à§Ü §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §à§á§à§â§å §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: fpd = fp0,1k ¦Ãs = 1430 1,2 = 1192§®§±§Ñ. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §à§á§à§â§å §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å §ß§Ö§ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: fyd = fyk ¦Ãs = 500 1,15 = 435 §®§±§Ñ. §°§á§à§â§ß§Ö §Ü?§Ý§î§è§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §å§Þ§à§Ó§Ñ§ç §á§à§Ù§Ñ§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å. §£§ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§à§Ü §Þ§Ñ§Ý§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ô§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§å §Û§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Ø§ß§Ñ §Ó§Ó§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§Ú §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à-§â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Þ.§£
  • 3. 2 §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü?§Ý§î§è? §Ó§Ú§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä§î §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ, §ë§à §Ó §Õ§Ñ§ß§à§Þ§å §Ó§Ú§á§Ñ§Õ§Ü§å §â?§Ó§ß? §Ü?§Ý§î§è§Ö§Ó§à§Þ§å §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ð NEd = N2: NEd = N2 = Rqrcos¦× ? Rqr/(1 + cos¦×) = 30? 75 1 + 0 = 2250 §ÜH, ¦× = 90¡ã ? §Ü§å§ä§à§Ó§Ñ §Ü§à§à§â§Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Ü§å§á§à§Ý? (§Ó §Õ§Ñ§ß§à§Þ§å §Ó§Ú§á§Ñ§Õ§Ü§å §ß§Ñ §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü?§Ý§î§è?); H0 = N1 cos¦× = 0 ¨C §â§à§Ù§á?§â, §Õ§Ö N1 ¨C §Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Õ?§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ. ¦×0 = 90¡ã ? ¦× = 90¡ã ? 90¡ã =0. §©§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§Þ§à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§å §á§Ý§à§ë§å §ß§Ö§ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §¡400§³: As,min = NEd ? ¦Ãn fyd = 2250? 1,1 435? (0,1) = 56,89 §ã§Þ2 . §±§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ?§Þ§à 12?25§¡500§³, As,fac = 58,8 §ã§Þ2 . §®§Ñ§Ü§ã§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ, §á§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß? §Õ§à §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú ¦Òp,max §Þ§Ö§ß§ê? §Ù §Õ§Ó§à§ç ¨C 0,8 ¡¤ fpk §Ñ§Ò§à 0,9 ¡¤ fp0,1k; fpk = 1575 §®§±§Ñ ?§ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä? §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú. 0,9 ¡¤ fp0,1k = 0,9¡¤ 1430 = 1287§®§±§Ñ > 0,8 ¡¤ fpk = 0,8 ¡¤ 1575 = 1260 §®§±§Ñ §´§à§Þ§å ¦Òp,max = 0,8¡¤ fpk = 1260 §®§±§Ñ . §¯§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ó §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Þ§å §Ü?§Ý§î§è? §Ó?§Õ §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ: ¦Ò§£ = NEd ? ¦Ãn Akil = 2250 ? 1,1 3500 = 0,7 §ÜH/§ã§Þ2 Akil = 50 ? 70 = 3500 c§Þ2 ? §á§Ý§à§ë§Ñ §ã?§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §à§á§à§â§ß§à§Ô§à §Ü?§Ý§î§è§ñ. §¯§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§å §á§Ý§à§ë§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú, §Ù§Ñ§Ò§Ö§Ù§á§Ö§é§å§ð§é§Ú §Ò§Ö§Ù§Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§ß§Ú§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ß §Ü§å§á§à§Ý§Ñ, §Ù§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§Þ§à §Ù §å§Þ§à§Ó§Ú §â?§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä? §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§î, §ë§à §Õ?§ð§ä§î §Ó §à§Ò§à§Ý§à§ß§è? ? §Ü?§Ý§î§è?. Ap,min = NEd¦Ãn fpd¦Ãs6 = 2250 ? 1,1 1192 ? 1,1 ? 10?1 = 18,87§ã§Þ2 . §¬§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §Ñ§â§Þ§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ: ¦Ì = ¦Ò§£ ¦Òp,max = 7 1260 = 0,0055; Ap,min = 18,87 §ã§Þ2 < §¡kil ? ¦Ì = 3500? 0,0055 = 19,25§ã§Þ2 < 0,05 ? §¡kil = 0,05? 3500 = 175 §ã§Þ2 . §°§ä§Ø§Ö, §á§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ?§Þ§à 14?15 §¬-7, Ap,fac = 19,46 §ã§Þ2 .
