İlaç etken maddesinin polimorfizm göstermesinin ilaç stabilitesine etkisi incelenmiştir. Polimorfizm gösteren etken maddelerin polimorfizm özelliklerinin dozaj şeklinin hangi özellikleri üzerine etki ettiği incelenmiştir.
PHARMACOGNOSY - BALSAMSGeloGiducos10This document discusses several medicinal balsams including Peru Balsam, Tolu Balsam, Storax Balsam, and Sumatra Benzoin. It provides information on their source plants, method of collection, constituents, uses, and examples of products containing each balsam. The balsams are resinous mixtures containing benzoic acid, cinnamic acid or their esters. They have a variety of pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses including as antiseptics, expectorants, and fragrances.
Suspension sb pciMirza Salman BaigThis document presents an in-depth overview of pharmaceutical suspensions, detailing definitions, desired features, formulation methods, and applications. It discusses the differences between flocculated and deflocculated suspensions, sedimentation principles, and the impact of interfacial properties on stability and performance. Furthermore, it covers techniques for improving wetting and controlled flocculation, while also addressing the effects of temperature, electrolytes, and polymers on the physical stability of suspensions.
pharmaceutical suspensions.pdfCaptainAmerica99The document discusses suspensions, including definitions, classifications, properties, advantages, disadvantages, formulation methods, components, and equipment used. A suspension is a heterogeneous system with small insoluble particles dispersed uniformly throughout a liquid medium. Suspensions can be classified based on physical state, proportion of solids, particle behavior, size, and application (oral, topical, parenteral). Key aspects in formulation include reducing particle size, selecting suspending agents, wetting agents, and structured vehicles. Common equipment used are mortar and pestle, mechanical stirrers, colloid mills, homogenizers, and ultrasonic devices.
Pharmaceutical oral solutions BTehmina AdnanThis document discusses several types of oral solutions including oral rehydration solutions, oral colonic lavage solutions, magnesium citrate oral solution, sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution, and provides examples of common oral solutions in different therapeutic categories. It describes how oral rehydration solutions are used to treat dehydration from diarrhea, and colonic lavage solutions are used to cleanse the bowel before procedures. It also provides information on the constituents, uses and concentrations of magnesium citrate and sodium citrate/citric acid oral solutions.
Creamsanmol1437The document outlines the objectives and characteristics of various types of creams, including their definitions, classifications, and methods of preparation. It explains the differences between water-in-oil and oil-in-water creams, as well as their properties and the preparation techniques such as trituration and levigation. The document also emphasizes the importance of hygiene, proper incorporation of ingredients, and references relevant pharmaceutical literature.
Microemulsions pptDeepak SarangiThis document provides an overview of microemulsions including their historical background, definition, composition, advantages, types, preparation methods, applications, and factors that affect formation. Microemulsions are homogeneous, thermodynamically stable dispersions of oil and water stabilized by a surfactant and co-surfactant. They have advantages over traditional emulsions such as improved drug solubilization, long shelf life, and increased drug absorption. Common preparation methods are phase titration and phase inversion. Microemulsions can be used to deliver both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs.
Gums and Mucilages, their pharmaceutical applications.pptxssuser35e86c1The document discusses gums and mucilages, highlighting their composition, sources, and various industrial uses. Gums, primarily polysaccharides, are produced by plants in response to injury or unfavorable conditions, while mucilages, primarily glycoproteins, serve crucial physiological functions and are sourced from various plant tissues. Specific types of gums, including tragacanth, acacia, agar, sterculia, and sodium alginate, are utilized in pharmaceuticals, food production, and other applications due to their adhesive and thickening properties.
Cardiac glycosidesAditya Vamsi Palepu1) Cardiac glycosides are plant compounds that have beneficial and toxic effects on the heart. They work by inhibiting sodium-potassium pumps in cardiac muscle cells.
2) Key sources of cardiac glycosides include foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), squill bulbs, and seeds from Strophanthus plants. These sources contain glycosides like digoxin, digitoxin, and ouabain.
3) Cardiac glycosides increase the force of cardiac muscle contractions and the strength of the heart's pumping action, making them useful for treating congestive heart failure.
