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tcp/ip network layer osi network iot ethernet networks security public key routing arp standards semantics datagram packet switching circuit switching virtual circuits packet switching gigabit ethernet fast ethernet lan 10 gigabit ethernet cia access control hacking syntax protocols supernetting ipv4 address subnetting ipv4 ospf rip bgp icmp vlans protocol application layer digital signatures mac guessing keyloggers password salting rainbow table cracker arp poisoning switch hub gratuitous arp internet smart network industry 4.0 soft skills hard skill ipv6 ciphertext-only attack chosen plaintext cryptography plaintext ciphertext rsa private key symmetric cryptography asymmetric cryptography aes des 3des pki certificates crl ca 5g