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?????-? ?????????

AGARBATTI STICKS
I. INTRODUCTION:
The burning of incense in religious and social functions have been
practiced in India since early times. Dhup an aromatic powder or
paste is burnt in Indian homes as a fragrant
fumigant and is reputed to posses insecticides and antiseptic properties. Agarbathi
also known as Udubathis similar to jars sticks are a development of
Dhup. About 75% of agarbattis manufactured are of cheap quality
containing only charcoal powder or low quality sandalwood powder
with a mixture of 50% of wood gum powder. Cheap perfumes are
used to give them a top note. In superior variety, essential oils, purified resins, natural fixative like Amber, musk and civet are used
along with synthetic aromatics. Absolutes are used in the costlier
types.
II. MARKET POTENTIAL
Agarbathies are used by all communities in India, Sri Lanka, Burma
and by Indians residing abroad. As on today about 90 foreign countries are using our agarbathis. Agarbathies
industry is one of the
labour intensive cottage type of
traditional industries in India Karnataka state leads in this industry. The main centres of
manufacture are Mysore and Bangalore. As on today about 150
units exist in Andhra Pradesh. It is export-oriented unit also. In fact
this is one of the items considered for boosting exports. Owing to
the low level of technology involved in this industry, this can be
taken to rural areas without much difficulty, thus implementing the
rural industrialization policy of the government of India to a greater
extent.
III. BASIS AND PRESUMPTIONS:
a) The estimes are drawn for a production capacity generally considered techno-economically viable for model type of manufacturing activity.
b) The information supplied is based on a standard type of manufacturing activity utilization conventional technique of production
at optimum levels of performance.

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c) The cost in respect of land and building, machinery and equipment, raw materials and selling prices of the finished products etc.
are those generally obtaining at the time of the preparation of the
project profiles and may vary depending upon various factors.
IV. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE:
No specific time is required to set this unit. The unit can be set up
within shortest time as basically it is a cottage industry.
V. TECHNICAL ASPECTS:
Process of Manufacturing:
All the ingredients in powder form are mixed well in the proper
proportion with water to semi-solid paste. This paste is applied to
bamboo sticks and rolled on wooden planks with hands uniformly.
The raw sticks are then dried and packed in suitable bundles. For
manufacture of perfumed agarbattis the concentrated perfume is
diluted first with white oil or di-ethylphathalate (generally 1:3) and
raw agarbathis are dipped and packed immediately in butter paper
bags or polypropylene bags and finally in printed cartons.
The composition for masala for this is as under:
White Chips
40%
Gigatu
20%
Charcoal
20%
Aromatic chemical
Essential oil and other ingredients 20%
The composition can be modified according to the requirements.
Quality Specification
There is no ISI standard for manufacture of Agarbathi at present.
However, they are manufactured as per customer's requirements.
Production Capacity per annum
Quantity:
960000 pkts
Value:
Rs.2460000
Motive Power only for lighting
VI. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENTS

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VII. MEANS OF FINANCE
1.Promoter's Contribution (5% of total cost)
2.PMEGP subsidy
(15% of total cost or Rs.7500,whichever is less)
3.Bank loan[total cost( Promoter's Contribution+ PMEGP subsidy)

22745
7500
424650

1. FIXED CAPITAL
i)Land & Buildings: Rented premises of 100 sft. Rent of Rs.1000
pm
ii) Machinery & Equipment

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2. WORKING CAPITAL
i) Staff & Labour per month

ii) Raw Material (p.m.)

iii. Utilities per month

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iv. Other expenses per month

v. Total working capital per month

IX COST OF PRODUCTION PER ANNUM

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X TURNOVER PER YEAR

XI FIXED COST PER YEAR

XII. PROFIT ANALYSIS
Net Profit : sale-total cost=2400000-1840315=559685
% of Profit on Sale: Profit / Sale x100=559685/2400000]
100=23.32%
% of Return on Investment: Profit / (Investment) x 100=123%
Break-Even Analysis : FC / (FC+Profit)
x100=123655/123655+559685]100=18.10

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http://bachatgat.in/shgbook.html

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http://bachatgat.in/shgbook.html

