This lab report describes the design and testing of two oscillators built using operational amplifiers, capacitors, and resistors. The first oscillator was designed to resonate at 200 Hz and the second at 25 kHz. Calculations were performed to determine the resistor values needed. Multisim software was used to simulate the circuits. For the 200 Hz oscillator, increasing the resistor value from the calculated value produced a better frequency result. The 25 kHz oscillator produced a distorted triangular wave rather than a clean square wave due to limitations of the op-amp. Worst case analyses showed the 200 Hz oscillator frequency varied from 164-175 Hz with 20% higher or lower resistor values.
This document provides steps for creating a printed circuit board (PCB) at home using readily available materials. The steps include:
1. Designing a circuit schematic using PCB design software.
2. Printing the PCB layout on glossy paper using a laser printer.
3. Transferring the printed layout to copper clad board using a heated iron to expose the copper traces.
4. Etching away the unwanted copper using an etching solution, leaving the conductive traces.
The document then describes how to add a protective green coating to the finished PCB.
Saturn Electronics Corporation is a leading printed circuit board fabricator that offers high-volume production and quick-turn prototype boards. It has strong financials with no debt and fully paid buildings and equipment. It owns three fabrication facilities in the US to enhance purchasing power and safeguard production. Saturn serves industries such as aerospace, automotive, defense, medical, and telecommunications with delivery times ranging from one day to three weeks. It has attained several certifications including AS9100, ISO9000, and ISO14001.
This document provides information about printed circuit boards (PCBs) including:
- PCBs mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive tracks etched onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single layer, double layer, or multi-layer.
- Auto-routing is an automated design process where components are automatically routed after placement. Software programs like ISIS and ARES are used for auto-routing.
- There are different methods for PCB fabrication including hand/home made, small factories using screen printing processes, and large automated industrial facilities. Basic design considerations include tracks, drills, clearances, and component packages.
We are professional PCB design & fabrication in Taiwan and India. We manufacture high precision, high density, and high reliability PCB up to complex multi-layered boards. We PARTNER with our customers and suppliers to provide a total test/design solution.
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using an organic solderability preservative (OSP) finish on printed circuit boards. Some key advantages of OSP include providing flat solder pad surfaces for uniform solder paste application and eliminating solder bridging defects. OSP also provides excellent solderability for reflow and wave soldering. However, strict material handling is required as fingerprints can degrade the OSP coating. Care must also be taken when removing solder paste to avoid damaging the coating. OSP may not be suitable for all applications such as RF circuitry where a metal shield is required.
This document provides an overview of PCB designing basics and tools. It defines a PCB as a printed circuit board that physically supports and wires surface-mounted and through-hole components using a FR-4 panel with copper foil laminated on one or both sides. The basic steps in PCB design are: 1) schematic capture, 2) component placement, and 3) routing and exporting output files in Gerber or ODB format. Popular PCB design tools mentioned include Cadence Allegro, Mentor Graphics PADS, Altium PCB Designer, and Eagle PCB Design.
This document summarizes the process of printed circuit board assembly. It introduces Instrumentation Limited, an Indian public sector company, and its state-of-the-art PCB assembly plant. It describes the two main techniques for assembling PCBs: through-hole technology (PTH) where components are inserted into drilled holes, and surface mount technology (SMT) where components are directly placed on the surface. The key equipment used in each technique is outlined, including wave soldering machines for PTH and pick-and-place machines, screen printers, and reflow ovens for SMT. Common applications that use printed circuit boards are also listed.
Learn an overview of design trends and designer challenges, simulator extensions for models and abstraction levels in PSpice, and examples of a coding algorithm models into PSpice PCB level cycle
(1) Instrumentation Limited is a public sector unit established in Kota, India in 1964 that manufactures products like PCBs, UPS systems, railway signaling relays, and defense electronics.
(2) The company's PCB Centre uses surface mount technology and through-hole plating techniques to assemble and test printed circuit boards on automated pick-and-place machines. Common applications for the PCBs include computers, cell phones, televisions, and industrial electronics.
