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- 1. § ? §ä §Ö §â §Ñ §ä §å §â §à §Ù §ß §Ñ §Ó §ã §ä §Ó §à §¢ ? §à §Ô §â §Ñ §æ ? §é §ß §Ú §Û §Þ §Ö §ä §à §Õ §ñ§Ü §Ó§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ú§Û §Ó§Ú§Õ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§å §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§î§à? §ä§Ó§à§â§é§à§ã§ä? §±?§Õ§Ô§à§ä§å§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ã§ä§å§Õ§Ö§ß§ä§Ü§Ñ ? §Ü§å§â§ã§å §æ§Ñ§Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§Ö§ä§å §æ?§Ý§à§Ý§à§Ô?? §ä§Ñ §Ø§å§â§ß§Ñ§Ý?§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ô§â§å§á§Ú §µ§¡-11 §¢?§Ý§Ñ§ê§à§Ó§Ñ §¥§Ñ§â§Ú§ß§Ñ
- 2. §© §Þ ? §ã §ä §²§à§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§ß§Ö§Þ§à §Õ§à§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Õ§Ñ§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§å §Ù §á§à§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§å ?§ã§ä§à§â?? ? §Ó§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§Ö §Û§à§Ô§à §ã§å§ä§î. ?§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§ß§Ñ §Õ§à§Ó?§Õ§Ü§Ñ §±§â§Ñ§è? §ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ§å§Ü§à§Ó? §â§à§Ò§à§ä§Ú §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ä§ß§Ú§ç §Ý?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ó§è?§Ó. §¥§à§ã§Ý?§Õ§ß§Ú§è§î§Ü§Ñ §Õ?§ñ§Ý§î§ß?§ã§ä§î ?§ß§ê? §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ?§Ó §Õ§à§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ä§Ñ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§å §ä§Ó§à§â?§Ó. §²?§Ù§ß§à§Ó§Ú§Õ §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ?§Ó §ä§Ó§à§â?§Ó
- 3. 01 ? §ã §ä §à §â §Ú §é §ß §Ñ §Õ §à §Ó ? §Õ §Ü §Ñ §±§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§Ú §Ó§Ú§ß§Ú§Ü§ß§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§å. §±§Ö§â§ê? §Õ§à§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§å.
- 4. §±§Ö§â§ê? §Õ§à§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§Ú§ç §ä§Ó§à§â?§Ó §®§Ö§ä§à§Õ §Ó§Ú§Ó§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ý?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§Ó§à§â§å §Ó §ä?§ã§ß§à§Þ§å §Ù§Ó¡¯§ñ§Ù§Ü§å §Ù §Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ??§ð §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§â§à§Õ§Ú§Ó§ã§ñ §å §Õ§Ñ§Ó§ß§î§à§â§Ú§Þ§ã§î§Ü?§Û §Ý?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â?, §Ü§à§Ý§Ú §Ò§å§Ý§à §ã§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§à ¡°§±§à§â?§Ó§ß§ñ§Ý§î§ß? §Ø§Ú§ä§ä?§á§Ú§ã§Ú¡± §±§Ý§å§ä§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ. §°§Ò§Ô§â§å§ß§ä§å§Ó§Ñ§Ó §Û§à§Ô§à ? §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ã§å§Ó§Ñ§Ó §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§è? §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§î§Ü§Ú§Û §á§à§Ö§ä ? §Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü §º§Ñ§â§Ý§î-§°§Ô§ð§ã§ä§Ö§ß §³§Ö§ß§ä §¢§Ö§Ó. §±§Ý§å§ä§Ñ§â§ç (46-127 §â§â.) §º§Ñ§â§Ý§î-§°§Ô§ð§ã§ä§Ö§ß §³§Ö§ß§ä §¢§Ö§Ó (1804-1869)
