The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study was a multicenter randomized clinical trial that compared two surgical treatment sequences for advanced glaucoma that had failed medical management. It involved 789 eyes of 591 patients followed over 13 years. The study found that an initial trabeculectomy resulted in greater IOP reduction than initial ALT. Maintaining an IOP of less than 18 mm Hg significantly reduced visual field progression compared to higher IOP levels. The risk of failure after the first intervention was higher for blacks compared to whites in the trabeculectomy-then-ALT sequence but lower in the ALT-then-trabeculectomy sequence.
This document provides information about slit lamp photography and specular microscopy. It discusses the components and uses of the slit lamp biomicroscope for anterior segment examination and photography. Specific illumination techniques are described including diffuse, direct focal, retroillumination, and optical section illumination. Guidelines for using the photo slit lamp and orienting the camera are provided. Specular microscopy is introduced as a technique for visualizing and analyzing the corneal endothelium using non-contact or contact specular microscopes. Applications of specular microscopy include evaluating patients for cataract surgery and corneal transplantation.
This document summarizes minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) procedures. MIGS offers more modest intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering than traditional glaucoma surgery, but with a safer risk profile. The document describes various MIGS procedures including the iStent, Hydrus, CyPass, and XEN gel stent. It provides details on the mechanism of action, surgical technique, efficacy and safety data from clinical studies for each procedure. MIGS provides an alternative treatment option for glaucoma patients to lower IOP and reliance on eye drops without the risks of more invasive surgeries.
This document discusses traumatic hyphema, which is bleeding into the anterior chamber of the eye following an eye injury. It can be caused by blunt trauma, surgery, or spontaneously from conditions like tumors or blood clotting issues. Symptoms include blurred vision, pain and photophobia. Treatment involves protecting the eye, preventing further bleeding with medications, and sometimes surgically removing blood if pressure rises too high. Goals are to prevent secondary glaucoma and damage to vision.
This document discusses various options for treating presbyopia, including glasses, contact lenses, and surgical interventions. It provides details on:
- The prevalence of presbyopia and its impact.
- Accommodation anatomy and theories of how it works.
- Treatment options like monovision, LASIK, conductive keratoplasty, corneal inlays, and scleral/lens surgery.
- Presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses, including multifocal and accommodating lens designs.
- Factors to consider for patients like expectations, alternatives, and selection criteria.
This document discusses various options for treating presbyopia, including corneal inlays. It provides details on three types of corneal inlays - Raindrop, Flexivue Microlens, and Kamra. Raindrop uses a hydrogel implant to change corneal curvature and improve near vision. Flexivue Microlens is a removable hydrogel lens that creates two focal points for bifocal vision. Kamra utilizes a small aperture to increase depth of focus by blocking peripheral light rays. Both Flexivue and Kamra are approved in Europe but still in clinical trials in the US, while Raindrop is also in US trials and approved in Europe.
1. Low vision aids are used to enhance vision for people with low vision from various causes like macular degeneration.
2. There are optical aids like magnifying glasses, telescopic lenses, and non-optical aids like large print books.
3. The appropriate aid is chosen based on the visual acuity and field of vision, with telescopes used for distance vision and magnifiers for near tasks. Calculation of needed magnification depends on the individual's visual function.
The retina is the innermost layer of the eye. It is attached to the back of the eyeball and detects light and sends signals to the brain. The document describes the detailed anatomy of the retina including its layers, blood supply, nerves and relationship to surrounding structures like the vitreous, choroid and extraocular muscles. Special attention is given to anatomical structures that are important to consider during retinal surgery like the vortex veins and long posterior ciliary arteries.
Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma is a type of secondary glaucoma caused by the buildup of fibrillar protein deposits in the eye. It is the most common cause of secondary glaucoma worldwide and can lead to rapid progression of optic nerve damage. Risk factors include being over 50 years old, female gender, and living in northern latitudes. Signs include white flake deposits on the iris and lens that obstruct aqueous outflow, raising intraocular pressure and risk of vision loss from glaucoma if not treated.
