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LET’s REVISE
• A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control
of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data
(input), process the data according to specified rules, produce
information (output), and store the information for future use
• Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
• Takes data as input.
• Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required.
• Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
• Generates the output
• Controls all the above four steps
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Functionalities of a computer
Data Information
Processing
3

Computer Components
•Hardware
•Software
4

Hardware
• Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements
”Tangible objects” that constitutes a computer system.
• The actual machinery, wires, transistors, and circuits … etc.
5

Software
•Computer Programs
•instructions and data
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Computer Units
1.Input Unit
2.Central processing Unit
3.Primary Memory Unit
4.Secondary storage Unit
5.Output Unit
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Input Devices
• Input device is any peripheral (piece of computer
hardware equipment to provide data and control
signals to an information processing system such as
a computer or other information appliance.
• Input device Translate data from form that humans
understand to one that the computer can work
with. Most common are keyboard and mouse
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Example of Input Devices
Keyboard Mouse (pointing device) Microphone
Touch screen Scanner Webcam
Touchpads MIDI keyboard
Graphics Tablets Cameras Pen Input
Video Capture Hardware Microphone Trackballs
Barcode reader Digital camera Joystick
Gamepad Electronic Whiteboard
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Note: The most common use keyboard is the QWERTY keyboard.
Generally standard Keyboard has 104 keys

Central Processing Unit
• CPU
• known as microprocessor or processor
• It is responsible for all functions and processes
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CPU Components
• The CPU is comprised of three main parts
1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
2. Control Unit (CU)
3. Registers: Stores the data that is to be executed next.
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ALU
• Executes all arithmetic and logical operations.
• Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
• Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special
characters
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Control Unit (CU)
Control Unit (CU): controls and co-ordinates computer components.
• Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.
• Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
• Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.
• Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
• If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to
complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.
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Primary Memory
• 1. RAM.
• 2.ROM
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Primary Memory
• RAM: Random Access Memory: is a memory scheme within
the computer system responsible for storing data on a
temporary basis, so that it can be promptly accessed by the
processor as and when needed.
• It is volatile in nature, which means that data will be erased once supply to
the storage device is turned off.
• RAM stores data randomly and the processor accesses these data randomly
from the RAM storage.
• RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory
cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.
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Primary Memory
ROM (Read Only Memory):
ROM is a permanent form of storage. ROM stays active
regardless of whether power supply to it is turned on or off.
ROM devices do not allow data stored on them to be
modified.
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Secondary Memory
• Stores data and programs permanently
• its retained after the power is turned off
• Main Examples
1. Hard Disk
2. Optical Disk
3. Flash memory
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Hard Disk
• Called Disk drive or HDD
• stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts
of data.
• Stores data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set
of surfaces.
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Optical Disk & Flash
• an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light to store data.
• There are three main types of optical media: CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc
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CD “Compact Disk” can store up to 700MB
DVD “ Digital Video Disk “ can store up to 8.4 GB
Blu-ray disc. can store up to 50 GB

Flash Disk
• A storage module made of flash memory chips. A Flash disks have no mechanical
platters or access arms, but the term "disk" is used because the data are accessed
as if they were on a hard drive. The disk storage structure is emulated.
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RAM Vs Hard Disk
• What are the differences between RAM as a main memory
and HDD as a Secondary Memory.
24

Output Unit
•An output device is any piece of computer
hardware equipment used to communicate the
results of data processing carried out by an
information processing system (such as a
computer)
•converts the electronically generated information
into human-readable form.
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Output devices Examples
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Monitor LCD Projection Panels
Printers (all types) Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
Plotters Speaker(s)
Projector

1. A monitor
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CRT: Cathode Ray Tube
LCD: Liquid crystal display most familiar
these days

2. Printer:
• transfers data from a computer onto paper
Printer types:
1-Laser Printer.
2-Ink Jet Printer.
3-Dot Matrix Printer
29

Software
• Software is a generic term for organized collections
of computer data and instructions, often broken
into two major categories two major categories:
1. system software
2. application software
30