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November2013

  • 1. ?????-? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?-????? ?, ? ????????? ??? ?? ???????, ???? ? www.bachatgat.in ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ?
  • 2. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ? ???????, ???? ?, ??? ? ?? ?????-? ?????????
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  • 5. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? http://bachatgat.in/shgbook.html ?-???????? ???? - ? ???/- ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ? ? ? ???? ???????? ???? ? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ? ? ? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ? ??? ???? ??????? ? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ? ? ? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? - ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ? ? ?????? ???? ? ?? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? / ???? ???? ??? ? ? ? ? ?? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ,??? ???? ??? ? ? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ? ? ?????? ????? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?-?? ?? ? ????????? ¨¯??? ??? ? - ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? - ???? ????? ???????? ???? - ?-????? ?? ?????-? ?????????
  • 6. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ? ???[????? ???????? .?? ?????? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ???? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ? ? ?????? ?? .???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ????? .?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ? ? ? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ? ? ? ???? ,?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????.??.?? ????? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?????, ? ???. ?????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ?????-? ????????? ????? ??????
  • 7. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ? ? .??? ??? ????? ? ? ? ??? -/???,??.? ??? ?? ?? -/???,??.? ????? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? -/???,??.? ?????????????? ?????? )????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????( ,??????? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ? ,????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ? ? ? ? ? ,????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ? ??? ?????? ????? .??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ,????????? ? ? ? ? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? .????? ????? ??????? ? ? ???????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ,??? ???? ????? ???? ? ? .??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ? ? ????????? ? ????? ,???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ? .?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ? ? /?????? ????? ??? ????-?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? .?? ??? ?????????? ? ???? ??? ????????? ???????/?????? ??-?? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ?????-? ?????????
  • 8. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ???????? ??? ? ? ??????????? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ? ????? ? ? ??? .???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ?????? ????? ? .??? ??? ?? -/???,??.? ?? ? ? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? .??? ??? ???????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ??? -/???,??.? ???? ??? %?? ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ????????? ,?????????? ? ???????????? ,????? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ? ? ? ? ? ,????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? .???? ?? ???? ??????????? ? ? ? ?????? ?? ?:? ? ?:? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ? ? ? .???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ? ? ?:? ? ?:? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ? ? ? .?? ??????? ? ? ? %??.? ?? -/???,?? ? ???????? ??? ? -/???,?? ? ? ? ? .? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ? ? ? .???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??.?.? ??? %?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ????? ? ??? ??? ????? )%??( ??? ??.?.? ?????????????? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ????????? ,?????????? ? ???????????? ,????? ? ? ? ? ? ?????-? ?????????
  •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
  • 10. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ? ??????? : ??? ? ? ?????? ??? ??? ,??? ? ? ? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ,?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?????? ???????? .??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? .??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? .??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? .????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ? ? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ? ? ? ? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ? .???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ???????? ?? .??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ? ? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? .??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ,??? ,?????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ??? ,?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ? ? ? ????? ?¨«??? ?????-? ?????????
  • 11. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ? ??? ???? ????????? ? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????-??????? ? ? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ????? ,??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ? ??? ???? ????? ? ? ? ? ??? ??? ?????? ? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ,??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????) ????? ????? ?????? (????) ???? - ??? ? ? ??? ??.?? : ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????-??????? ? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ? ??? ?? ? ? ? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ,?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ? ??? ???? ????? ? .??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ? ?? .?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??-????? ?? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ????? ?????? (?????) ??) ?????-? ?????????
  • 12. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ? .????? ????? ? ? ? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ????????? ?? ,???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?) ????????? ????? (??? ????? ??????) ???? - ??? ? ? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? : ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??????? ? ????? ?????????? ,????? ????? : ???? ? ? ? )??? ? ? ? ???( ???? ?? ? ?? : ??????? ???????? ? ? .??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ???? .?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ????? ???? - ??? ? ? ??? ??.?? : ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ,???? ?? ?????? ? ? ? ,??????? ??? ??????? ,???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ? ? ? ? ?????? ????? ? ? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????-? ?????????
