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Mrunmayee Manjari

This document outlines program outcomes (POs) for a research methods and design course. It includes 11 POs that cover topics like engineering knowledge, problem analysis, design and development of solutions, conducting investigations, using modern tools, considering societal and environmental impacts, ethics, teamwork, communication, project management, and lifelong learning. It also lists course outcomes related to using software like Excel, MATLAB and Origin for data analysis and presentation. Several online resources are provided for data analysis topics and methods.

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GEN 531 RESEARCH METHODS AND DESIGN
Revised Blooms Taxonomy
Program Outcomes (POs) PO-1 Engineering knowledge::Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems. PO-2 Problem analysis::Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences. PO-3 Design/development of solutions::Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations. PO-4 Conduct investigations of complex problems::Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions. PO-5 Modern tool usage::Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations PO-6 The engineer and society::Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice. PO-7 Environment and sustainability::Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development. PO-8 Ethics::Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice. PO-9 Individual and team work::Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings. PO-10 Communication::Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions. PO-11 Project management and finance::Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering, management principles and apply the same to ones own work, as a member or a leader in a team, manage projects efficiently in respective disciplines and multidisciplinary environments after consideration of economic and financial factors. PO-12 Life-long learning::Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long
CAs Course Weightage ATT: 5 CA: 45 ETT: 50
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Course Outcomes: CO1 :: discuss the concepts of MS Excel, MATLAB and Origin for data analysis. CO2 :: develop skills in qualitative and quantitative data analysis and presentation. CO3 :: demonstrate the ability to choose methods appropriate to research aims and objectives. CO4 :: employ the research analysis methods for qualitative and quantitative data analysis.
OER
OERWebsite links FREE Online Excel Training (12+ Hours) | Learn Excel (Basic/Advanced) (trumpexcel.com) https://matlabacademy.mathworks.com/ Introduction to Statistics | Coursera Regression Analysis - Course (nptel.ac.in) Sampling People, Networks and Records | Coursera Statistical Inference Course (Johns Hopkins) | Coursera
Syllabus
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Research defined and described as . systematic approach to obtaining and confirming new and reliable knowledge Systematic and orderly (following a series of steps) Purpose is new knowledge, which must be reliable This is a general definition which applies to all disciplines 9
10 Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.
Research is not Accidental discovery : 1. Accidental discovery may occur in structured research process 2. Usually takes the form of a phenomenon not previously noticed 3. May lead to a structured research process to verify or understand the observation 11
Research is not cont. Data Collection an intermediate step to gain reliable knowledge collecting reliable data is part of the research process 12
Research is not cont. Searching out published research results in libraries (or the internet) This is an important early step of research The research process always includes synthesis and analysis But, just reviewing of literature is not research (except if it is systematic and structured). 13
Research is of events, phenomena, 1. Searching for explanation relationships and causes What, how and why things occur Are there interactions? 2. A process Planned and managed to make the information generated credible The process is creative It is circular always leads to more questions 14
All well designed and conducted research has potential application. Failure to see applications can be due to: Users not trained or experienced in the specialized methods of research and reasoning Researchers often do not provide adequate interpretations and guidance on applications of the research Researchers are responsible to help users understand research implications (How?) 15
Researchers from different disciplines have their own ways of viewing their world.
This world view influences the different researcher may take to further understanding. approaches that a These differing perspectives will, in turn, influence the questions that researchers would pose and the methods that they would use in their research.
These perspectives would lead them to develop distinct research agendas to further their knowledge and understanding. Researchers from the different disciplines would then have their own methodological approaches, or research tools, that they would employ to answer these questions. Different ways of viewing phenomena are often complementary. Thus, in addressing many issues in pharmacy practice and health service research, a range of researchers from different disciplines and backgrounds may be involved.
For your own research, you may like to broaden this to reflect on the following: Your world view and underlying perspectives and assumptions regarding the nature of your research topic and the type of knowledge that will further your understanding. How these may lead to the formulation of your research question (identification of research priorities). What has informed your choice of methods for your study (methodology).