(3) The author's training internship at Instrumentation Limited provided valuable experience in the manufacturing processes for PCBs and other electronic products, as well as hands-on learning through practical activities.
Flow of PCB Designing in the manufacturing processSharan kumar
?
The document outlines the process for PCB design from prototyping to product development. It discusses two main stages: prototyping, which involves researching and validating circuit designs through iterations, and product development, which focuses on finalizing designs for manufacturing. Key steps in product development include researching components, capturing schematics, simulation, board layout, and verification. The goal is to design high quality, efficient PCBs that meet specifications.
This document discusses bridging the gap between PCB design and fabrication from a manufacturer's perspective. It addresses challenging designs and DFM violations that cannot be corrected. It emphasizes communication between designers and manufacturers and provides examples of "buying" advanced equipment or "trying" advanced techniques to solve problems like fine lines/spaces, drill quality, high aspect ratio vias, and resist stripping. The overall message is that manufacturers can overcome challenges through investment and engineering solutions.
Step by step guide which will help to understand the PCB fabrication process. PCB manufacturing and assembly must be conducted in a clean environment that is free of contaminants. This is important to produce good quality boards that offer unfailing service for years.
Schneider Electric is a European multinational corporation founded in 1836 that specializes in electricity distribution, automation and energy management. It has over 150,000 employees worldwide and is headquartered in Rueil-Malmaison, France. Schneider Electric provides products such as programmable logic controllers, sensors, drives, uninterruptible power supplies, breakers, switchgear and motor controls.
Introduce production process of Aluminum base Printed Circuit boards with high thermal conductivity, and solutions for some problems in production.Metal Core PCB, LED PCB, TCA, Dry film,PCB lamination, Gold plating Circuit boards, Stencil printing,PCB soldermask
Printed circuit board A laboratory process for making PCBVasuki Soni
?
The document describes the process for making a printed circuit board (PCB) in 8 steps:
1. Designing the circuit layout and creating a negative film of the design.
2. Coating copper clad sheet with photo resist using a dip coating machine.
3. Exposing the photo resist coated sheet and developing it to reveal the circuit pattern.
4. Drilling holes in the board at connection points.
5. Etching away excess copper, leaving the circuit pattern.
6. The process involves chemicals like ferric chloride, sodium hydroxide and photo resist to develop and etch the circuit board. Precise steps and safety procedures are followed to successfully create the PCB.
Selecting the "perfect" PCB surface finish can be a daunting task! Take a look at this quick introduction and ensure you and your company make an informed decision.
Pcb design best practices for more reliable manufacturingScreaming Circuits
?
This document discusses best practices for PCB design to improve manufacturing reliability. It identifies five common problems: 1) via in pad, 2) QFN center pad issues, 3) incorrect footprints and markings, 4) thermal manufacturing issues, and 5) bill of materials explosions. Each issue is explained in detail with examples of both correct and incorrect design approaches. The document emphasizes that aspects that don't impact larger boards can cause failures at smaller scales, and provides tips for via filling, stencil segmentation, thermal relief, and managing component counts.
How to use Init Hooks in Odoo 18 - Odoo ºÝºÝߣsCeline George
?
In this slide, we¡¯ll discuss on how to use Init Hooks in Odoo 18. In Odoo, Init Hooks are essential functions specified as strings in the __init__ file of a module.
SOCIAL CHANGE(a change in the institutional and normative structure of societ...DrNidhiAgarwal
?
This PPT is showing the effect of social changes in human life and it is very understandable to the students with easy language.in this contents are Itroduction, definition,Factors affecting social changes ,Main technological factors, Social change and stress , what is eustress and how social changes give impact of the human's life.