Artificial lenses implanted in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye in the presence of the natural crystalline lens to correct refractive errors. Phakic IOLs an evolving technique in the field of refractive surgery for the correction of moderate to high refractive errors. Patients with high myopia (above -10 diopters) constitute only about 2% of the myopic population but 13-15% of patients presenting for refractive surgery belong to this group. The increased knowledge on anterior segment anatomy and availability of better imaging technologies along with improved IOL designs and surgical techniques have led to higher success rates with these lenses.
Compared to corneal refractive surgery , phakic IOLs compete favorably for the correction of high ametropias, with excellent predictability, efficacy, safety and quality of vision.
This document provides anatomical and pathological information related to retinal detachment. It defines key terms like pars plana, ora serrata, vitreous base, retinal detachment, vitreoretinal traction, and posterior vitreous detachment. It describes the microscopic layers of the retina. It also discusses rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, signs and symptoms, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and tractional retinal detachment.
Glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs) provide an alternative pathway for aqueous humor outflow and are used to treat refractory glaucoma. The document discusses the history, design, and types of various GDDs including non-valved devices like Baerveldt and Molteno implants as well as valved devices like the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve. The key components, materials, and surgical techniques for GDD implantation are also summarized.
Traditionally, the field of optometry began with the primary focus of correcting refractive error through the use of spectacles. Modern day optometry, however, has evolved through time so that the educational curriculum additionally includes significant training in the diagnosis and management of ocular disease, in most of the countries of the world, where the profession is established and regulated.
Night blindness, also known as nyctalopia, is diminished vision in low light conditions. It can be caused by vitamin A deficiency, genetic conditions like retinitis pigmentosa, or eye diseases such as glaucoma or pathological myopia. Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness by inhibiting the production of rhodopsin in the retina, which is needed for low light vision. Retinitis pigmentosa causes progressive night blindness and eventual daytime vision loss by the gradual loss of rod cells in the retina. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, such as vitamin A supplements for deficiencies or refractive surgery for myopia.
The document discusses orbital implants and ocular prosthetics used to replace eyes removed due to conditions like trauma, tumors, or infection. It describes different types of orbital implants including porous implants made of materials like hydroxyapatite that allow tissue ingrowth, and non-porous implants made of materials like silicone or acrylic. Complications from implants or prosthetics like exposure, extrusion, or socket contracture are also summarized. Maintaining adequate orbital volume with implants is emphasized, as is regular cleaning and replacement of prosthetics.
Refractive surgeries aim to correct refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism by altering the cornea or lens. Techniques include excimer laser ablation under a corneal flap (LASIK), surface ablation procedures like PRK, and newer procedures like ReLEx. Excimer and femtosecond lasers are commonly used to precisely reshape the cornea. Selection criteria consider factors like corneal thickness and pupillary size to minimize risks. Post-operative care and monitoring is important for stabilization and recovery.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of uveitic glaucoma. It begins by defining uveitic glaucoma and noting that 10% of uveitis patients will develop elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) or open-angle glaucoma. The pathophysiology of secondary glaucoma from uveitis is described. Treatment principles aim to reduce inflammation, control IOP, and prevent permanent damage. Cycloplegics, corticosteroids, and sometimes immunosuppressants are used to control inflammation. Topical medications, laser treatments, and surgeries may be needed to control IOP depending on the mechanism and severity. Close monitoring is important with this patient population.
This document discusses the ABCD staging system for diagnosing and monitoring progression of keratoconus. It begins with an overview of keratoconus and the need for early diagnosis and treatment. It then reviews prior classification and progression monitoring systems. The document introduces the Belin ABCD staging system, which uses tomographic pachymetry maps to assess four parameters (A= maximum keratometry, B= minimum keratometry, C= thickness, D= asymmetry) and stage disease. It presents evidence that the ABCD system can identify progressive keratoconus an average of 5 months earlier than prior methods, allowing for earlier intervention like corneal collagen cross-linking. The conclusion is that the ABCD system allows earlier diagnosis
The document discusses rigid gas permeable contact lenses, including their benefits, applications, fitting process, and lens design considerations. Some key points covered include:
1. RGP lenses can automatically correct astigmatism, provide good vision and eye health benefits like increased oxygen transmission.
2. The fitting process involves evaluating the lens-cornea relationship using fluorescein dye to identify any bearing, clearance or sealing issues.
3. Important lens design factors are the overall diameter, optical zone size, base curve, thickness, and peripheral curve to achieve a proper alignment fit.