The Process of Research The process is initiated with a question or problem (step 1) Next, goals and objectives are formulated to deal with the question or problem (step 2) Then the research design is developed to achieve the objectives (step 3) Results are generated by conducting the research (step 4) Interpretation and analysis of results follow (step 5) 20
21 1 2 3 4 5 The Process of Research
Literaturereview literature review is conducted in a given subject area before a research question is identified. A gap in the current literature, as identified by a researcher, then engenders a research question.
Creativity in the Research Process Research is a creative process research includes far more than mere logic It includes insight, genius, groping, pondering sense The logic we can teach; the art we cannot Research requires (or at least works best) with imagination, initiative, intuition, and curiosity. There are different types of creativity, characteristic of different situations applied and theoretical most closely associate with economic research 23
FosteringCreativity A. Look at things alternate ways B. Allow curiosity to grow C. Set problems aside and come back to them J. Write down your thoughts frequently I dont know what I think until I write it K. Freedom from distraction some time to think L. Question or challenge assumptions. M. Search for patterns or relationships N. Take risks 24 Creativity may provide the difference between satisfactory and outstanding research
The concepts of reliability and validity are pertinent to all studies and at different stages of the research.
Reliability Reliability refers to the extent to which procedures, measures and data are reproducible or internally consistent. Problems of reliability may arise in relation to repeated measures on a piece of diagnostic equipment, uniformity between researchers in the collection of data, adherence of interviewers to an interview schedule, completeness in maintaining records of non-responders, care and attentiveness when observing events, consistency of questions in a questionnaire, agreement between researchers in the coding of data, etc.
Validity Validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a study are a true reflection of phenomena under study. Do the instruments (e.g. questions in an interview, records maintained by an observer) actually measure what they are designed to measure? Potential problems in validity arise, in particular, in relation to data collection and the development of instruments.
Generalisability (external validity) The generalisability is concerned with the extent to which the findings of a study can be applied to individuals beyond the sample. Many studies involve samples rather than a whole population.
What is a scientific approach?
1. What are the expectations from your side as student? 2. What is a scientific approach?
In your methodology you need to justify your approach and methods in terms of their scientific basis
The ultimate goal of research The ultimate goal of research is to improve our understanding of professional practice and medicines use, to inform the development of services to meet health and pharmaceutical care needs of patients and the public.
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  • 3. Program Outcomes (POs) PO-1 Engineering knowledge::Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems. PO-2 Problem analysis::Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences. PO-3 Design/development of solutions::Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations. PO-4 Conduct investigations of complex problems::Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions. PO-5 Modern tool usage::Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations PO-6 The engineer and society::Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice. PO-7 Environment and sustainability::Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development. PO-8 Ethics::Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice. PO-9 Individual and team work::Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings. PO-10 Communication::Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions. PO-11 Project management and finance::Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering, management principles and apply the same to ones own work, as a member or a leader in a team, manage projects efficiently in respective disciplines and multidisciplinary environments after consideration of economic and financial factors. PO-12 Life-long learning::Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long
  • 4. CAs Course Weightage ATT: 5 CA: 45 ETT: 50
  • 6. Course Outcomes: CO1 :: discuss the concepts of MS Excel, MATLAB and Origin for data analysis. CO2 :: develop skills in qualitative and quantitative data analysis and presentation. CO3 :: demonstrate the ability to choose methods appropriate to research aims and objectives. CO4 :: employ the research analysis methods for qualitative and quantitative data analysis.
  • 7. OER
  • 8. OERWebsite links FREE Online Excel Training (12+ Hours) | Learn Excel (Basic/Advanced) (trumpexcel.com) https://matlabacademy.mathworks.com/ Introduction to Statistics | Coursera Regression Analysis - Course (nptel.ac.in) Sampling People, Networks and Records | Coursera Statistical Inference Course (Johns Hopkins) | Coursera
  • 14. Research defined and described as . systematic approach to obtaining and confirming new and reliable knowledge Systematic and orderly (following a series of steps) Purpose is new knowledge, which must be reliable This is a general definition which applies to all disciplines 9
  • 15. 10 Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.