APM People Interest Network Conference 2025
-Autonomy, Teams and Tension: Projects under stress
-Tim Lyons
-The neurological levels of
team-working: Harmony and tensions
With a background in projects spanning more than 40 years, Tim Lyons specialised in the delivery of large, complex, multi-disciplinary programmes for clients including Crossrail, Network Rail, ExxonMobil, Siemens and in patent development. His first career was in broadcasting, where he designed and built commercial radio station studios in Manchester, Cardiff and Bristol, also working as a presenter and programme producer. Tim now writes and presents extensively on matters relating to the human and neurological aspects of projects, including communication, ethics and coaching. He holds a Master¡¯s degree in NLP, is an NLP Master Practitioner and International Coach. He is the Deputy Lead for APM¡¯s People Interest Network.
Session | The Neurological Levels of Team-working: Harmony and Tensions
Understanding how teams really work at conscious and unconscious levels is critical to a harmonious workplace. This session uncovers what those levels are, how to use them to detect and avoid tensions and how to smooth the management of change by checking you have considered all of them.
This document provides an overview of PCB designing basics and tools. It defines a PCB as a printed circuit board that physically supports and wires surface-mounted and through-hole components using a FR-4 panel with copper foil laminated on one or both sides. The basic steps in PCB design are: 1) schematic capture, 2) component placement, and 3) routing and exporting output files in Gerber or ODB format. Popular PCB design tools mentioned include Cadence Allegro, Mentor Graphics PADS, Altium PCB Designer, and Eagle PCB Design.
This document summarizes the process of printed circuit board assembly. It introduces Instrumentation Limited, an Indian public sector company, and its state-of-the-art PCB assembly plant. It describes the two main techniques for assembling PCBs: through-hole technology (PTH) where components are inserted into drilled holes, and surface mount technology (SMT) where components are directly placed on the surface. The key equipment used in each technique is outlined, including wave soldering machines for PTH and pick-and-place machines, screen printers, and reflow ovens for SMT. Common applications that use printed circuit boards are also listed.
Learn an overview of design trends and designer challenges, simulator extensions for models and abstraction levels in PSpice, and examples of a coding algorithm models into PSpice PCB level cycle
(1) Instrumentation Limited is a public sector unit established in Kota, India in 1964 that manufactures products like PCBs, UPS systems, railway signaling relays, and defense electronics.
(2) The company's PCB Centre uses surface mount technology and through-hole plating techniques to assemble and test printed circuit boards on automated pick-and-place machines. Common applications for the PCBs include computers, cell phones, televisions, and industrial electronics.
(3) The author's training internship at Instrumentation Limited provided valuable experience in the manufacturing processes for PCBs and other electronic products, as well as hands-on learning through practical activities.
Flow of PCB Designing in the manufacturing processSharan kumar
?
The document outlines the process for PCB design from prototyping to product development. It discusses two main stages: prototyping, which involves researching and validating circuit designs through iterations, and product development, which focuses on finalizing designs for manufacturing. Key steps in product development include researching components, capturing schematics, simulation, board layout, and verification. The goal is to design high quality, efficient PCBs that meet specifications.
This document discusses bridging the gap between PCB design and fabrication from a manufacturer's perspective. It addresses challenging designs and DFM violations that cannot be corrected. It emphasizes communication between designers and manufacturers and provides examples of "buying" advanced equipment or "trying" advanced techniques to solve problems like fine lines/spaces, drill quality, high aspect ratio vias, and resist stripping. The overall message is that manufacturers can overcome challenges through investment and engineering solutions.
Step by step guide which will help to understand the PCB fabrication process. PCB manufacturing and assembly must be conducted in a clean environment that is free of contaminants. This is important to produce good quality boards that offer unfailing service for years.
Schneider Electric is a European multinational corporation founded in 1836 that specializes in electricity distribution, automation and energy management. It has over 150,000 employees worldwide and is headquartered in Rueil-Malmaison, France. Schneider Electric provides products such as programmable logic controllers, sensors, drives, uninterruptible power supplies, breakers, switchgear and motor controls.
Introduce production process of Aluminum base Printed Circuit boards with high thermal conductivity, and solutions for some problems in production.Metal Core PCB, LED PCB, TCA, Dry film,PCB lamination, Gold plating Circuit boards, Stencil printing,PCB soldermask
Printed circuit board A laboratory process for making PCBVasuki Soni
?
