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pharmacy factors affecting fermentation factors affecting fermentation technology r-dna technology enzymes of r-dna technology cloning vectors definition of r-dna technology gene cloning gene manipulation genetic engineering applications of r-dna technology insulin hormone hepatitis b vaccine interferons gene expression transcription translation factors affecting fermentation process fermentation-variables fermentation-process variables downstream process-stages downtream process-definition continuous fermentation batch fermentation fermentation design types relevance of biotechnology to pharma industry scope of biotechnology definition of biotechnology intro to biotechnology excipients glucose oxidase penicillinsase working of biosensor applications of biosensor use of microbes in industry production of enzymes amylase a-amylase b-amylase microbial biotransformation phase ii reactions applications of microbial biotransformation phase i reactions host-microbe interactions disease infection capsule gene control regions polymerase chain reaction dna sequencing gene therapy restriction fragment length polymorphism southern blotting blotting techniques northern blotting western blotting ethics biotechnology dbt nih ethics in biotechnology enzyme electrode infectious disease