  • 16. Research is not Accidental discovery : 1. Accidental discovery may occur in structured research process 2. Usually takes the form of a phenomenon not previously noticed 3. May lead to a structured research process to verify or understand the observation 11
  • 17. Research is not cont. Data Collection an intermediate step to gain reliable knowledge collecting reliable data is part of the research process 12
  • 18. Research is not cont. Searching out published research results in libraries (or the internet) This is an important early step of research The research process always includes synthesis and analysis But, just reviewing of literature is not research (except if it is systematic and structured). 13
  • 19. Research is of events, phenomena, 1. Searching for explanation relationships and causes What, how and why things occur Are there interactions? 2. A process Planned and managed to make the information generated credible The process is creative It is circular always leads to more questions 14
  • 20. All well designed and conducted research has potential application. Failure to see applications can be due to: Users not trained or experienced in the specialized methods of research and reasoning Researchers often do not provide adequate interpretations and guidance on applications of the research Researchers are responsible to help users understand research implications (How?) 15
  • 21. Researchers from different disciplines have their own ways of viewing their world.
  • 22. This world view influences the different researcher may take to further understanding. approaches that a These differing perspectives will, in turn, influence the questions that researchers would pose and the methods that they would use in their research.
  • 23. These perspectives would lead them to develop distinct research agendas to further their knowledge and understanding. Researchers from the different disciplines would then have their own methodological approaches, or research tools, that they would employ to answer these questions. Different ways of viewing phenomena are often complementary. Thus, in addressing many issues in pharmacy practice and health service research, a range of researchers from different disciplines and backgrounds may be involved.
  • 24. For your own research, you may like to broaden this to reflect on the following: Your world view and underlying perspectives and assumptions regarding the nature of your research topic and the type of knowledge that will further your understanding. How these may lead to the formulation of your research question (identification of research priorities). What has informed your choice of methods for your study (methodology).
  • 25. The Process of Research The process is initiated with a question or problem (step 1) Next, goals and objectives are formulated to deal with the question or problem (step 2) Then the research design is developed to achieve the objectives (step 3) Results are generated by conducting the research (step 4) Interpretation and analysis of results follow (step 5) 20
  • 27. Literaturereview literature review is conducted in a given subject area before a research question is identified. A gap in the current literature, as identified by a researcher, then engenders a research question.
  • 28. Creativity in the Research Process Research is a creative process research includes far more than mere logic It includes insight, genius, groping, pondering sense The logic we can teach; the art we cannot Research requires (or at least works best) with imagination, initiative, intuition, and curiosity. There are different types of creativity, characteristic of different situations applied and theoretical most closely associate with economic research 23
  • 29. FosteringCreativity A. Look at things alternate ways B. Allow curiosity to grow C. Set problems aside and come back to them J. Write down your thoughts frequently I dont know what I think until I write it K. Freedom from distraction some time to think L. Question or challenge assumptions. M. Search for patterns or relationships N. Take risks 24 Creativity may provide the difference between satisfactory and outstanding research
  • 30. The concepts of reliability and validity are pertinent to all studies and at different stages of the research.
  • 31. Reliability Reliability refers to the extent to which procedures, measures and data are reproducible or internally consistent. Problems of reliability may arise in relation to repeated measures on a piece of diagnostic equipment, uniformity between researchers in the collection of data, adherence of interviewers to an interview schedule, completeness in maintaining records of non-responders, care and attentiveness when observing events, consistency of questions in a questionnaire, agreement between researchers in the coding of data, etc.
  • 32. Validity Validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a study are a true reflection of phenomena under study. Do the instruments (e.g. questions in an interview, records maintained by an observer) actually measure what they are designed to measure? Potential problems in validity arise, in particular, in relation to data collection and the development of instruments.
  • 33. Generalisability (external validity) The generalisability is concerned with the extent to which the findings of a study can be applied to individuals beyond the sample. Many studies involve samples rather than a whole population.
  • 34. What is a scientific approach?
  • 35. 1. What are the expectations from your side as student? 2. What is a scientific approach?
  • 36. In your methodology you need to justify your approach and methods in terms of their scientific basis
  • 37. The ultimate goal of research The ultimate goal of research is to improve our understanding of professional practice and medicines use, to inform the development of services to meet health and pharmaceutical care needs of patients and the public.