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Building Resilience in Haiti:
Equity, Information, Growth, and Sustainability

Frantz Verella

September 30, 2010

Verella () Building Resilience September 30, 2010 1 / 36

Plan

Cities, Complexity and Resilience
Equity, Information, Growth and Sustainability


A Mathematical Metaphor

Picture a dynamical system with multiple equilibria
Earthquake propelled us outside the basin of attraction of the status
quo
A sensitive path between chaos and status quo leads to a better
equilibrium


A Mathematical Metaphor

Picture a dynamical system with multiple equilibria
Earthquake propelled us outside the basin of attraction of the status
quo
A sensitive path between chaos and status quo leads to a better
equilibrium
reconstruction must solve this mammoth optimal control problem


Outline

1 Introduction

2 Perspectives

3 Cities, Complexity, and Resilience
Cities
Complexity
Resilience

4 Urban/Regional Planning
Equity
Information
Growth
Sustainability


Community Resilience

In 2009, the National Academies held a panel on the Applications of Social
Network Analysis for Building Community Disaster Resilience.
Dr. Fran Norris of Dartmouth Medical School outlined:
Social Capital
Community Competence
Economic Development
and Robust Communication Infrastructures
as key ingredients for Community Resilience.


Community Resilience in Haiti


Community Resilience in Haiti

A population on the edge of survival forced to exhaust the scarce
resources of the environment without much regard to their renewal
Urban concentrations exhausting the land and paralyzing local
initiatives
Port-au-Prince hosted nearly 73, 400 inhabitants per square mile (2007)
843 per square mile in Haiti (2009)
GDP 733 dollars per year
counting the metropolitan area: 50 percent of the population living on
1.37 percent of the land
Persistent social inequalities that drain the chances of fulﬁllment of
most of the population


Vulnerable Communities: Hurricanes and Floods


Vulnerable Communities: Jan 12th Earthquake


Outline

1 Introduction

2 Perspectives

Cities
Complexity
Resilience

Equity
Information
Growth
Sustainability


Perspectives on Reconstruction



Cities are Complex Systems/Organisms



There is an urgent need for a sophisticated understanding and
implementation of urban and regional planning



There is an urgent need for a sophisticated understanding and
implementation of urban and regional planning
A resilient reconstruction must be animated by the same principles
that guide preparedeness and mitigation of risk
Equity
Information
Growth
Sustainability


Outline

1 Introduction

2 Perspectives

Cities
Complexity
Resilience

Equity
Information
Growth
Sustainability


Port-au-Prince, Complexity and Resilience



Adaptation: a signiﬁcant proportion of the population moves out of
the aﬀected areas



Adaptation: a signiﬁcant proportion of the population moves out of
the aﬀected areas
Interaction: the network of this movement is not only based on
geographical distance

Port-au-Prince
in Haiti’s social, economic, political landscape
assembly manufacturing as the single industry growth plan
uncontrolled urbanization and rural ﬂight
increase in food imports undermining the agricultural production


Port-au-Prince
Port-au-Prince becomes an undeserving metropolis


Port-au-Prince
Port-au-Prince becomes an undeserving metropolis
Adaptive, Complex and Chaotic . . .


Lessons from American Cities

In 1961, Jane Jacobs published The Death and Life of Great American
Cities, one of the most inﬂuencial volumes on urban planning. A critique
of modernist planning, Jacobs:
argues against artiﬁcial separation of land use as residential,
commercial, and industrial
favors a mixed, redundant and local approach to land/resource
allocation
Vibrant cities are made of interacting neighborhoods and communities that
are multifaceted, multipurpose, and whose functionalities are redundant.


Complex Systems

In The Architecture of Complexity (1962), Herbert Simon wrote that:
Roughly, by a complex system I mean one made up of a large
number of parts that interact in a nonsimple way. In such
systems, the whole is more than the sum of the parts, [. . . ] ,
given the properties of the parts and the laws of their interaction,
it is not a trivial matter to infer the properties of the whole.”

The study of complex systems originated in non-equilibrium statistical
physics
Recently social scientists have become increasingly interested in
complex systems


Cities and Complexity

Michael Batty, in Cities and Complexity (2005), advocates a generative
understanding of cities via computational models. Considering cities as
complex systems, he brings to urban planning:
tools: Agent-based Modeling, Cellular Automata
concepts: self-organization, criticality, complex networks, spatial
epidemics, emergence
methods: mean-ﬁeld approximation, simulation
of complexity science.
The processes that animate a city are the macroscopic outcomes of the
micromotives and microbehaviors of the city’s inhabitants.


Resilience

Resilience is property of a material that absorbs energy when deformed
elastically; and releases this energy when it regains its shape.
In The Resilient City (2005), Vale and Campanella, suggest that
major modern cities are resilient as they are routinely able to rebound
from disaster.


Three Noteworthy Axiom of Resilience

Resilience Beneﬁts from the Inertia of Prior Investment
Disasters Reveal the Resilience of Governments
Resilience Entails More than Rebuilding


Tangshan, China

July 28th 1976, the city of Tangshan is hit by a magnitude 7.8
earthquake
over 250 thousand people killed, in a city of about one million.


Tangshan, China

July 28th 1976, the city of Tangshan is hit by a magnitude 7.8
earthquake
over 250 thousand people killed, in a city of about one million.
The city was rebuilt within a decade, by Chinese oﬃcials.
In 2008, Tangshan’s population was over seven million,
with a GDP per capita of 6, 817 dollars.


Grand Goˆve and Ravine du Sud
a

Unmitigated Risk to Natural Disaster


Outline

1 Introduction

2 Perspectives

Cities
Complexity
Resilience

Equity
Information
Growth
Sustainability


Elements of a Course of Action

Regional and Urban Planning
Agriculture and Environmental Conservation
Decentralized and Robust Economic Growth


Equity

Education
Health Care
Access to Credit
Access to Markets
Mobility


Mobility


Information

Education
Energy
Layered and Dense Communication Infrastructures


The NGO Network


Growth

Access to Credit and Markets
Mobility
Low Transaction Cost


Growth =⇒ Decentralization


Sustainability

Agriculture and Environmental Conservation
Regional and Urban Planning


Sustainable Agriculture


Conservation


Ecological Tourism


Closing Remark

Cities, Complexity, and Resilience
Urban/Regional Planning
Reconstruction is an issue of colossal importance


Closing Remark

In the aftermath of the second world war, the major issue of debate in
Berlin, Nagasaki and Hiroshima was not:


Closing Remark

In the aftermath of the second world war, the major issue of debate in
Berlin, Nagasaki and Hiroshima was not:election


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