  • 13. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ? ???????? : www.bachatgat.in ???? : swayamsiddhafoundation@gmail.com ??? : ??????????? / ??????????? ????? - ?????? ??????? ???, ????? ???? ? ???, ???? ??? ?, ???? ?????? ???????, ????????? ????? ??????? ? .???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ? ????? ? ? ???? ????????? ???? .??? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ? ? ? ? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ????? - ??????? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ? ? ? ? ?? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ,???? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ? ? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? -:????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ? ? ? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ? ? .???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????-? ?????????
  • 14. ?????-? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? [ 1. ???? ???? 23. ¨¯????? 2. ???? ????? ? ????? 24. ???????? 3. ????? ??? (???? ???) ? 25. ?????? ?¡Á???? 4. ????? ?????? 26. ?????? 5. ??? ????[ 27. ????? ?????? ? 6. ?? ?? ????? 28. ??[? ?????? ??? ??[? 7. ?? ?????? ?¡Á????? ???, ????? ? 8. ????? ?????? 29. ??? 9. ?????? ?????? ???? 30. ?????, 10. ?????? 31. ??????? ?. 11. ???? 12. ?????? ? ??? ??? ?¡Á?????. 13. ??? ????? 14. ???? ???? 15. ¨«??????? ???? 16. ?????, ???? ? 17. ??¨¤?, ????, ??? ? 18. ??????? 19. ???? ????? 20. ?? ? ?????? ????[ ? ? 21. ?????? 22. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ?
  • 15. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ? .?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ,??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? moc.liamg@noitadnuofahddismayaws ? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ? .???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? .????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ? ? .???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ? ? ,?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? .??? ?????? ?????? ? ? ? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????-? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ? ? .??? ???? ????? ???? )???? ??? ??? ? ? ? ?? ???( ???? ???? ??? ??? ,???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ????? .? ????? ????? ,?? ????? ,??? ???? ??????? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? .????? ? ? ? ? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ? ? ? ????? ???? ????? ?????-? ?????????
  • 16. ?????-? ????????? AGARBATTI STICKS I. INTRODUCTION: The burning of incense in religious and social functions have been practiced in India since early times. Dhup an aromatic powder or paste is burnt in Indian homes as a fragrant fumigant and is reputed to posses insecticides and antiseptic properties. Agarbathi also known as Udubathis similar to jars sticks are a development of Dhup. About 75% of agarbattis manufactured are of cheap quality containing only charcoal powder or low quality sandalwood powder with a mixture of 50% of wood gum powder. Cheap perfumes are used to give them a top note. In superior variety, essential oils, purified resins, natural fixative like Amber, musk and civet are used along with synthetic aromatics. Absolutes are used in the costlier types. II. MARKET POTENTIAL Agarbathies are used by all communities in India, Sri Lanka, Burma and by Indians residing abroad. As on today about 90 foreign countries are using our agarbathis. Agarbathies industry is one of the labour intensive cottage type of traditional industries in India Karnataka state leads in this industry. The main centres of manufacture are Mysore and Bangalore. As on today about 150 units exist in Andhra Pradesh. It is export-oriented unit also. In fact this is one of the items considered for boosting exports. Owing to the low level of technology involved in this industry, this can be taken to rural areas without much difficulty, thus implementing the rural industrialization policy of the government of India to a greater extent. III. BASIS AND PRESUMPTIONS: a) The estimes are drawn for a production capacity generally considered techno-economically viable for model type of manufacturing activity. b) The information supplied is based on a standard type of manufacturing activity utilization conventional technique of production at optimum levels of performance. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ?
  • 17. ?????-? ????????? c) The cost in respect of land and building, machinery and equipment, raw materials and selling prices of the finished products etc. are those generally obtaining at the time of the preparation of the project profiles and may vary depending upon various factors. IV. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE: No specific time is required to set this unit. The unit can be set up within shortest time as basically it is a cottage industry. V. TECHNICAL ASPECTS: Process of Manufacturing: All the ingredients in powder form are mixed well in the proper proportion with water to semi-solid paste. This paste is applied to bamboo sticks and rolled on wooden planks with hands uniformly. The raw sticks are then dried and packed in suitable bundles. For manufacture of perfumed agarbattis the concentrated perfume is diluted first with white oil or di-ethylphathalate (generally 1:3) and raw agarbathis are dipped and packed immediately in butter paper bags or polypropylene bags and finally in printed cartons. The composition for masala for this is as under: White Chips 40% Gigatu 20% Charcoal 20% Aromatic chemical Essential oil and other ingredients 20% The composition can be modified according to the requirements. Quality Specification There is no ISI standard for manufacture of Agarbathi at present. However, they are manufactured as per customer's requirements. Production Capacity per annum Quantity: 960000 pkts Value: Rs.2460000 Motive Power only for lighting VI. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENTS ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ?
  • 18. ?????-? ????????? VII. MEANS OF FINANCE 1.Promoter's Contribution (5% of total cost) 2.PMEGP subsidy (15% of total cost or Rs.7500,whichever is less) 3.Bank loan[total cost( Promoter's Contribution+ PMEGP subsidy) 22745 7500 424650 1. FIXED CAPITAL i)Land & Buildings: Rented premises of 100 sft. Rent of Rs.1000 pm ii) Machinery & Equipment ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ?
  • 19. ?????-? ????????? 2. WORKING CAPITAL i) Staff & Labour per month ii) Raw Material (p.m.) iii. Utilities per month ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ?
  • 20. ?????-? ????????? iv. Other expenses per month v. Total working capital per month IX COST OF PRODUCTION PER ANNUM ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ?
  • 21. ?????-? ????????? X TURNOVER PER YEAR XI FIXED COST PER YEAR XII. PROFIT ANALYSIS Net Profit : sale-total cost=2400000-1840315=559685 % of Profit on Sale: Profit / Sale x100=559685/2400000] 100=23.32% % of Return on Investment: Profit / (Investment) x 100=123% Break-Even Analysis : FC / (FC+Profit) x100=123655/123655+559685]100=18.10 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ?
  • 22. ?????-? ????????? ?-?? ??? ?? ? ????? - ??? ?? ???? ?-???????? ???? - ? ???/: morf daolnwoD http://bachatgat.in/shgbook.html ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ?
  • 23. ?????-? ????????? ?-????? ?? ????? ??? - ?????????? ??? ????? ?-???????? ???? - ? ???/: morf daolnwoD http://bachatgat.in/shgbook.html ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ?
  • 24. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ? ???? ,??????? ,?? ? ?? ? ???? ?????-? ?????????