The document describes the process for making a printed circuit board (PCB) in 8 steps:
1. Designing the circuit layout and creating a negative film of the design.
2. Coating copper clad sheet with photo resist using a dip coating machine.
3. Exposing the photo resist coated sheet and developing it to reveal the circuit pattern.
4. Drilling holes in the board at connection points.
5. Etching away excess copper, leaving the circuit pattern.
6. The process involves chemicals like ferric chloride, sodium hydroxide and photo resist to develop and etch the circuit board. Precise steps and safety procedures are followed to successfully create the PCB.
Selecting the "perfect" PCB surface finish can be a daunting task! Take a look at this quick introduction and ensure you and your company make an informed decision.
Pcb design best practices for more reliable manufacturingScreaming Circuits
?
This document discusses best practices for PCB design to improve manufacturing reliability. It identifies five common problems: 1) via in pad, 2) QFN center pad issues, 3) incorrect footprints and markings, 4) thermal manufacturing issues, and 5) bill of materials explosions. Each issue is explained in detail with examples of both correct and incorrect design approaches. The document emphasizes that aspects that don't impact larger boards can cause failures at smaller scales, and provides tips for via filling, stencil segmentation, thermal relief, and managing component counts.
How to use Init Hooks in Odoo 18 - Odoo ºÝºÝߣsCeline George
?
In this slide, we¡¯ll discuss on how to use Init Hooks in Odoo 18. In Odoo, Init Hooks are essential functions specified as strings in the __init__ file of a module.
SOCIAL CHANGE(a change in the institutional and normative structure of societ...DrNidhiAgarwal
?
This PPT is showing the effect of social changes in human life and it is very understandable to the students with easy language.in this contents are Itroduction, definition,Factors affecting social changes ,Main technological factors, Social change and stress , what is eustress and how social changes give impact of the human's life.
APM People Interest Network Conference 2025
-Autonomy, Teams and Tension: Projects under stress
-Tim Lyons
-The neurological levels of
team-working: Harmony and tensions
With a background in projects spanning more than 40 years, Tim Lyons specialised in the delivery of large, complex, multi-disciplinary programmes for clients including Crossrail, Network Rail, ExxonMobil, Siemens and in patent development. His first career was in broadcasting, where he designed and built commercial radio station studios in Manchester, Cardiff and Bristol, also working as a presenter and programme producer. Tim now writes and presents extensively on matters relating to the human and neurological aspects of projects, including communication, ethics and coaching. He holds a Master¡¯s degree in NLP, is an NLP Master Practitioner and International Coach. He is the Deputy Lead for APM¡¯s People Interest Network.
Session | The Neurological Levels of Team-working: Harmony and Tensions
Understanding how teams really work at conscious and unconscious levels is critical to a harmonious workplace. This session uncovers what those levels are, how to use them to detect and avoid tensions and how to smooth the management of change by checking you have considered all of them.
How to Setup WhatsApp in Odoo 17 - Odoo ºÝºÝߣsCeline George
?
Integrate WhatsApp into Odoo using the WhatsApp Business API or third-party modules to enhance communication. This integration enables automated messaging and customer interaction management within Odoo 17.
Database population in Odoo 18 - Odoo slidesCeline George
?
In this slide, we¡¯ll discuss the database population in Odoo 18. In Odoo, performance analysis of the source code is more important. Database population is one of the methods used to analyze the performance of our code.
Research & Research Methods: Basic Concepts and Types.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
?
This ppt has been made for the students pursuing PG in social science and humanities like M.Ed., M.A. (Education), Ph.D. Scholars. It will be also beneficial for the teachers and other faculty members interested in research and teaching research concepts.
Blind Spots in AI and Formulation Science Knowledge Pyramid (Updated Perspect...Ajaz Hussain
?