Effervescent granules.pptx pharmaceuticaHebaYassin10Effervescent granules are mixtures containing medicinal agents and a combination of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid, which produce carbon dioxide when dissolved in water, resulting in effervescence. They provide benefits such as improved taste acceptance and faster drug absorption and can be prepared through wet, dry, or fusion methods, adhering to specific compositions and storage guidelines. The document details the preparation methods, advantages, and chemical reactions involved in producing effervescent salts, emphasizing the importance of certain ratios of ingredients for efficacy and safety.
Concept of MIcelle & CMCAkshay PawarThis document discusses micelles and critical micelle concentration (CMC). It defines micelles as aggregates of surfactant molecules that form in solution above the CMC. The CMC is the minimum concentration of surfactant needed for spontaneous micelle formation. Above the CMC, additional surfactant molecules do not affect properties but may change micelle size or shape. The document outlines factors that influence the CMC like temperature, electrolytes, and hydrocarbon chain length. Micelles can solubilize hydrophobic compounds in their cores and increase drug solubility. The formation of micelles allows modification of drug release profiles and improved drug stability.
Pharmaceutical Colloidal DispersionKahnu charan panigrahi1. The document discusses colloidal dispersions, which are systems where particles between 1 nm and 1000 nm are dispersed uniformly throughout a dispersion medium.
2. Colloidal systems are classified based on particle size into molecular dispersions, colloidal dispersions, and coarse dispersions. They are also classified based on particle-medium interactions into lyophilic, lyophobic, and association colloids.
3. The key properties of colloidal systems discussed are electrical properties (surface charge, zeta potential, electrophoresis), optical properties (Tyndall effect, turbidity), and kinetic properties (Brownian motion, diffusion, viscosity).
Semisolid dosage formSuyash JainThis document defines and describes semisolid dosage forms, which are dermatological preparations intended for external application on the skin. It discusses their ideal properties, sites of application, classification based on formulation type (ointments, creams, jellies, pastes, suppositories), advantages and disadvantages. Ointments are homogeneous, viscous preparations classified based on penetration (epidermic, endodermic, diadermic) and therapeutic use. Creams are emulsions consisting of an opaque internal phase within a lipophilic external phase. Jellies contain sufficient gelling agent to impart a polymeric matrix. Pastes are thick ointments with high amounts of insoluble solids. Suppositories are intended for insertion
EmulsionAkshayAkotkar1) An emulsion is an unstable mixture of two immiscible liquids, where one liquid is dispersed as globules in the other liquid. Emulsions can be O/W (oil in water) or W/O (water in oil) types.
2) Pharmaceutical emulsions are used to deliver unpleasant tasting drugs, provide slow release of water-soluble drugs, and enhance absorption of oil-soluble drugs.
3) The key steps in formulating an emulsion are selecting an emulsifying agent based on its HLB value, adding preservatives and antioxidants, and using methods like trituration or the bottle method to prepare the emulsion.
pharmaceutical solutions, pharmacy solutionsVijay MetiThis document provides an overview of pharmaceutical solutions, emphasizing their classifications, advantages, and disadvantages. It discusses factors influencing solubility, methods to enhance solubility, and key excipients used in their formulation. Additionally, it explains various types of oral solutions, including syrups and elixirs, targeting specific formulations for different patient needs.
Factors Influencing the Cultivation of Medicinal PlantsDr K SUDHEER KUMAR KANDIBANDAThe document discusses the various factors affecting the cultivation of medicinal plants, including altitude, temperature, humidity, rainfall, soil quality, and pest control methods. Key insights reveal that altitude significantly affects plant growth, and proper soil nutrients and irrigation are essential for healthy development. It also outlines the importance of fertilizers, pest management techniques, and the effects of greenhouse gases on plant cultivation.
Recent updates in synthetic polymers used in drug delivery systemsITS COLLEGE OF PHARMACYThe document discusses recent updates in synthetic polymers used in drug delivery systems. It provides classifications of synthetic polymers based on structure, degradability, and monomeric units. Examples of synthetic polymers commonly used in various drug delivery applications are given, including mucoadhesive drug delivery, sustained release drug delivery, gene therapy, ophthalmic drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, and hydrogel drug delivery. Key properties of synthetic polymers considered for selection in drug delivery are also outlined.