- 5. §³§å§ä§î §Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§å §¯§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ, §±. §´§Ú§é§Ú§ß§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§Ó §Þ§å§Ù§Ú§é§ß§å §à§ã§Ó?§ä§å. ?§ß§Ü§à§Ý§Ú §Ó §Û§à§Ô§à §á§à§Ö§Ù?§ñ§ç §Ò§å§Ý§à §Ó?§Õ§é§å§ä§ß§à ?? §Ó§á§Ý§Ú§Ó. ¡°§¤§à§â§Ú§ä§î-§ä§â§Ö§Þ§ä§Ú§ä§î §â?§Ü§Ñ, §ñ§Ü §Þ§å§Ù§Ú§Ü§Ñ¡± (¡°§¤§Ñ? §ê§å§Þ§Ý§ñ§ä§î¡±) §´§Ö §Ø §ã§Ñ§Þ§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§ß§Ñ §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ú §á§â§à §ä§Ó§à§â§é?§ã§ä§î §§Ö§ã? §µ§Ü§â§Ñ?§ß§Ü§Ú. ?§Ù §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó ?? §Ù§Ò?§â§Ü§Ú §ä§Ñ §Ó?§â§ê§Ñ §Þ§à§Ø§ß§Ñ §Ù§â§à§Ò§Ú§ä§Ú §Ó§Ú§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§Ü, §ë§à §Ó§à§ß§Ñ §ä§Ö§Ø §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§ñ §Ó §Þ§å§Ù§Ú§é§ß?§Û §ß§Ñ§å§è?. (¡°§¯§Ñ §Ü§â§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ç §á?§ã§Ö§ß§î¡±, ¡°§¥§à §Þ§à§Ô§à §æ§à§â§ä§Ö§á?§Ñ§ß§à¡±)
- 6. ?§Ù §ß§Ú§ç §Þ§Ú §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§Þ§à §Õ?§Ù§ß§Ñ§ä§Ú§ã§ñ §á§â§à §ß§Ö §Ü§ß§Ú§Ø§ß§å §Þ§à§Ó§å §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §Û§à§Ô§à §Ó?§Õ§ß§à§ã§Ú§ß§Ú ?§Ù §à§ä§à§é§å§ð§é§Ú§Þ§Ú. § §Ú §ã §ä §Ú §¸§Ö §à§á§à§Ó?§Õ§î §å §æ§à§â§Þ? §Ù§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§à§Ü §Ó?§Õ ?§Þ§Ö§ß? §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ñ §á§â§à §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß? §á§à§Õ?? §Þ§Ú§ß§å§Ý§à§Ô§à, §å§é§Ñ§ã§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §Ñ§Ò§à §Ø §à§é§Ö§Ó§Ú§Õ§è§Ö§Þ §ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §Ó?§ß §Ò§å§Ó. §® §Ö §Þ §å §Ñ §â §Ú §¸§Ö §Ý?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§Ú§Û §Ø§Ñ§ß§â, §Ô§à§Ý§à§Ó§ß§Ú§Þ §Ô§Ö§â§à?§Þ §ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à ? §ã§Ñ§Þ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â; §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú, §ë§à §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ?, §Ü§â?§Þ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ??, §Þ§Ö§Þ§å§Ñ§â§Ú, §ë§à§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú, §á§à§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §Û §Ý§Ú§ã§ä§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ø §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß? §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß? §ä§Ó§à§â§Ú. §¡ §Ó §ä §à §Ò ? §à §Ô §â §Ñ §æ ? §ñ §¥§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§î §Õ?§Ù§ß§Ñ§ä§Ú§ã§ñ §Ò?§Ý§î§ê§Ö §á§â§à §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â, §Ù§Ó§Ú§é§Ü§Ú, §á§à§Ó§Ö§Õ?§ß§Ü§å §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §³§á§à§Ô§Ñ§Õ§Ú §ã§å§é§Ñ§ã§ß§Ú§Ü?§Ó §¥ §Ø §Ö §â §Ö §Ý §Ñ §Ó ? §Õ §à §Þ §à §ã §ä §Ö §Û §Ò ? §à §Ô §â §Ñ §æ ? ? §á §Ú §ã §î §Þ §Ö §ß §ß §Ú §Ü §Ñ
- 7. 02 §¥ §à §ã §Ý ? §Õ §ß §Ú §è §î §Ü §Ñ §Õ ? §ñ §Ý §î §ß ? §ã §ä §î §²§à§Ò§à§ä§Ú §ä§Ñ §á§â§Ñ§è? §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ä§ß§Ú§ç §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü?§Ó,§Ü§â§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü?§Ó, §ä§Ñ §Ý?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ó§è?§Ó §Ù §ä§Ö§Þ§Ú §Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§å