  • 4. 3 §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 2 §£§å§Ù§Ý§Ú §Ñ§â§Þ§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ (1) §Ò§Ö§Ù §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ ? (2) §Ù §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß?§Þ §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ§Þ
  • 5. 4 §©§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ñ ¡í2 §£?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§ß§à §Õ§à §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§Ú§ã§ñ§é§à§Ô§à §Ü§â§å§Ô§Ý§à§Ô§à §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ß? §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ §à§Ò§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ §Ó §à§Ü§â§Ö§Þ§à§Þ§å §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä? §ä§Ñ §á§Ý§à§ë§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§é§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å §è§î§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ q§Ó = 4 §Ü§¯/§Þ2 . §¤§Ö§à§Þ§Ö§ä§â§Ú§é§ß? §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ü§â§å§Ô§Ý§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ a = 2,2 §Þ,R = 30 §Þ,f = 3 §Þ.§´§Ö§â§Þ?§ß §Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ý§å§Ñ§ä§Ñ§è?? Tef = 70§â§à§Ü?§Ó. §¬§Ý§Ñ§ã §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ü?§Ó ¨C §³§³1. §¬§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â?§ñ §Ó?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä? ¨C §¡ (¦Ãn = 1,0). §®?§ã§ä§à §Ò§å§Õ?§Ó§ß§Ú§è§ä§Ó§Ñ ¨C §Þ.§¹§Ö§â§Ü§Ñ§ã§Ú. §®§Ñ§Ü§ã§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Û §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §å§Þ§à§Ó §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ú §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú, §ñ§Ü§Ú§Û §Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å? §à§á?§â §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §Ó§Ú§ë§Ö §å§Þ§à§Ó§ß§à? §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? ¦Ãs6= 1,1 §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 3 §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§Ñ §®§Ñ§ä§Ö§â?§Ñ§Ý§Ú: §³§ä§Ñ§Ý§î §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¬1500(§¬-7). §·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä?: §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? fp0,1k = 1335 §®§±§Ñ(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý.3.5 [6]); §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú ¦Ãs = 1,2(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 2.1 [7]). §®§à§Õ§å§Ý§î §á§â§å§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¬1500 ¨C §¦p =1,8¡¤105§®§±§Ñ (§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 3.5 [6]). §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§à§Ü §£§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§à §á§à§Ó§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð. §¥§Ý§ñ §è§î§à§Ô§à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§Ö §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð: Sm = ¦ÃfmS0C; §Õ§Ö fm? =1,07¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ù§Ñ §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§Ú§Þ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ§Þ §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ§Þ, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ô?§Õ§ß§à §Ù (§á. 8.11[4]); S0=1520 §±§Ñ ¨C §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ (§Ó §±§Ñ), §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ô?§Õ§ß§à §Ù (§á. 8.5 [4]); §³ ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ §Ó§Ü§Ñ§Ù?§Ó§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú (§á. 8.6[4]); C = ¦ÌCeCalt; §Õ§Ö ? =1¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§å §Ó?§Õ §Ó§Ñ§Ô§Ú §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§Ó§å §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß? ?§â§å§ß§ä§å §Õ§à §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð, §ñ§Ü§Ú§Û §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ (§á. 8.7, 8.8[4]); Ce=1 ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä, §ë§à §Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å? §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ §Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ý§å§Ñ§ä§Ñ§è?? §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý? ? §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ(§á. 8.6[4]); Calt=1 ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §Ô§Ö§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§à? §Ó§Ú§ã§à§ä§Ú, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ (§á. 8.10[4]). §°§ä§Ø§Ö: C = ¦ÌCeCalt = 1;