This presentation delves into the systemic blind spots within pharmaceutical science and regulatory systems, emphasizing the significance of "inactive ingredients" and their influence on therapeutic equivalence. These blind spots, indicative of normalized systemic failures, go beyond mere chance occurrences and are ingrained deeply enough to compromise decision-making processes and erode trust.
Historical instances like the 1938 FD&C Act and the Generic Drug Scandals underscore how crisis-triggered reforms often fail to address the fundamental issues, perpetuating inefficiencies and hazards.
The narrative advocates a shift from reactive crisis management to proactive, adaptable systems prioritizing continuous enhancement. Key hurdles involve challenging outdated assumptions regarding bioavailability, inadequately funded research ventures, and the impact of vague language in regulatory frameworks.
The rise of large language models (LLMs) presents promising solutions, albeit with accompanying risks necessitating thorough validation and seamless integration.
Tackling these blind spots demands a holistic approach, embracing adaptive learning and a steadfast commitment to self-improvement. By nurturing curiosity, refining regulatory terminology, and judiciously harnessing new technologies, the pharmaceutical sector can progress towards better public health service delivery and ensure the safety, efficacy, and real-world impact of drug products.
How to Configure Restaurants in Odoo 17 Point of SaleCeline George
?
Odoo, a versatile and integrated business management software, excels with its robust Point of Sale (POS) module. This guide delves into the intricacies of configuring restaurants in Odoo 17 POS, unlocking numerous possibilities for streamlined operations and enhanced customer experiences.
APM People Interest Network Conference 2025
- Autonomy, Teams and Tension
- Oliver Randall & David Bovis
- Own Your Autonomy
Oliver Randall
Consultant, Tribe365
Oliver is a career project professional since 2011 and started volunteering with APM in 2016 and has since chaired the People Interest Network and the North East Regional Network. Oliver has been consulting in culture, leadership and behaviours since 2019 and co-developed HPTM??an off the shelf high performance framework for teams and organisations and is currently working with SAS (Stellenbosch Academy for Sport) developing the culture, leadership and behaviours framework for future elite sportspeople whilst also holding down work as a project manager in the NHS at North Tees and Hartlepool Foundation Trust.
David Bovis
Consultant, Duxinaroe
A Leadership and Culture Change expert, David is the originator of BTFA? and The Dux Model.
With a Masters in Applied Neuroscience from the Institute of Organisational Neuroscience, he is widely regarded as the ¡®Go-To¡¯ expert in the field, recognised as an inspiring keynote speaker and change strategist.
He has an industrial engineering background, majoring in TPS / Lean. David worked his way up from his apprenticeship to earn his seat at the C-suite table. His career spans several industries, including Automotive, Aerospace, Defence, Space, Heavy Industries and Elec-Mech / polymer contract manufacture.
Published in London¡¯s Evening Standard quarterly business supplement, James Caan¡¯s ¡®Your business¡¯ Magazine, ¡®Quality World¡¯, the Lean Management Journal and Cambridge Universities ¡®PMA¡¯, he works as comfortably with leaders from FTSE and Fortune 100 companies as he does owner-managers in SME¡¯s. He is passionate about helping leaders understand the neurological root cause of a high-performance culture and sustainable change, in business.
Session | Own Your Autonomy ¨C The Importance of Autonomy in Project Management
#OwnYourAutonomy is aiming to be a global APM initiative to position everyone to take a more conscious role in their decision making process leading to increased outcomes for everyone and contribute to ¡°a world in which all projects succeed¡±.
We want everyone to join the journey.
#OwnYourAutonomy is the culmination of 3 years of collaborative exploration within the Leadership Focus Group which is part of the APM People Interest Network. The work has been pulled together using the 5 HPTM? Systems and the BTFA neuroscience leadership programme.
https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/apm-people-network/about/
Finals of Rass MELAI : a Music, Entertainment, Literature, Arts and Internet Culture Quiz organized by Conquiztadors, the Quiz society of Sri Venkateswara College under their annual quizzing fest El Dorado 2025.