Test for identification of type of emulsionSantuMistree4Four tests are used to identify oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions: the dilution test, dye test, conductivity test, and fluorescence test. The dilution test identifies the emulsion type based on whether it dilutes easily with water or oil. The dye test observes emulsion droplets under a microscope after adding an oil-soluble dye. If the continuous phase is colored and droplets are clear, it is a W/O emulsion; if droplets are colored and the continuous phase is clear, it is an O/W emulsion. The conductivity test uses electrodes - if a bulb glows, it is an O/W emulsion, and if not, it is a
Semisolid dosage formManoharKengar2The document discusses semi-solid dosage forms in pharmacy, including ointments, creams, gels, and pastes, highlighting their definitions, advantages, and disadvantages. It details the ideal properties, preparation methods, ingredients, and evaluation techniques for these formulations to ensure effective therapeutic and cosmetic applications. Ointments and creams are explored further with their classifications, preparation methods, and necessary evaluations such as penetration and phase separation.
TincturesMaryah AshrafTinctures are liquid extracts made using alcohol or glycerin to dissolve active compounds from plants or chemicals. Alcohol is the most common solvent as it can extract many compounds and acts as a preservative. Tinctures contain 1 part drug to 5 parts solvent and the alcohol content typically ranges from 25-60%. Common tinctures include orange, benzoin, and opium which are used for their flavoring, stimulant, and analgesic properties respectively. Tinctures are classified based on solvent, presence of active compounds, and method of administration such as oral or topical. They are prepared through maceration, percolation, or simple solution and must be properly stored, labeled, and dosed.
cosmetics-formulations-book.pdfSofvitalCosmeticThis document provides an overview of cosmetic processes and formulations. It discusses equipment used in cosmetic manufacturing like mixers, mills and processing lines. It also covers raw materials for cosmetics like oils, waxes, emulsifiers and preservatives. Specific product types are examined like skin creams, deodorants, hair care and color cosmetics. The document concludes with a section on herbal cosmetics discussing plant ingredients and formulations for skin and hair.
Solubility of drugs by Dr. Atish MundadaSNJBs SSDJ College of Pharmacy, ChandwadThe document discusses the solubility of drugs, including definitions of solubility, factors that influence solubility, and approaches to quantifying solubility. Some key points:
- Solubility is defined as the concentration of solute in a saturated solution and is influenced by temperature, pressure, pH, and other factors.
- Solubility can be expressed in various units including parts per volume, mole fraction, molarity, and molality.
- The Hildebrand solubility parameter provides a numerical value to indicate a solvent's ability to dissolve other substances based on intermolecular forces.
Polfosfazenlerin aşı formulasyonunda kullanımıSema ArısoyPolfosfazenlerin aşı formulasyonunda kullanımı ile ilgili bir yayın değerlendirilmiştir. Adjuvanlar ve onların kullanımı ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir.
Düşük Frekanslı Sonoforez ile Deriye İlaç UygulamaSema ArısoySonoforez gibi bir sistem ile ilaç hedeflendirilmesi ve tedavi edilmesi zor olan derinin alt tabakalarına ilaç ulaştırılabilmektedir.
Tabletlerde yapılan kalite kontrol çalışmaları ve kullanılan cihazlarSema ArısoyAvrupa farmaskopesine göre tablet halindeki bir dozaj şeklinin kalite spesifikasyonları ile bilgiler derlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu spesifikasyonları ölçmek için kullanılan aletler derlenmiştir.
Nanopartiküller ve immun sistem; etkileri ve güvenilirlikleriSema ArısoySon yıllarda etkin maddelerin yan etkilerini azaltmak ve hedeflendirme sağlamak için nanopartiküler ilaç sistemleri geliştirilmiştir. Ancak bu sistemler insan vücudunda her zaman istenen etkiyi sağlayamamaktadır. Bunun nedenlerinden biride immun sistemdir.
Morfin içeren kontrollü salım sistemleriSema Arısoymorfin gibi bir opioid analjezik maddenin kontrollü bir şekilde vucuda verilmesini sağlayan bir ilaç salım sisteminin hazırlanıp hazırlanmasının değerlendirildiği bir sunumdur.
Cardiac glycosidesAditya Vamsi Palepu1) Cardiac glycosides are plant compounds that have beneficial and toxic effects on the heart. They work by inhibiting sodium-potassium pumps in cardiac muscle cells.
2) Key sources of cardiac glycosides include foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), squill bulbs, and seeds from Strophanthus plants. These sources contain glycosides like digoxin, digitoxin, and ouabain.
