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§°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ò§Ü§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê (1)
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§ä§Ñ§ì§ã§Ú§â ?§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú.
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? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â§ß§Ú 3 §ç§Ú§Ý §Û?§Ý §Ò§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ß §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê §Þ§å§Þ§Ü§Ú§ß:
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§ä§Ö§Ù §Ó§Ñ?§ä §à§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú?§Ú§Õ§Ñ §á§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú§â§Ú§ê §å§é§å§ß §Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ê§Ú §Þ§å§Þ§Ü§Ú§ß §Ò?§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß
§ä§Ú§Ù§Ú§Þ.
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§ç§Ú§ã§à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ú
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§Þ§Ú?§Õ§â§Õ§Ñ§Ô§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê §Ü§å§é§Ú§Ô§Ñ §ï§Ô§Ñ §Ò?§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ã§Ñ, §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú §ä§Ö§Ù
§ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê ?§Ú§Û§Ú§ß §Ò?§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú
? §¢§å §Þ§å§Ñ§Þ§Þ§à§ß§Ú §Ö§é§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú 2 §ç§Ú§Ý §Û?§Ý §Ò§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§Ý ?§Ú§Ý§Ú§ê §Þ§å§Þ§Ü§Ú§ß:
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§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ §Ò?§Ý§Ú§Ò §ä§Ñ§ê§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§ê§Ú §Þ§å§Þ§Ü§Ú§ß
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§Ü§Ú§â§Ú§ê
§°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ò§Ü§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê (3)
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? §¡§Ô§Ñ§â §Þ§Ñ§ç§ã§å§Ý§à§ä ??§Û§Ú§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ü§å§ß§ß§Ú §ï§â§ä§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ô§Ñ §ç§Ñ§Ó§à §ç§Ñ§â§à§â§Ñ§ä§Ú 0
§Ô§Ñ §ä§å§ê§Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ò?§Ý§ã§Ñ, §Ü§Ö§Ý§Ô§å§ã§Ú §Þ§Ñ§ç§ã§å§Ý§à§ä§ß§Ú ??§Û§Þ§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ú§Ü §Ù§Ñ§â§å§â
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§ç§à§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§ß§Ô §Õ§Ú§Ù§Ñ§Û§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ §Ò§à?§Ý§Ú?.
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§ß§Ñ§æ§Ñ?§Ñ§ä §ä§Ö§â§Ú§Þ§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ü§Ö§Û§Ú§ß §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê §Ó§Ñ §á§Ñ§ã§ä §ç§Ñ§â§à§â§Ñ§ä§Õ§Ñ
§ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê, §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú §ä§Ñ§ê§Ú§ê, §ã§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ê, ?§Ñ§Õ§à?§Ý§Ñ§ê §Ø§Ñ§â§Ñ§×§ß§Ý§Ñ§â§Ú§Õ§Ñ
§Ó§Ñ §é§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§ß§Ñ §ã§Ñ§Ó§Õ§à §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§ã§Ú§Õ§Ñ §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ô§Ú§é§Õ§Ñ§ß §Õ§à§Ú§Þ§Ú§Û
§æ§à§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§ê§Õ§Ú§â, §Ò§å§ß§Õ§Ñ§Û §×§ß§Õ§Ñ§ê§å§Ó§ß§Ú §ç§à§Ù§Ú§â§Õ§Ñ ¡°§³§°§£§µ?
§©§¡§¯§¨§ª§²¡±, §ñ§ì§ß§Ú §ä§Ö§â§Ú§Þ§Õ§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§Õ§à§â§Ô§Ñ§é§Ñ §Ò?§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ø§Ñ§â§Ñ§×§ß§Õ§Ñ
§Þ§Ñ§ç§ã§å§Ý§à§ä§ß§Ú §Õ§à§Ú§Þ§Ú§Û §ã§à§Ó§å? §ç§à§Ý§ä§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §å§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ò §å§ß§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ú§Û
§Ü?§â§Ú§ß§Ú§ê§Ú §Ó§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ã§Ú§ß§Ú §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§Õ§à§â§Ô§Ñ §Ö§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ò §Ò§Ö§â§Ú§ê§Õ§Ú§â.