The MS-39 AS-OCT provides high resolution corneal imaging and anterior chamber tomography using spectral domain OCT combined with a Placido disk. It allows for anterior and posterior corneal topography, corneal pachimetry, epithelial mapping, corneal wavefront analysis, glaucoma screening, keratoconus screening, pupillography, cataract surgery planning, dry eye analysis, and more.
This document summarizes research on intraocular lenses (IOLs) that can be adjusted after implantation to correct refractive errors. It discusses IOLs that can be adjusted through secondary surgical procedures, adjusted non-invasively after surgery using external devices, and IOLs that can be adjusted using femtosecond lasers or two-photon chemistry. It also provides details on the development and testing of the light-adjustable IOL, including studies demonstrating its safety and ability to correct up to 2 diopters of refractive error.
Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency & its managementKaran Bhatia
油
1) Limbal stem cells are located in the palisades of Vogt region of the limbus and are responsible for maintaining the normal corneal epithelium. Limbal stem cell deficiency occurs when the source of these cells is damaged, causing severe problems to the ocular surface.
2) Limbal stem cell deficiency can be partial or total, and is classified based on extent and etiology. Common causes include chemical/thermal burns, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and multiple ocular surgeries.
3) Management is based on the extent and severity of deficiency, and involves steps from conservative treatment to more invasive procedures like limbal stem cell transplantation or keratoprosthesis. The goal is to replace
The document discusses various tests used in optometric testing to evaluate vision, including tests of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual fields, color vision, stereopsis, and fixation disparity. It describes the stimuli and responses for each test and provides examples of common tests used to evaluate each aspect of vision.
The retina is the innermost layer of the eye. It is attached to the back of the eyeball and detects light and sends signals to the brain. The document describes the detailed anatomy of the retina including its layers, blood supply, nerves and relationship to surrounding structures like the vitreous, choroid and extraocular muscles. Special attention is given to anatomical structures that are important to consider during retinal surgery like the vortex veins and long posterior ciliary arteries.
Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma is a type of secondary glaucoma caused by the buildup of fibrillar protein deposits in the eye. It is the most common cause of secondary glaucoma worldwide and can lead to rapid progression of optic nerve damage. Risk factors include being over 50 years old, female gender, and living in northern latitudes. Signs include white flake deposits on the iris and lens that obstruct aqueous outflow, raising intraocular pressure and risk of vision loss from glaucoma if not treated.
Artificial lenses implanted in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye in the presence of the natural crystalline lens to correct refractive errors. Phakic IOLs an evolving technique in the field of refractive surgery for the correction of moderate to high refractive errors. Patients with high myopia (above -10 diopters) constitute only about 2% of the myopic population but 13-15% of patients presenting for refractive surgery belong to this group. The increased knowledge on anterior segment anatomy and availability of better imaging technologies along with improved IOL designs and surgical techniques have led to higher success rates with these lenses.
Compared to corneal refractive surgery , phakic IOLs compete favorably for the correction of high ametropias, with excellent predictability, efficacy, safety and quality of vision.
This document provides anatomical and pathological information related to retinal detachment. It defines key terms like pars plana, ora serrata, vitreous base, retinal detachment, vitreoretinal traction, and posterior vitreous detachment. It describes the microscopic layers of the retina. It also discusses rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, signs and symptoms, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and tractional retinal detachment.
Glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs) provide an alternative pathway for aqueous humor outflow and are used to treat refractory glaucoma. The document discusses the history, design, and types of various GDDs including non-valved devices like Baerveldt and Molteno implants as well as valved devices like the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve. The key components, materials, and surgical techniques for GDD implantation are also summarized.
Traditionally, the field of optometry began with the primary focus of correcting refractive error through the use of spectacles. Modern day optometry, however, has evolved through time so that the educational curriculum additionally includes significant training in the diagnosis and management of ocular disease, in most of the countries of the world, where the profession is established and regulated.
Night blindness, also known as nyctalopia, is diminished vision in low light conditions. It can be caused by vitamin A deficiency, genetic conditions like retinitis pigmentosa, or eye diseases such as glaucoma or pathological myopia. Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness by inhibiting the production of rhodopsin in the retina, which is needed for low light vision. Retinitis pigmentosa causes progressive night blindness and eventual daytime vision loss by the gradual loss of rod cells in the retina. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, such as vitamin A supplements for deficiencies or refractive surgery for myopia.