3) Cardiac glycosides increase the force of cardiac muscle contractions and the strength of the heart's pumping action, making them useful for treating congestive heart failure.
Effervescent granules.pptx pharmaceuticaHebaYassin10Effervescent granules are mixtures containing medicinal agents and a combination of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid, which produce carbon dioxide when dissolved in water, resulting in effervescence. They provide benefits such as improved taste acceptance and faster drug absorption and can be prepared through wet, dry, or fusion methods, adhering to specific compositions and storage guidelines. The document details the preparation methods, advantages, and chemical reactions involved in producing effervescent salts, emphasizing the importance of certain ratios of ingredients for efficacy and safety.
Concept of MIcelle & CMCAkshay PawarThis document discusses micelles and critical micelle concentration (CMC). It defines micelles as aggregates of surfactant molecules that form in solution above the CMC. The CMC is the minimum concentration of surfactant needed for spontaneous micelle formation. Above the CMC, additional surfactant molecules do not affect properties but may change micelle size or shape. The document outlines factors that influence the CMC like temperature, electrolytes, and hydrocarbon chain length. Micelles can solubilize hydrophobic compounds in their cores and increase drug solubility. The formation of micelles allows modification of drug release profiles and improved drug stability.
Pharmaceutical Colloidal DispersionKahnu charan panigrahi1. The document discusses colloidal dispersions, which are systems where particles between 1 nm and 1000 nm are dispersed uniformly throughout a dispersion medium.
2. Colloidal systems are classified based on particle size into molecular dispersions, colloidal dispersions, and coarse dispersions. They are also classified based on particle-medium interactions into lyophilic, lyophobic, and association colloids.
3. The key properties of colloidal systems discussed are electrical properties (surface charge, zeta potential, electrophoresis), optical properties (Tyndall effect, turbidity), and kinetic properties (Brownian motion, diffusion, viscosity).
Semisolid dosage formSuyash JainThis document defines and describes semisolid dosage forms, which are dermatological preparations intended for external application on the skin. It discusses their ideal properties, sites of application, classification based on formulation type (ointments, creams, jellies, pastes, suppositories), advantages and disadvantages. Ointments are homogeneous, viscous preparations classified based on penetration (epidermic, endodermic, diadermic) and therapeutic use. Creams are emulsions consisting of an opaque internal phase within a lipophilic external phase. Jellies contain sufficient gelling agent to impart a polymeric matrix. Pastes are thick ointments with high amounts of insoluble solids. Suppositories are intended for insertion
EmulsionAkshayAkotkar1) An emulsion is an unstable mixture of two immiscible liquids, where one liquid is dispersed as globules in the other liquid. Emulsions can be O/W (oil in water) or W/O (water in oil) types.
2) Pharmaceutical emulsions are used to deliver unpleasant tasting drugs, provide slow release of water-soluble drugs, and enhance absorption of oil-soluble drugs.
3) The key steps in formulating an emulsion are selecting an emulsifying agent based on its HLB value, adding preservatives and antioxidants, and using methods like trituration or the bottle method to prepare the emulsion.
pharmaceutical solutions, pharmacy solutionsVijay MetiThis document provides an overview of pharmaceutical solutions, emphasizing their classifications, advantages, and disadvantages. It discusses factors influencing solubility, methods to enhance solubility, and key excipients used in their formulation. Additionally, it explains various types of oral solutions, including syrups and elixirs, targeting specific formulations for different patient needs.
Factors Influencing the Cultivation of Medicinal PlantsDr K SUDHEER KUMAR KANDIBANDAThe document discusses the various factors affecting the cultivation of medicinal plants, including altitude, temperature, humidity, rainfall, soil quality, and pest control methods. Key insights reveal that altitude significantly affects plant growth, and proper soil nutrients and irrigation are essential for healthy development. It also outlines the importance of fertilizers, pest management techniques, and the effects of greenhouse gases on plant cultivation.
Recent updates in synthetic polymers used in drug delivery systemsITS COLLEGE OF PHARMACYThe document discusses recent updates in synthetic polymers used in drug delivery systems. It provides classifications of synthetic polymers based on structure, degradability, and monomeric units. Examples of synthetic polymers commonly used in various drug delivery applications are given, including mucoadhesive drug delivery, sustained release drug delivery, gene therapy, ophthalmic drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, and hydrogel drug delivery. Key properties of synthetic polymers considered for selection in drug delivery are also outlined.