§³§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ñ §å§é§â§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ß §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü ?§Ù§Ô§Ñ§â§Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§â
§¤§à§â§î§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ñ§Þ§é§Ñ§ä§à§ã§ä§î
(Bitter Pit)
§±§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§ß§í§Û §°§Ø§à§Ô
(Superficial Scald)
§³§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ñ §å§é§â§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ß §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü ?§Ù§Ô§Ñ§â§Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§â
§¤§à§â§î§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ñ§Þ§é§Ñ§ä§à§ã§ä§î
(Bitter Pit)
§±§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§ß§í§Û §°§Ø§à§Ô
(Superficial Scald)

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§°§Ý§Þ§Ñ §ä§Ö§â§Ú§Þ§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ü§Ö§Û§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú §Ú§Ý?§à§â §ä§Ñ§Ø§â§Ú§Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â

  • 2. §®§å§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø§Ñ ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ §ç§Ñ?§Ú§Õ§Ñ ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ §ä§Ö§â§Ú§Þ§Ú ¨C §¦§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ê §Õ§Ñ§Ó§â§Ú, §³§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ê §Ó§Ñ ?§Ñ§Õ§à?§Ý§Ñ§ê, ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ã§Ý§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ü§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å?§ç§à§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê ¨C §·§Ñ§â§à§â§Ñ§ä, §¯§Ñ§Þ§Ý§Ú§Ü ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ §ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Þ§à§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Û §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ñ§Ý§Ñ§â: ¨C §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú ¡°?§Ù§Ô§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §¤§Ñ§Ù §®§å§ç§Ú§ä§Ú¡±§Õ§Ñ §ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê (§²§¤§³ ¨C §â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ñ §Ô§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ) ¨C ¡°§³§Þ§Ñ§â§ä§¶§â§Ö§ê¡± §Ó§à§ã§Ú§ä§Ñ§ã§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß §æ§à§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§ê
  • 3. §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ §ç§Ñ?§Ú§Õ§Ñ ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ ¡°§¬§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ü¡± §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ §ç§Ú§ã§à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ú ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ §á§Ú§ê§Ú§ê §Ó§Ñ §Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ê §á§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú§Õ§Ñ §Ø§å§Õ§Ñ §ä§Ö§Ù §ß§Ñ§æ§Ñ§ã §à§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ ?§Ù§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß ¡°§¿§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ß¡± §Ô§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ß§Ú §Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ò §é§Ú?§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §Ó§Ñ §å§ß§Ô§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ù§å§Ó§é§Ñ§ß ? §¿§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ß §Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ò §é§Ú?§Ñ§â§Ú§ê §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ã§Ú §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ß§Ô §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ñ§â§Ú§Ô§Ñ §Ò§à?§Ý§Ú? ? §°§Õ§Ñ§ä§Õ§Ñ §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ß§Ô ¡°§¿§â§ä§Ñ¡± §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ñ§â§Ú §ð?§à§â§Ú §ï§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ß §Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ò §é§Ú?