  • 6. 5 Sm = ¦ÃfmS0C = 1,07 ? 1520? 1 ? 10?3 = 1,63 kH/§Þ2 . §±§à§Ó§ß§Ö §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð: q = (q§Ó + Sm ) = (4 + 1,63) = 6,52 kH/§Þ2 , §£§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å§ð§é§Ú, §ë§à §à§á§à§â§Ú §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §à§Õ§ß§à§Þ§å §â?§Ó§ß? ? §ä§Ö, §ë§à §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ú§Û §ä§Ú§ã§Ü §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§à §á§à §Õ§à§ä§Ú§é§ß?§Û §Õ§à §à§ã? §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú §Ó §Þ?§ã§è? §Ù§Ñ§Ü§â?§á§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§ñ, §Ó§Ö§â§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §ã§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§à§Ó? §à§á§à§â§ß§Ú§ç §â§Ö§Ñ§Ü§è?§Û §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä §Ó §ã§Ú§Ý§å §ã§Ú§Þ§Ö§ä§â?? §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§ß§à? §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§Ú §Õ§à§â?§Ó§ß§ð§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú§Þ§å§ä§î: A = B = 0,5qaR = 0,5 ? 6,52 ? 2,2 ? 30 = 215,2kH. §©§ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ô§à§â§Ú§Ù§à§ß§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å §ã§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§à§Ó§å: H = qaR2 6f = 6,5? 2,2 ? 302 6 ? 3 = 715kH. §£§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å§ð§ä§î §ß§Ñ §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ: NEd = ¡ÌA2 + H2 = ¡Ì215,2 2 + 7152 = 746,7kH. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §à§á§à§â§å §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: fpd = fp0,1k ¦Ãs = 1335 1,2 = 1112,5 §®§±§Ñ. §©§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§Þ§à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§å §á§Ý§à§ë§å §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: Ap,min = NEd¦Ãn fpd = 746,7 ? 1,0 1112,5 ? 10?1 ? 1,2 = 5,59 §ã§Þ2 . §°§ä§Ø§Ö, §á§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ?§Þ§à: 25?6 §¬-7, Ap,fac=5,75 §ã§Þ2 . §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 4 §±§å§é§à§Ü §Ù 25 ? 6§¬1500(§¬-7)
  • 7. 6 §©§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ñ ¡í3 §¯§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§Ú§ã§ñ§é§à§Ô§à §à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ß? §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ §à§Ò§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ §Ó §à§Ü§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§ç §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ç Nx, Ny §ä§Ñ §á§Ý§à§ë§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§é§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§â?§Ù§å §è§Ú§ç §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ q§Ó = 1.75 §Ü§¯ §Þ2 . §¤§Ö§à§Þ§Ö§ä§â§Ú§é§ß? §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ a = 80,5 §Þ, b = 63 §Þ, f = 7,0 §Þ, d = 3,5 §Þ. §´§Ö§â§Þ?§ß §Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ý§å§Ñ§ä§Ñ§è?? Tef = 70 §â§à§Ü?§Ó. §¬§Ý§Ñ§ã §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ü?§Ó §³§³2, §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â?§ñ §Ó?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä? §¡ (¦Ãn = 1,10). §®?§ã§ä§à §Ò§å§Õ?§Ó§ß§Ú§è§ä§Ó§Ñ ¨C ?§Ó§Ñ§ß§à-§¶§â§Ñ§ß§Ü?§Ó§ã§î§Ü. §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 5 §³§ç§Ö§Þ§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§ä§ä§ñ §Ó §á§Ý§Ñ§ß? §ä§Ñ §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§Ñ §®§Ñ§ä§Ö§â?§Ñ§Ý§Ú: §¡§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ñ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¡600§³: §·§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú§Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä?: §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Þ?§è§ß§à§ã§ä?§Õ§â§à§ä§å§ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø? §ä§Ö§Ü§å§é§à§ã§ä? fp0,1k = 575 §®§±§Ñ(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý.3.4 [6]); §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú ¦Ãs = 1,2 (§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 2.1 [7]); §Þ§à§Õ§å§Ý§î §á§â§å§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §¡600§³ ¨C §¦p=1,9¡¤105 §®§±§Ñ(§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý. 3.4 [6]); §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§à§Ü §£§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§à §á§à§Ó§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð. §¥§Ý§ñ §è§î§à§Ô§à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§Ö §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð: Sm = ¦ÃfmS0C, §Õ§Ö fm? =1,10 ¨C§Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §Ù§Ñ §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§ß§Ú§Þ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ§Þ §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ§Þ, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ô?§Õ§ß§à §Ù (§á. 8.11[4]); S0 =1410 §±§Ñ ¨C §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ (§Ó §±§Ñ), §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ô?§Õ§ß§à §Ù (§á. 8.5 [4]); §³ ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ §Ó§Ü§Ñ§Ù?§Ó§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú (§á. 8.6[4]); C = ¦ÌCeCalt = 1;