The document discusses orbital implants and ocular prosthetics used to replace eyes removed due to conditions like trauma, tumors, or infection. It describes different types of orbital implants including porous implants made of materials like hydroxyapatite that allow tissue ingrowth, and non-porous implants made of materials like silicone or acrylic. Complications from implants or prosthetics like exposure, extrusion, or socket contracture are also summarized. Maintaining adequate orbital volume with implants is emphasized, as is regular cleaning and replacement of prosthetics.
Refractive surgeries aim to correct refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism by altering the cornea or lens. Techniques include excimer laser ablation under a corneal flap (LASIK), surface ablation procedures like PRK, and newer procedures like ReLEx. Excimer and femtosecond lasers are commonly used to precisely reshape the cornea. Selection criteria consider factors like corneal thickness and pupillary size to minimize risks. Post-operative care and monitoring is important for stabilization and recovery.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of uveitic glaucoma. It begins by defining uveitic glaucoma and noting that 10% of uveitis patients will develop elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) or open-angle glaucoma. The pathophysiology of secondary glaucoma from uveitis is described. Treatment principles aim to reduce inflammation, control IOP, and prevent permanent damage. Cycloplegics, corticosteroids, and sometimes immunosuppressants are used to control inflammation. Topical medications, laser treatments, and surgeries may be needed to control IOP depending on the mechanism and severity. Close monitoring is important with this patient population.
This document discusses the ABCD staging system for diagnosing and monitoring progression of keratoconus. It begins with an overview of keratoconus and the need for early diagnosis and treatment. It then reviews prior classification and progression monitoring systems. The document introduces the Belin ABCD staging system, which uses tomographic pachymetry maps to assess four parameters (A= maximum keratometry, B= minimum keratometry, C= thickness, D= asymmetry) and stage disease. It presents evidence that the ABCD system can identify progressive keratoconus an average of 5 months earlier than prior methods, allowing for earlier intervention like corneal collagen cross-linking. The conclusion is that the ABCD system allows earlier diagnosis
The document discusses rigid gas permeable contact lenses, including their benefits, applications, fitting process, and lens design considerations. Some key points covered include:
1. RGP lenses can automatically correct astigmatism, provide good vision and eye health benefits like increased oxygen transmission.
2. The fitting process involves evaluating the lens-cornea relationship using fluorescein dye to identify any bearing, clearance or sealing issues.
3. Important lens design factors are the overall diameter, optical zone size, base curve, thickness, and peripheral curve to achieve a proper alignment fit.
The MS-39 AS-OCT provides high resolution corneal imaging and anterior chamber tomography using spectral domain OCT combined with a Placido disk. It allows for anterior and posterior corneal topography, corneal pachimetry, epithelial mapping, corneal wavefront analysis, glaucoma screening, keratoconus screening, pupillography, cataract surgery planning, dry eye analysis, and more.
This document summarizes research on intraocular lenses (IOLs) that can be adjusted after implantation to correct refractive errors. It discusses IOLs that can be adjusted through secondary surgical procedures, adjusted non-invasively after surgery using external devices, and IOLs that can be adjusted using femtosecond lasers or two-photon chemistry. It also provides details on the development and testing of the light-adjustable IOL, including studies demonstrating its safety and ability to correct up to 2 diopters of refractive error.
Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency & its managementKaran Bhatia
油
1) Limbal stem cells are located in the palisades of Vogt region of the limbus and are responsible for maintaining the normal corneal epithelium. Limbal stem cell deficiency occurs when the source of these cells is damaged, causing severe problems to the ocular surface.
2) Limbal stem cell deficiency can be partial or total, and is classified based on extent and etiology. Common causes include chemical/thermal burns, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and multiple ocular surgeries.
3) Management is based on the extent and severity of deficiency, and involves steps from conservative treatment to more invasive procedures like limbal stem cell transplantation or keratoprosthesis. The goal is to replace
The document discusses various tests used in optometric testing to evaluate vision, including tests of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual fields, color vision, stereopsis, and fixation disparity. It describes the stimuli and responses for each test and provides examples of common tests used to evaluate each aspect of vision.