Test for identification of type of emulsionSantuMistree4Four tests are used to identify oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions: the dilution test, dye test, conductivity test, and fluorescence test. The dilution test identifies the emulsion type based on whether it dilutes easily with water or oil. The dye test observes emulsion droplets under a microscope after adding an oil-soluble dye. If the continuous phase is colored and droplets are clear, it is a W/O emulsion; if droplets are colored and the continuous phase is clear, it is an O/W emulsion. The conductivity test uses electrodes - if a bulb glows, it is an O/W emulsion, and if not, it is a
Semisolid dosage formManoharKengar2The document discusses semi-solid dosage forms in pharmacy, including ointments, creams, gels, and pastes, highlighting their definitions, advantages, and disadvantages. It details the ideal properties, preparation methods, ingredients, and evaluation techniques for these formulations to ensure effective therapeutic and cosmetic applications. Ointments and creams are explored further with their classifications, preparation methods, and necessary evaluations such as penetration and phase separation.
TincturesMaryah AshrafTinctures are liquid extracts made using alcohol or glycerin to dissolve active compounds from plants or chemicals. Alcohol is the most common solvent as it can extract many compounds and acts as a preservative. Tinctures contain 1 part drug to 5 parts solvent and the alcohol content typically ranges from 25-60%. Common tinctures include orange, benzoin, and opium which are used for their flavoring, stimulant, and analgesic properties respectively. Tinctures are classified based on solvent, presence of active compounds, and method of administration such as oral or topical. They are prepared through maceration, percolation, or simple solution and must be properly stored, labeled, and dosed.
cosmetics-formulations-book.pdfSofvitalCosmeticThis document provides an overview of cosmetic processes and formulations. It discusses equipment used in cosmetic manufacturing like mixers, mills and processing lines. It also covers raw materials for cosmetics like oils, waxes, emulsifiers and preservatives. Specific product types are examined like skin creams, deodorants, hair care and color cosmetics. The document concludes with a section on herbal cosmetics discussing plant ingredients and formulations for skin and hair.
Solubility of drugs by Dr. Atish MundadaSNJBs SSDJ College of Pharmacy, ChandwadThe document discusses the solubility of drugs, including definitions of solubility, factors that influence solubility, and approaches to quantifying solubility. Some key points:
- Solubility is defined as the concentration of solute in a saturated solution and is influenced by temperature, pressure, pH, and other factors.
- Solubility can be expressed in various units including parts per volume, mole fraction, molarity, and molality.
- The Hildebrand solubility parameter provides a numerical value to indicate a solvent's ability to dissolve other substances based on intermolecular forces.
Polfosfazenlerin aşı formulasyonunda kullanımıSema ArısoyPolfosfazenlerin aşı formulasyonunda kullanımı ile ilgili bir yayın değerlendirilmiştir. Adjuvanlar ve onların kullanımı ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir.
Düşük Frekanslı Sonoforez ile Deriye İlaç UygulamaSema ArısoySonoforez gibi bir sistem ile ilaç hedeflendirilmesi ve tedavi edilmesi zor olan derinin alt tabakalarına ilaç ulaştırılabilmektedir.
Tabletlerde yapılan kalite kontrol çalışmaları ve kullanılan cihazlarSema ArısoyAvrupa farmaskopesine göre tablet halindeki bir dozaj şeklinin kalite spesifikasyonları ile bilgiler derlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu spesifikasyonları ölçmek için kullanılan aletler derlenmiştir.
Nanopartiküller ve immun sistem; etkileri ve güvenilirlikleriSema ArısoySon yıllarda etkin maddelerin yan etkilerini azaltmak ve hedeflendirme sağlamak için nanopartiküler ilaç sistemleri geliştirilmiştir. Ancak bu sistemler insan vücudunda her zaman istenen etkiyi sağlayamamaktadır. Bunun nedenlerinden biride immun sistemdir.
Morfin içeren kontrollü salım sistemleriSema Arısoymorfin gibi bir opioid analjezik maddenin kontrollü bir şekilde vucuda verilmesini sağlayan bir ilaç salım sisteminin hazırlanıp hazırlanmasının değerlendirildiği bir sunumdur.