§Ñ§â§Ú§ê §Ó§Ñ §ä§Ö§Ù §á§Ú§ê§Ú§ê §ç§å§ã§å§ã§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§Ô§Ñ §ï§Ô§Ñ ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ß§Ô ¡°§¬§Ö§é§Ü§Ú¡± §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ñ§â§Ú §á§Ñ§ã§ä §ï§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ß §Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ò §é§Ú?§Ñ§â§Ú§ê §Ó§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ü§Ú§ß §á§Ú§ê§Ú§ê §ç§å§ã§å§ã§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§Ô§Ñ §ï§Ô§Ñ ? §®§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú §ñ§â§à?§Ý§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ü §Þ§å§Õ§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§Ú §å§Ù§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú§â§Ú§ê §å§é§å§ß §å§ß§Ú§ß§Ô §ï§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ß §Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ò §é§Ú?§Ñ§â§Ú§ê §ç§å§ã§å§ã§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§ß§Ú §à§Ý§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú §à§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ú §×§Ü§Ú §á§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú§â§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú ? §¢§å§ß§Ú§ß§Ô §å§é§å§ß §á§Ñ§ã§ä ¡°§·§¡§²§°§²§¡§´¡± §×§Ü§Ú ¡°?§Ù§Ô§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §¤§Ñ§Ù §®§å§ç§Ú§ä§Ú¡± §à§â?§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ §à§ê§Ú§â§Ú§ê §Þ§å§Þ§Ü§Ú§ß ? 1-§Þ§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§è§Ú§Ü§Ý§à§á§â§à§á§Ö§ß (1-methylcyclopropane, 1-MCP) §¡?§º§Õ§Ñ ¡°§³§Þ§Ñ§â§ä§¶§â§Ö§ê¡± (SmartFresh¡± §ã§Ñ§Ó§Õ§à §Ò§Ö§Ô§Ý§Ú§ã§Ú §Ñ§ã§à§ã§Ú§Õ§Ñ, §²§à§ã§ã§Ú§ñ§Õ§Ñ ¡°§¶§Ú§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§Ô¡± §ã§Ñ§Ó§Õ§à §Ò§Ö§Ý§Ô§Ú§ã§Ú §Ñ§ã§à§ã§Ú§Õ§Ñ §ã§Ñ§Ó§Õ§à ?§Ú§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ß §ä§à§Ü§ã§Ú§Ü §Ò?§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ó§à§ã§ä§Ú§ä§Ñ §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú §ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ñ §Ü§Ö§ß§Ô ??§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ý§Þ§à?§Õ§Ñ ¨C §¿§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ß §Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ò §é§Ú?§Ñ§â§Ú§ê§ß§Ú §ä?§ç§ä§Ñ§Õ§Ú ¨C §®§Ö§Ó§Ñ §á§Ú§ê§Ú§ê §Ø§Ñ§â§Ñ§×§ß§Ú §ä?§ç§ä§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ú ¨C §¬§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ §é§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§Þ§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ú
  • 4. §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ §ç§Ñ?§Ú§Õ§Ñ ? §µ§Þ§å§Þ§Ñ§ß §à§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ, ¨C ¡°§ï§â§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Ó §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ¡± §ä§Ö§Ù §ß§Ñ§æ§Ñ§ã §à§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú ¨C ¡°§Ü§Ö§é§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ó §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ¡± §ã§Ö§Ü§Ú§ß §ß§Ñ§æ§Ñ§ã §à§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú ? §®§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú §ß§Ñ§æ§Ñ§ã §à§Ý§Ú§ê §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ã§Ú §ä??§â§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß §ä??§â§Ú §·§¡§²§°§²§¡§´§Ô§Ñ §Ò§à?§Ý§Ú? ? §º§å§ß§Ú§ß§Ô§Õ§Ö§Ü, ¡°§¬§­§ª§®§¡§¬§´§¦§²§ª§¬¡± §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â§ß§Ú §ß§Ñ§æ§Ñ§ã §à§Ý§Ú§ê §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ã§Ú 10§³ §ç§Ñ§â§à§â§Ñ§ä§Õ§Ñ §á§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ñ§Õ§Ú ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ §ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê §å§é§å§ß, §ï§ß§Ô §á§Ñ§ã§ä §Ò?§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§â§à§â§Ñ§ä §Ò§å §Þ§å§Ù§Ý§Ñ§ê §Þ§å§Þ§Ü§Ú§ß §Ò?§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§â§à§â§Ñ§ä§Õ§Ñ§ß §ð?§à§â§Ú, §ê§å§ß§Ú§ß§Ô§Õ§Ö§Ü §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú ¡°§ã§à§Ó§å? §å§â§Ú§ê¡± §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ô§Ñ §à§Ý§Ú§Ò §Ò§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§â§à§â§Ñ§ä§Õ§Ñ §Ò?§Ý§Ú§ê§Ú §Ü§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü
  • 5. §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú §Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ê§Ú ? §°§Õ§Ñ§ä§Õ§Ñ, §ä?§Ý§Ú? §Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ó§Ñ §ï§â§ä§Ñ §ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â §â§Ñ§ß§Ô§ã§Ú§Ù §Ó§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ù, §Ó§Ñ §ç§Ñ§ä§ä§à§Ü§Ú §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ §é§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§å§Ó§é§Ñ§ß §Ò?§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú (§¤§à§â§î§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ñ§Þ§é§Ñ§ä§à§ã§ä§î, §±§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§ß§í§Û §°§Ø§à§Ô ) ? §º§å§ß§Ú§ß§Ô§Õ§Ö§Ü, §á§Ú§ê§Ú§Ò ?§ä§Ú§Ò §Ü§Ö§ä§Ô§Ñ§ß §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â §ð§Þ§ê§à?, §Ó§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§Û§Ú§Ò §Ò?§Ý§Ú§ê §ï§ç§ä§Ú§Þ§à§Ý§Ú §ð?§à§â§Ú §Ò?§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú, §Ó§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ §é§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ß§å§Ó§é§Ñ§ß §Ò?§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú (watercore, senescent breakdown) ? §µ§Ù§à? §Þ§å§Õ§Õ§Ñ§ä §ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê §å§é§å§ß §Þ?§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§ß §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â §ä?§Ý§Ú? §Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ê§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß §à§Ù§Ô§Ú§ß§Ñ §à§Ý§Õ§Ú§ß §å§Ù§Ú§Ý§Ú§ê§Ú §Ü§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü, §Ý§Ö§Ü§Ú§ß §Þ§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ã§Ú §á§Ñ§ã§ä§â§à? §Ò?§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú ? §µ§Ù§à? §Þ§å§Õ§Õ§Ñ§ä §ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê §å§é§å§ß §ï§â§ä§Ñ §ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â, §à§Õ§Ñ§ä§Õ§Ñ, §ß§Ú§ã§Ò§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß §Þ§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ã§Ú §á§Ñ§ã§ä§â§à? §Ò?§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú, §Ý§Ö§Ü§Ú§ß §Ò§à§Ù§à§â §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ò§Ý§Ñ§â§Ú§Ô§Ñ §Ø§Ñ§Ó§à§Ò §Ò§Ö§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ß §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §Ò?§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú ? §º§å§ß§Ú§ß§Ô §å§é§å§ß, §ï§ß§Ô §Ñ§ã§à§ã§Ú§Û §Þ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §ç§Ñ§â §Ò§Ú§â §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ú §å§é§å§ß §Ò§à§Ù§à§â §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ü§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ò §é§Ú?§Ú§Ò §ä§Ö§â§Ú§Þ§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ü§Ö§Û§Ú§ß §ã§à§ä§Ú§ê §×§Ü§Ú §×§Ü§Ú §å§Ù§à? §Þ§å§Õ§Õ§Ñ§ä §ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§Ò §Ü§Ö§Û§Ú§ß §ã§à§ä§Ú§ê.
  • 6. §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ò§Ü§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê (1) ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê §ä§Ö§Ù§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú §Ó§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ã§Ú, §å§ß§Ú§ß§Ô §ã§Ú§æ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ô§Ñ §Ó§Ñ §ñ§â§à?§Ý§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ü §Þ§å§Õ§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ô§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§ä§ä§Ñ §ä§Ñ§ì§ã§Ú§â ?§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú. ? §º§å§ß§Ú§ß§Ô§Õ§Ö§Ü, §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú §å§Ù§à? §Þ§å§Õ§Õ§Ñ§ä §ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§Û §à§Ý§Ú§ê §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ô§Ñ ?§å§Û§Ú§Õ§Ñ§Ô§Ú §à§Þ§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ñ§â §ä§Ñ§ì§ã§Ú§â ?§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú: ¨C §¯§Ñ§Ó, §¦§ä§Ú§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú, §®§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ß§Ô §à§Ù§å?§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Û §ä§Ñ§â§Ü§Ú§Ò§Ú ? §¿§â§ä§Ñ §Ö§ä§Ú§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â (§×§Ù§Ô§Ú §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ñ§â) §ß§Ú §ä§Ö§Ù §Ó§Ñ?§ä §à§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú?§Ú§Õ§Ñ §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê §Ø§å§Õ§Ñ §Þ§å§ç§Ú§Þ §ç§Ú§ã§à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ú, §é§å§ß§Ü§Ú §ï§â§ä§Ñ §á§Ú§ê§Ñ§â §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â §ä§Ö§Ù §Ó§Ñ?§ä §à§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú?§Ú§Õ§Ñ §ð§Þ§ê§Ñ§Ò §Ü§Ö§ä§Ú§ê§ß§Ú §Ò§à§ê§Ý§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ú