1. T.C.
ANAKKALE ONSEK聴Z MART N聴VERS聴TES聴
MHEND聴SL聴K M聴MARLIK FAKLTES聴
JEOF聴Z聴K MHEND聴SL聴聴
AK聴FER
PARAMETRELER聴
A. Said YALIN Cemal DURGUT
Erdal INAR Ersin AKIR
Ferhat GR
Ekim 2006
2. 聴巽indekiler
1. 赫庄姻庄
2. Yeralt脹 suyu ve nemi
3. Akifer Nedir?
4. Akifer Parametreleri
5. Sonu巽
Kaynak巽a
3. 赫庄姻庄
Jeolojik ve jeofizik akifer parametreleri, bir
akiferi tan脹mlayabilmek i巽in gerekli olan akifer
derinlii,akifer kirlilii veya tuzluluu ve buna
benzer tan脹mlay脹c脹 bilgilere ulamam脹z脹
salar.
4. Yeralt脹 Suyu ve nemi
Kayalar脹n k脹r脹klar脹, 巽atlaklar脹, boluklar脹
ve topra脹n g旦zeneklerini dolduran sulara
yeralt脹 sular脹 denir.
5. Yeralt脹 Suyu ve nemi
Yeralt脹 sular脹, ya脹s脹z mevsimlerde nehirleri besler.
Nehirlerin s端rekli akmas脹n脹 salar.
Yeralt脹 sular脹, kaya巽 i巽indeki elementleri 巽旦zerek
ayn脹 zamanda ta脹n脹p birikmesini salar. Bu
biriktirme ile de maden yataklar脹n脹n olumas脹na
neden olur.
Hayvan ve bitki 旦rt端lerinin su ihtiya巽lar脹 yer alt脹
sular脹 taraf脹ndan salan脹r.
Yeralt脹 sular脹, yery端z端ndeki bitki 旦rt端s端n端n s脹kl脹脹n脹
ve da脹l脹m脹n脹 kontrol eder.
6. Akifer Nedir?
Ekonomik olarak su alabildiimiz her t端rl端
kayaca akifer denir.
7. Akifer Parametreleri
Bir akiferin tan脹mlanabilmesi i巽in akifere
ait parametrelerin tespit edilmesi gerekir.
Akifer parametrelerini jeolojik ve jeofizik
parametreler olarak ikiye ay脹rabiliriz.
8. Akifer Parametreleri
Porozite (n)
Kaya巽lar yak脹ndan
incelendiinde i巽erisinde
ayn脹 veya 巽eitli boyda
tanelerden olutuu ve
bu taneler aras脹nda
boluklar olduu g旦r端l端r.
n = ( Vb / Vt )*100
9. Akifer Parametreleri
Kaya巽larda porozite farklar脹;
Metamorfik ve Mamatik kayalar i巽in de
g旦zeneklilikten s旦z edebiliriz fakat bunlarda
kristaller aras脹nda mikro boluklar olduu i巽in
boluk hacminin toplam hacme oran脹
dolay脹s脹yla da poroziteleri 巽ok d端端kt端r.
Sedimanter kaya巽larda ise porozite genellikle
y端ksektir.
11. Akifer Parametreleri
Hidrolik eim ( i )
Boyutsuz olup
y端ksek su seviyesi
ile d端端k su
seviyesi aras脹ndaki
fark脹n kesit alan脹n
uzunluuna oran脹
olarak tan脹mlan脹r.
h2 - h1 dh
Hidrolik Eim = i = =
L L
12. Akifer Parametreleri
Debi ( Q ); birim alandan birim zamanda
ge巽en su miktar脹 olarak tan脹mlan脹r.
