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economics a-level ib gce questions multiplier market structure oligopoly perfect competition subsidies revenue profit phillips curve business business objectives monopsony lrac economies of scale macroeconomic objectives public goods macroeconomics supply-side elasticity monopolistic negative externality positive externality negative consumption externality positive consumtion externality negative production externality positive production externality market failure monopoly negative externalities education positive externalities price controls minimum prices maximum prices price floor price ceiling loss subsidy profit maximisation unemployment inflation minimum efficient scale long-run average cost diseconomies of scale