  • 7. §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ò§Ü§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê (2) ? §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â§ß§Ú 3 §ç§Ú§Ý §Û?§Ý §Ò§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ß §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê §Þ§å§Þ§Ü§Ú§ß: ¨C (1) §³§à§Ó§å?§ç§à§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §à§Õ§Õ§Ú§Û §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê ¨C (2) §³§à§Ó§å?§ç§à§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§Ø§Ò§å§â§Ú§Û §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê ¨C (3) §¤§Ú§Õ§â§à §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê ? (2) ¡°§®§Ñ§Ø§Ò§å§â§Ú§Û §³§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê¡± §Ó§Ñ (3) ¡°§¤§Ú§Õ§â§à§ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê¡± §à§Ý§Þ§Ñ §ç§Ñ§â§à§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§Ú §ä§Ö§Ù §Ó§Ñ?§ä §à§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú?§Ú§Õ§Ñ §á§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Û§ä§Ú§â§Ú§ê §å§é§å§ß §Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ê§Ú §Þ§å§Þ§Ü§Ú§ß §Ò?§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §ä§Ú§Ù§Ú§Þ. ? (1) ¡°§³§à§Ó§å?§ç§à§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §à§Õ§Õ§Ú§Û §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê¡± §å§ã§å§Ý§Ú §Ü?§á §Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ñ§â§Õ§Ñ §Ü§Ö§ß§Ô ??§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ß §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ñ§Ý§Ñ§â§Õ§Ñ§ß §ç§Ú§ã§à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ú. §­§Ö§Ü§Ú§ß §Þ§å§Ù§Õ§Ö§Ü §ç§Ñ§Ó§à §Û?§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ê§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â §Ñ§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß §ï§Þ§Ñ§ã, §Ò§å§Ý§Ü§Ú §ñ§ê§Ú§Ü§Ý§Ñ§â §Ñ§ä§â§à§æ§Ú§Õ§Ñ ?§ä§Ú§Ò §ð§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú, §ñ§ì§ß§Ú §Ò§å §å§ã§å§Ý §ã§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§â§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ù §Ó§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ü§Ú§ß §ç§Ú§ã§à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ú ? §¡§Ô§Ñ§â §ã§à§Ó§å?§ç§à§ß§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â §Ò§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ß §ä?§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ó§Ñ §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ô§Ú§é §å§ã§Ü§å§ß§Ñ§ã§Ú §Ü§Ñ§ä§ä§Ñ §Þ§Ú?§Õ§â§Õ§Ñ§Ô§Ú §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê §Ü§å§é§Ú§Ô§Ñ §ï§Ô§Ñ §Ò?§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ã§Ñ, §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú §ä§Ö§Ù §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê ?§Ú§Û§Ú§ß §Ò?§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú ? §¢§å §Þ§å§Ñ§Þ§Þ§à§ß§Ú §Ö§é§Ú§Þ§Ú§ß§Ú 2 §ç§Ú§Ý §Û?§Ý §Ò§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§Ý ?§Ú§Ý§Ú§ê §Þ§å§Þ§Ü§Ú§ß: ¨C §¡) §¡§ã§à§ã§Ú§Û §ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ô§Ñ ??§Û§Ú§ê§Õ§Ñ§ß §à§Ý§Õ§Ú§ß, §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â §Ò§Ú§â §ß§Ö§é§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ §Ò?§Ý§Ú§Ò §ä§Ñ§ê§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§ê§Ú §Þ§å§Þ§Ü§Ú§ß ¨C §¢) §¬§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §æ§Ñ?§Ñ§ä §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ô§Ú§é §å§ã§Ü§å§ß§Ñ§ã§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ñ §à§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ß §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú §à§Ý§Ú§Ò §Ü§Ú§â§Ú§ê