  • 8. 7 §Õ§Ö? =1 ¨C §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§å§Ó?§Õ §Ó§Ñ§Ô§Ú §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ü§â§Ú§Ó§å§ß§Ñ§á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß??§â§å§ß§ä§å §Õ§à §ã§ß?§Ô§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð, §ñ§Ü§Ú§Û §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ (§á. 8.7, 8.8[4]); Ce =1¨C§Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä, §ë§à §Ó§â§Ñ§ç§à§Ó§å? §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ §Ö§Ü§ã§á§Ý§å§Ñ§ä§Ñ§è?? §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý? ? §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ (§á. 8.6[4]); Calt =1¨C§Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §Ô§Ö§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§à? §Ó§Ú§ã§à§ä§Ú, §ë§à §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ?§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ (§á. 8.10[4]). §°§ä§Ø§Ö: Sm = ¦ÃfmS0C = 1,1 ? 1410 ? 1 ? 10?3 = 1,55 kH/§Þ2 . §±§à§Ó§ß§Ö §â§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ü§â?§Ó§Ý§ð: q = (q§Ó + Sm) ? ? = (1,75 + 1,55) ? 3,5 = 11,55kH/§Þ, §Õ§Ö ¦Ãn = 1,1- §Ü§à§Ö§æ?§è??§ß§ä §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §á§à §Ó?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä?, §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ò§å§Õ§Ú§ß§Ü?§Ó §Ü§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§à§â?? §Ó?§Õ§á§à§Ó?§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä? §¡ §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§å §ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ü?§Ó §³§³2 §á§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ?§Þ§à §Ù§Ô?§Õ§ß§à (§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ý.5 [5]). §©§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§Þ§à §Ù§å§ã§Ú§Ý§Ý§ñ §å §Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ç: Nx = qa2 4f = 11,55? 80,52 4 ? 7,0 = 2673§ÜH; Ny = qb2 4f = 11,55? 632 4 ? 7,0 = 1637,21 §ÜH. §²§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ç§å§ß§Ü§à§Ó§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §à§á§à§â§å §â§à§Ù§ä§ñ§Ô§å §á§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§î§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: fpd = fp0,1k ¦Ãs = 575 1,2 = 479,1 §®§±§Ñ. §©§ß§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§Þ§à §á§Ý§à§ë§å §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç?§Õ§ß§à? §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ú: Apx,min = Nx ? ¦Ãn fpd ? ¦Ãs6 = 2673 ? 1,1 479,1 ? (0,1) = 61,37 §ã§Þ2 ; Apy,min = Ny ? ¦Ãn fpd ? ¦Ãs6 = 1637,21 ? 1,1 479,1 ? (0,1) = 37,58 §ã§Þ2 . §°§ä§Ø§Ö, §á§â§Ú§Û§Þ§Ñ?§Þ§à: - §á§à §à§ã? §ç: 40?14§¡600§³: Ap = 61,56 §ã§Þ2 ; - §á§à §à§ã? §å: 36?12§¡600§³: Ap = 40,716 §ã§Þ2 . §²§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü 6 §±§å§é§à§Ü (1) - §Ó §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Þ§Ü§å §·, (2) - §Ó §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Þ§Ü§å Y
  • 9. 8 §£§Ú§Ü§à§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ §Ý?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ñ 1. §±§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Ø§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û: §³§á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§é§ß§à§Ö§á§à§ã§à§Ò§Ú§Ö/§±§à§Õ §â§Ö§Õ. §¡.§¢.§¤§à§Ý§í§ê§Ö§Ó§Ñ.- §¬.:§¢§å§Õ?§Ó§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Ü, 1990.-544§ã. 2. §¢§Ñ§Û§Ü§à§Ó §£. §¯. §³§Ú§Ô§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó §¦.§¦, §¨§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß§í§Ö§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è§Ú§Ú. §°§Ò§ë§Ú§Û §Ü§å§â§ã: §å§é§Ö§Ò§ß. §¥§Ý§ñ §Ó§å§Ù§à§Ó.. ¨C §®.: §³§ä§â§à§Û§Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ä, 1991.-767 §ã. 3. §¢§Ñ§â§Ñ§ê§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §¡. §Á. §ä§Ñ ?§ß§ê?. §©§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß?§Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è??. ¨C §¬. :§£§Ú§ë§Ñ §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ, 1995. 4. §¥§¢§¯ §£.1.2-2:2006. §¯§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ ? §Ó§á§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ú.-§¬.: §®?§ß§Ò§å§Õ §µ§Ü§â§Ñ?§ß§Ú, 2006.-60§ã. 5. §¥§¢§¯ §£.1.2-14-2009. §©§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ò§Ö§Ù§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ§Õ?§Û§ß§à§ã§ä? §ä§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à? §Ò§Ö§Ù§á§Ö§Ü§Ú§Ò§å§Õ?§Ó§Ö§Ý§î, §ã§á§à§â§å§Õ, §Ò§å§Õ?§Ó§Ö§Ý§î§ß§Ú§ç §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?§Û §ä§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó. §®?§ß§Ò§å§Õ §µ§Ü§â§Ñ?§ß§Ú, 2009.-48§ã. 6. §¥§³§´§µ§¢ §£.2.6-156:2010. §¢§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß? §ä§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß? §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è?? §Ù §Ó§Ñ§Ø§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§å. §±§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ.- §¬.: §®?§ß§Ò§å§Õ §µ§Ü§â§Ñ?§ß§Ú, 2010. 7. §¥§¢§¯ §£.2.6-98:2009. §¢§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß? §ä§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§à§Ò§Ö§ä§à§ß§ß? §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§è??. §°§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß? §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ.-§¬.: §®?§ß§Ò§å§Õ §µ§Ü§â§Ñ?§ß§Ú, 2011.