2. KRİSTALİNİTE
Atom, iyon ya da molekülleri belli bir düzene göre sı-
ralanmış maddelere saydam buz anlamına gelen kristal
adı verilmiştir. Gerçek bir kristalde birim hücreler üç boyutlu
düzlemde
belli bir kristal örgüsü oluşturacak şekilde düzenli
olarak tekrarlanarak yığılır. Farmasötik amaçla kullanılan organik ve
inorganik
bileşiklerin bir veya birden fazla kristalen şekli bulunur.
Bir bileşiğin en iyi bilinen kristalen şekilleri polimorflar ve
solvatlardır.
3. Bir katı etkin maddenin kristal morfolojisi ve iç moleküler
düzeni hem kütle (bulk) hem de fizikokimyasal
özelliklerini etkiler. Bu fizikokimya sal özellikler akış
özelliklerinden kimyasal stabiliteye kadar geniş bir
aralığı kapsar. Farmasötik amaçla kullanılan organik ve inorganik
bileşiklerin
bir veya birden fazla kristalen şekli bulunur.
Bir bileşiğin en iyi bilinen kristalen şekilleri polimorflarve
solvatlardır.
4. Farklı polimorflar ve solvatlar, kristal
yığılması, moleküler diziliş, örgü enerjisi ve entropi açı-
sından farklılık gösterirler. Bundan dolayı, dansite, sertlik,
tablet haline gelebilme, kırma indisi, erime noktası,
entalpi ve füzyon, buhar basıncı, çözünürlük, çözünme
hızı gibi fiziksel özellikler, termodinamik ve kinetik
özellikler bakımından farklılıklar da görülür.
5. SOLVATLAR
Solvatlar yalancı polimorflar (pseudopolimorf) olarak
da bilinirler ve stokiyometrik veya non-stokiyometrik
oranda solvan moleküllerinin
kristal örgü içine veya moleküller arası boşluklara yerleşmesi sonucu
oluşurlar.
içerikli bileşik (inclusion compound) ve klatrat olarak
adlandırılan non-stokiyometrik bileşikler, kristal örgü-
sü içinde hapsedilmiş solvan molekülleri içerir.
6. Genelde
bu bileşikler tekrarlanabilirliklerinin olmaması nedeniyle
ürün geliştirme çalışmalarında tercih edilmez.
Solvatlar, non-solvat olan tiplerine göre daha yüksek
çözünürlük ve çözünme hızı göstermekle birlikte farmasötik
alanda çok fazla kullanılmazlar.
7. AMORF ŞEKİLLER
Kristal olmayan şekillerdir. Komşu moleküller arasında
kısa mesafeli moleküler diziliş, yani kısa mesafeli
bir düzen söz konusudur. Diğer bir deyişle kristalen
şekle göre moleküller rastgele yer almaktadır. Halbuki
kristalen yapıdaki bileşiklerde atom veya moleküller
üç boyutlu düzlemde tekrarlanan bir şekilde
dizilmişlerdir ve uzun mesafeli moleküler diziliş görülmektedir
8. Amorf şekiller genel olarak kristalen şekle göre daha yüksek
termodinamik enerjiye
sahiptirler, fiziksel ve kimyasal açıdan daha az dayanıklıdırlar. Bu
nedenle de
çözünürlükleri ve çözünme hızları daha yüksektir. Amorf şekillerin
hazırlanması için
çöktürme, liyofilizasyon, püskürterek kurutma, katı dispersiyon
hazırlama
veya hızlı soğutma gibi yöntemler kullanılabilir. Ayrıca
öğütme, toz etme ve yaş granülasyon gibi kimyasal
veya fiziksel zorlama gibi işlemler de amorf katının oluşumuna yol
açar. İşlem
9. İlk yapılması gereken işlem, katı bileşiğin kristalen ya
da amorf yapıda olup olmadığının belirlenmesidir.
Saklama sırasında amorf şekiller daha dayanıklı şekillere
dönüşmek eğilimindedir. Termodinamik açıdan
bu instabilité probleminin, işlem sırasında veya dozaj
şeklinin içinde oluşması amorf şekillerle çalışmanın en
büyük sakıncasıdır.