3
L A= m 2 m
Q=v.A Q= m =
t sn sn
14. Akifer Parametreleri
Kaya巽 Tipi K( cm/sn ) Ge巽irimlilik Durumu
Konglomera >10 ok Ge巽irimli
Kumta脹 10 - 10-4 Ge巽irimli
Siltta脹 10-4 10-6 Az Ge巽irimli
Kilta脹 <10-6 ok Az Ge巽irimli veya Ge巽irimsiz
15. Sediment G旦zeneklilik Ge巽irimlilik
ak脹l Y脹脹脹m脹 25-40 巽ok iyi
Kum Y脹脹脹m脹 30-50 iyi-巽ok iyi
Mil 35-50 orta
Kil 35-80 k旦t端-ge巽irimsiz
Kayalar
ak脹lta脹 10-30 orta-巽ok iyi
Kumta脹 20-30 iyi-巽ok iyi
a) iyi boylanm脹 ve 0-10 k旦t端-orta
az 巽imentolu 10-20 orta-iyi
b) k旦t端 boylanm脹
s脹k脹 巽imentolu
c) ortalama kumta脹
amurta脹 0-30
Kire巽ta脹 ve Dolomit 0-20 巽ok k旦t端
Oyuklu Kire巽ta脹 50ye kadar 巽ok iyi
Pl端tonik Kayalar 0-5 巽ok k旦t端
a) masif ve k脹r脹ks脹z 5-10 k旦t端
b) 巽atlakl脹 ve k脹r脹kl脹
Volkanik Kayalar 0-50 k旦t端-巽ok iyi
16. Akifer Parametreleri
Transmisibilite ( T );
Akiferin birim geniliinde ve akifer
kal脹nl脹脹ndaki alan脹ndan, birim zamanda ve
birim hidrolik y端k alt脹nda ge巽en su miktar脹d脹r.
Birimi ( m^3*g端n/m ) dir. Form端l olarak ifade
edersek;
T=K*e ( e=akifer kal脹nl脹脹 )
17. Akifer Parametreleri
Depolama katsay脹s脹 ( S );
Serbest akiferlerde d端端m konisini
terkeden gravite suyuna, bas脹n巽l脹 akiferlerde
ise, 1 m^3 kesitinde ve akifer kal脹nl脹脹ndaki
prizmatik bir hacimden ayr脹lan suya denilir. %
olarak ifade edilir.
18. Akifer Parametreleri
zdiren巽 (R)
Bir kayac脹n 旦zdirenci elektrik iletimine
g旦sterdii diren巽tir. G旦zeneklilik art脹k巽a
旦zdiren巽 d端er.
19. Akifer Parametreleri
Jeolojik malzeme Elektrik 旦zdiren巽 立-m
Islak a脹r脹 killi toprak 1- 10
Islak a脹r脹 siltli toprak ve siltli kil < 10
Islak siltli ve kumlu toprak 10-100
Silt ardalanmal脹 kum ve 巽ak脹l <1000
Kaba kuru kum ve 巽ak脹l depozitleri >1000
atlaklar脹 脹slak toprakla dolmu 巽ok k脹r脹kl脹 kaya巽 100
atlaklar脹 kuru kumla dolmu az 巽atlakl脹 kaya巽 <1000
Masif ve salam olarak olumu kaya巽 >1000
22. Akifer Parametreleri
Derinlik;
Jeolojik ve jeofizik veriler kullan脹l脹p, yeterli derinlie
kadar sondaj yap脹l脹rsa hemen her yerde yeralt脹
suyu bulunabilir.
B旦lgenin ya脹 al脹p almamas脹na ve topografyaya
bal脹 olarak sondajda 5-10 m derinlikte yeralt脹
suyuna eriilebilir.
旦llerde ise bu derinlik 100 m yi bulabilmektedir.
23. 皆看稼顎巽鉛温姻
Yeralt脹 sular脹 doal yaam脹n i巽inde 旦nemli
bir yere sahiptir. Bu nedenle yer alt脹 sular脹n脹
i巽inde bulunduran jeolojik birimleri ( akifer )
iyi tan脹mlamam脹z gerekmektedir. Dolay脹s脹yla
akiferlerden en iyi verimi alabilmek i巽in
jeolojik ve jeofizik akifer parametreleri tespit
edilerek deerlendirilmelidir.
24. Kaynak巽a
Baba, A., 2005, Hidrojeoloji ders notlar脹, OM
MMF. Jeoloji M端h. B旦l., anakkale.
Ulugergerli, E., 2006, Yeralt脹 suyu jeofizii ders
notlar脹, OM MMF. Jeofizik M端h. B旦l., anakkale.
www.eng.deu.edu.tr
http://www.geop.itu.edu.tr/~jeotermal/jeoelek.html#5
www.jmo.org.tr