- 8. §³§å§é§Ñ§ã§ß? §Õ§à§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§å ?§¤§à§Ý§à§Ó§ß? §ä§Ö§é?? §Ó ?§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§î§Ü?§Û §Ý?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â? XIX §ã§ä.?, 1872¨C1890 §â§â. §¤§Ö§à§â§Ô §¢§â§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ö§ã ?§±§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§Ü§Ú §Õ§à §à§è?§ß§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §á§à§Ö§Ù?? §´. §º§Ö§Ó§é§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ?, 1881 §â. ?§Ó§Ñ§ß §¶§â§Ñ§ß§Ü§à §¡§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú §Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?? 1976 §â. §¡§ß§Õ§â§Ö §®§à§â§å§Ñ
- 9. §³§å§é§Ñ§ã§ß? §Õ§à§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§å ¡°§´§Ñ§â§Ñ§ã §º§Ö§Ó§é§Ö§ß§Ü§à¡± ?§Ó§Ñ§ß §¥§Ù§ð§Ò§Ñ ¡°?§Ó§Ñ§ß §¥§â§Ñ§é¡± §¡§ß§Ñ§ä§à§Ý?§Û §´§Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ü§à ¡°§¢§à§â§Ú§ã §¤§â?§ß§é§Ö§ß§Ü§à¡± §¡§ß§Ñ§ä§à§Ý?§Û §±§à§Ô§â?§Ò§ß§Ú§Û
- 10. 03 §² ? §Ù §ß §à §Ó §Ú §Õ §Ú §Þ §Ö §ä §à §Õ ? §Ó §ä §Ó §à §â §å ?§ß§ê? §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ú §Õ§à§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ä§Ñ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§å §ä§Ó§à§â?§Ó
- 11. §°§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ú§ä§à§Ü§å - §Þ?§æ! (§¶§â?§Õ§â?§ç-§£?§Ý§î§Ô§Ö§Ý§î§Þ §º§Ö§Ý§Ý?§ß§Ô, §¡§Ó§Ô§å§ã§ä- §£?§Ý§î§Ô§Ö§Ý§î§Þ, §Á§Ü§à§Ò §¤§â?§Þ§Þ) §®?§æ§à§Ý§à§Ô?§é§ß§Ñ §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ §±§à§Ý§ñ§Ô§Ñ? §å §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è??, §Ù§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§ß§ß?, §ä§Ý§å§Þ§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß? ? §á§à§â?§Ó§ß§ñ§ß§ß? §ä§Ö§Ü§Ü§ã§ä?§Ó. (§²?§é§Ñ§â§Õ §¢§Ö§ß§ä§Ý?, §¥§Þ§Ú§ä§â§à §§Ú§ç§Ñ§à§é§Ó, §¶§Ö§Õ?§â §¢§å§ã§Ý§Ñ?§Ó) §¶?§Ý§à§Ý§à§Ô?§é§ß§Ú§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ §?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§å §á§à§ä§â?§Ò§ß§à §Ó§Ú§Ó§é§Ñ§ä§Ú §å §ã§ä§â§à§Ô§à§Þ§å §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß§ß§à-§ß§Ñ§ã§Ý?§Õ§Ü§à§Ó§à§Þ§å §Ù§Ó¡¯§ñ§Ù§Ü§å, §Ù §å§â§Ñ§ç§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ§Þ §Ò?§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?? §ä§Ñ §á§ã§Ú§ç§à§Ý§à§Ô?? §á§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §Û§à§Ô§à §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§ß§à§Ô§à §à§ä§à§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ, §ã§å§ã§á?§Ý§î§ß§à? §ã§Ó?§Õ§à§Þ§à§ã§ä?, §Ö§ä§ß?§é§ß§à? §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§æ?§Ü§Ú, §ß§Ñ§Ó?§ä§î §Ü§Ý?§Þ§Ñ§ä§å §ä§Ñ §Ô§Ö§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ?§é§ß§à§Ô§à §â§à§Ù§ä§Ñ§ê§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ (§°. §¬§à§ß§ä, §¤. §³§á§Ö§ß§ã§Ö§â, §®. §¬§à§ã§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§â§à§Ó) §¬§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§ß§à-?§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§ß§Ñ §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ
- 12. §²§à§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§Ñ? §å§ã? §á§ã§Ú§ç§à§Ý§à§Ô?§é§ß? §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§å§Þ§à§Ó§Ú §ä§Ñ §Ñ§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú §á§â§Ú §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß? §ä§Ó§à§â§å, §Û§à§Ô§à §é§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§ß? §ä§Ñ §á§â§Ú§é§Ú§ß §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ. (§°§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ß§Õ§â §±§à§ä§Ö§Ò§ß§ñ, §®.§¢§Ö§â§Õ§ñ?§Ó, §.§£§Ú§Ô§à§ä§ã§î§Ü§Ú§Û) §±§ã§Ú§ç§à§Ý§à§Ô?§é§ß§Ñ §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ §±§à§â?§Ó§ß§ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ö §Ý?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§à §´§Ö§à§Õ§à§â §¢§Ö§ß§æ§Ö§Û, §°§Ý§Ö§Ü§ã§Ñ§ß§Õ§â §£§Ö§ã§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§ã§î§Ü§Ú§Û, §´§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§â§Ñ §¥§Ö§ß§Ú§ã§à§Ó§Ñ §¬§à§Þ§á§Ñ§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó?§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §¯§Ñ§å§Ü§à§Ó§Ú§Û §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ,§à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ §Ù¡¯§ñ§ã§å§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß? §Û§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§Ó§ß§à-§ã§Þ§Ú§ã§à§Ó§Ú§ç §Õ§Ø§Ö§â§Ö§Ý ? §á§ã§Ú§ç§à§Ý§à§Ô?§é§ß§Ú§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§å§Þ§à§Ó §Ó§Ú§ß§Ú§Ü§ß§Ö§ß§ß§ñ (§²§à§Þ§Ñ§ß ?§ß§Ô§Ñ§â§Õ§Ö§ß) §¶§Ö§ß§à§Þ§Ö§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô?§ñ
- 13. §¤§à§Ý§à§Ó§ß§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ñ - §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ñ §â§à§Ý§î §é§Ú§ä§Ñ§é§Ñ §å §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã? §á?§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§ß§ñ §Ý?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§å (§¤§Ñ§ß§ã-§²§à§Ò§Ö§â§ä §Á§å§ã§ã, §£§à§Ý§î§æ§Ô§Ñ§ß ?§Ù§Ö§â) §²§Ö§è§Ö§á§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ñ §Ö§ã§ä§Ö§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §´§Ö§à§â??, §ë§à §â§à§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä§î §Þ§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§è§ä§Ó§à §ñ§Ü §à§ã§à§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ó§å §Þ§à§Ó§å §Ñ§Ò§à §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü?§Ó, §Ñ §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß?§Û §ä§Ó?§â - §ñ§Ü §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü §é§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§Ú §è??? §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ú. (§². §Á§Ü§à§Ò§ã§à§ß, §®. §´§â§å§Ò§Ö§è§Ü§à§Û, §Á. §®§å§Ü§Ñ§â§Ø§à§Ó§ã§î§Ü§Ú§Û) §³§ä§â§å§ä§å§â§Ñ§Ý?§Ù§Þ ? §ã§Ö§Þ?§à§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ §¯§Ñ§å§Ü§Ñ §ä§Ý§å§Þ§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§ñ §ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§å (§®. §¤§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ö§Ô§Ô§Ö§â, §±.§²?§Ü§Ö§â) §?§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§Ñ §Ô§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§ä§Ú§Ü§Ñ
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