  • 8. §°§Ý§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ý§Ñ§Ò§Ü§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê (3) ? §¡§Ô§Ñ§â §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ô§Ú§é ?§å§Ó§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú §é§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ò?§Ý§ã§Ñ, §ã§à§Ó§å?§ç§à§ß§Ñ§Ô§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§ç§ã§å§Ý§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§â §ß§Ñ§Ó§Ò§Ñ§ä §Ò§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ß §à§Ý§Ú§Ò §Ü§Ú§â§Ú§ê §Ü§Ö§â§Ñ§Ü ? §¡§Ô§Ñ§â §Þ§Ñ§ç§ã§å§Ý§à§ä ??§Û§Ú§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ü§å§ß§ß§Ú §ï§â§ä§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ô§Ñ §ç§Ñ§Ó§à §ç§Ñ§â§à§â§Ñ§ä§Ú 0 §Ô§Ñ §ä§å§ê§Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ò?§Ý§ã§Ñ, §Ü§Ö§Ý§Ô§å§ã§Ú §Þ§Ñ§ç§ã§å§Ý§à§ä§ß§Ú ??§Û§Þ§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ú§Ü §Ù§Ñ§â§å§â ? §®§Ñ§ç§ã§å§Ý§à§ä§Ý§Ñ§â§ß§Ú §ä§Ö§Ù §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê §å§é§å§ß, §å§Ý§Ñ§â §Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ §Ú§é§Ú§Õ§Ñ §×§Û§Ú§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §ç§à§Ý§Õ§Ñ §Ø§à§Û§Ý§Ñ§ê§ä§Ú§â§Ú§Ý§Ú§ê§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å? §ç§Ñ§Ó§à §Ò§Ú§â §ç§Ú§Ý§Õ§Ñ §Ñ§Û§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Õ§Ú ? §®§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ã§Ú, §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ô§Ú§é §å§ã§Ü§å§ß§Ñ§ã§Ú§ß§Ú§ß§Ô ?§å§Ó§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú, §Þ§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ß§Ô §Ü§Ñ§ä§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú, ?§Ñ§Õ§à?§Ý§Ñ§ê §Þ§Ñ§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó§Ñ §ç§à§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§ß§Ô §Õ§Ú§Ù§Ñ§Û§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ §Ò§à?§Ý§Ú?. ? §®§Ñ§ç§ã§å§Ý§à§ä §ã§Ú§æ§Ñ§ä§Ú§ß§Ú §Ò§Ú§â §Þ§Ñ§â§à§Þ§Õ§Ñ §å§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ò §ä§å§â§Ú§ê §å§é§å§ß §ß§Ñ§æ§Ñ?§Ñ§ä §ä§Ö§â§Ú§Þ§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ü§Ö§Û§Ú§ß §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ú§ê §Ó§Ñ §á§Ñ§ã§ä §ç§Ñ§â§à§â§Ñ§ä§Õ§Ñ §ã§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê, §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú §ä§Ñ§ê§Ú§ê, §ã§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ê, ?§Ñ§Õ§à?§Ý§Ñ§ê §Ø§Ñ§â§Ñ§×§ß§Ý§Ñ§â§Ú§Õ§Ñ §Ó§Ñ §é§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§ß§Ñ §ã§Ñ§Ó§Õ§à §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ñ§ã§Ú§Õ§Ñ §ã§à§Ó§å§ä§Ô§Ú§é§Õ§Ñ§ß §Õ§à§Ú§Þ§Ú§Û §æ§à§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§ê§Õ§Ú§â, §Ò§å§ß§Õ§Ñ§Û §×§ß§Õ§Ñ§ê§å§Ó§ß§Ú §ç§à§Ù§Ú§â§Õ§Ñ ¡°§³§°§£§µ? §©§¡§¯§¨§ª§²¡±, §ñ§ì§ß§Ú §ä§Ö§â§Ú§Þ§Õ§Ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§Õ§à§â§Ô§Ñ§é§Ñ §Ò?§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß §Ø§Ñ§â§Ñ§×§ß§Õ§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§ç§ã§å§Ý§à§ä§ß§Ú §Õ§à§Ú§Þ§Ú§Û §ã§à§Ó§å? §ç§à§Ý§ä§Ñ§Õ§Ñ §å§ê§Ý§Ñ§Ò §å§ß§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ú§Û §Ü?§â§Ú§ß§Ú§ê§Ú §Ó§Ñ §Þ§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ã§Ú§ß§Ú §ç§Ñ§â§Ú§Õ§à§â§Ô§Ñ §Ö§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ò §Ò§Ö§â§Ú§ê§Õ§Ú§â.
  • 9. §³§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ñ §å§é§â§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ß §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü ?§Ù§Ô§Ñ§â§Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§â §¤§à§â§î§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ñ§Þ§é§Ñ§ä§à§ã§ä§î (Bitter Pit) §±§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§ß§í§Û §°§Ø§à§Ô (Superficial Scald)
  • 10. §³§Ñ?§Ý§Ñ§ê§Õ§Ñ §å§é§â§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ú§Ô§Ñ§ß §æ§Ú§Ù§Ú§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ü ?§Ù§Ô§Ñ§â§Ú§ê§Ý§Ñ§â §¤§à§â§î§Ü§Ñ§ñ §ñ§Þ§é§Ñ§ä§à§ã§ä§î (Bitter Pit) §±§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§ß§í§Û §°§Ø§à§Ô (Superficial Scald)