10. HİDRATLAR
Eğer kristal örgü içine, hidrojen bağları yaparak ilave
olan solvan su ise hidrat olarak tanımlanırlar. Yapı içindeki
bu hidrojen bağları kristalin yapışmasına ve bunun
sonucunda anhidrat (susuz) şekle göre daha yavaş
çözünme hızı göstermesine ve emiliminin azalmasına
neden olur. Genellikle etkin maddelerin hidrat formlarının çözü-
nürlüğü, çözünme hızı ve biyoyararlanımı susuz şekle
göre daha düşüktür.
11. POLİMORFİZM
Kristalen polimorflar, aynı kimyasal yapıya, ancak farklı
iç kristal örgüsüne sahip olan katı bileşiklerdir.
Genel olarak gerçek polimorflar iki gruba ayrılır.
1) Enantiyotropik polimorflar: Sıcaklık veya basınç
değişikliği durumlarında bir polimorf diğer bir polimorfa
geri dönüşlü olarak değişir.
2) Monotropik polimorflar: İki polimorf arasındaki
değişim geri dönüşsüzdür.
12. OLUŞMA KOŞULLARI
a) Farklı hız ve sıcaklıklarda farklı solvanlardan
kristalizasyon
b) Çöktürme
c) Uçurma
d) Erimiş kütleden kristalizasyon
e) Öğütme ve baskı
f) Liyofilizasyon
g) Püskürterek kurutma
13. Farklı kristal yapının oluşması etkin maddenin kristallenmesi
sırasında en az iki farklı iç moleküler düzenleme
olasılığı sonucunda ortaya çıkar. Genellikle polimorfların
erime noktası en düşük olan şekli dayanıksızdır;
diğer polimorflar ise metastabl olup, stabl şekle
dönüşme eğilimindedir. Farmasötik açıdan metastabl
formlar daha çok tercih edilir.
14. Önformülasyon çalışmaları boyunca 25°C'de dayanıklı
olan formun belirlenmesi çok önemlidir. Stabilité çalış-
maları boyunca kullanılan ve imalat işlemlerinde (kurutma,
toz etme) uygulanan sıcaklıklarda polimorfik
dönüşümlerin olup olmadığının saptanması da önem
taşır. Polimorfların raf ömrü süresince dayanıklı olmaları
gerekir. Farklı polimorfların yapılarında gözlenen
farklı kristal yapılar, çözünürlük ve çözünme profillerinde farklılığa
yol açabilir.Bu
durum özellikle katı ilaç şekillerinde ve süspansiyonlarda problem
yaratabilir.
15. Polimorfik dönüşümün gerçekleştiği geçiş sıcaklığın
saptanmasında Van't Hoff eşitliğinden faydalanılır. Ge-
çiş sıcaklığı, çözünürlüğe karşı mutlak sıcaklığın tersinin
grafiğe geçirilmesiyle elde edilen doğrunun uzatılması
(ekstrapole edilmesi) ile tahmin edilir.
Tablet ve kapsül gibi katı ilaç şekilleri için de partikül
büyüklüğü, nem ve yardımcı maddelerin etkisine bağlı
olarak benzer problemler ortaya çıkabilir.
16. Metastabl polimorfların dozaj şekli içindeki stabilitesini
incelemek için, içinde stabl polimorfun çekirdeğini
içeren ve içermeyen ilk prototip formülasyonda çeşitli
faktörlerin etkisi tek tek gözden geçirilmelidir.
Bir bileşiğin polimorfiarı, erime noktası, çözünürlük,
dansite, optik ve elektriksel özellikler, buhar basıncı ve
katı hal stabiliteleri açısından farklı özelliklere sahiptir.
Bir bileşiğin polimorfik özellik göstermesi formülasyon,
biyofarmasötik ve kimyasal
işlemler bakımından önemlidir.
17. KLAVUZLAR
ICH Q6 ya göre tanım;
Polimorfizm: İlaç etken maddesinin değişik kristalin formlarının
bulunmasıdır.
Solvat, hidrat (psödopolimorf) ve amorf formları gibi formları bulunur.
20. KAYNAKLAR
1. Modern farmasötik teknoloji, Önformülasyon, Sevgi Takka, Füsun
Acartürk, İlbeyi Ağabeyoğlu, Nevin Çelebi, Tuncer Değim, Zelihagül
Değim.
2. ICH Q6