System software
• Known as Operating System
• is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing
the individual hardware components of a computer
system
• Windows is an example of OS.
• Example of System Software:
• 1) Microsoft Windows
• 2) Linux
• 3) Unix
• 4) Mac OSX
• 5) DOS
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Unit of Measurements - Storage
Storage Units
Bit BIT 0 or 1
Byte B 8 bits
Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes
Megabyte MB 1024 kilobytes
Gigabyte GB 1024 megabytes
Terabyte TB 1024 gigabytes
32

Size example
• 1 bit - answer to an yes/no question
• 1 byte - a number from 0 to 255.
• 90 bytes: enough to store a typical line of text from a book.
• 4 KB: about one page of text.
• 120 KB: the text of a typical pocket book
• 3 MB - a three minute song (128k bitrate)
• 650-900 MB - an CD-ROM
• 1 GB -114 minutes of uncompressed CD-quality audio at 1.4 Mbit/s
• 8 -16 GB - size of a normal flash drive
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•A. 10B is equivalent 10 * 8 = 80 bits
•B. 3MB is equivalent to how many Bits?
•Answer:
• 3 *1024 = 3072 KB
• 3072*1024 = 3145728 B
• 3145728 * 8 = 25165824 bits
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Unit of Measurement -Speed
• The speed of CPU measured by unit called Hertz (Hz)
• 1 Hz represent 1 cycle per second.
• The speed of CPU is known as Computer Speed.
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Unit of Measurement -Speed
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CPU SPEED MEASURES
1 hertz or Hz 1 cycle per second
1 MHz 1 million cycles per second or 1000 Hz
1 GHz 1 billion cycles per second or 1000 MHz

Computer Classification
• Computers can be classified by size and power to:
1. Personal computer (PCs)
2. Workstation:
3. Minicomputer
4. Mainframe:
5. SuperComputer
37

• Personal computer (PCs): a small, single-user computer
based on a microprocessor. In addition to the
microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for
entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a
storage device for saving data.
• Workstation: a powerful, single-user computer. A
workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a
more powerful microprocessor and a higher-
quality monitor.
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• Minicomputer: multi-user computer capable of
supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously.
• Mainframe: powerful multi-user computer capable of
supporting many hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously.
• Supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can
perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
39

• Compare between the previous type of
computers based on
• Price
• Processing Speed
• Storage Capacity
• Powerful
• Single-user or Multi-user
• Computer Size
• Companies size
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Laptop computer
• is a portable computer.
• personal computer that can be easily carried and used in a variety of
locations.
• run the same software and applications in PCs
41

Netbook Computer
• A netbook is a type of laptop that is designed to
be even more portable.
• Cheaper and less powerful than laptops or
desktops.
• They are generally less powerful than other types of
computers, but they provide enough power for
email and internet access, which is where the name
"netbook" comes from.
42

Mobile Devices
• A mobile device is basically any handheld computer.
• It is designed to be extremely portable.
• Some mobile devices are more powerful
• Types:
1. Tablet Computers
2. Smartphones
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Tablet Computers
• Designed to be portable.
• The most obvious difference is that tablet
computers don't have keyboards or touchpads.
• Best used for tasks like web browsing, watching
videos, reading e-books, and playing games.
44

Tablet Computers
• The most obvious difference is that tablet computers don't have
keyboards or touchpads. Instead, the entire screen is touch-sensitive,
allowing you to type on a virtual keyboard and use your finger as a mouse
pointer.
• Tablet computers are mostly designed for consuming media, and they are
optimized for tasks like web browsing, watching videos, reading e-books,
and playing games
45

Smartphones
• A powerful mobile phone
• Designed to run a variety of applications in
addition to phone service.
• Compare it with the tablet?
• Internet access is an important feature of
smartphones. (3G or 4G)(Wi-Fi Service)
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Data, Information and Knowledge
• Data:
• Facts and figures which relay something specific
• but which are not organized in any way and which provide no
further information regarding patterns
• unstructured facts and figures
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• Information:
• For data to become information, it must be contextualized,
categorized, calculated and condensed. (Processing)
• it is data with relevance and purpose.
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• Knowledge:
• Knowledge is closely linked to doing and implies know-how
and understanding.
• Processing Information
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• Data: symbols
• Information: data that are processed to be useful; provides
answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions
• Knowledge: application of data and information; answers
"how" questions
50

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•Processing data produces information,
and processing information produces
knowledge.
52

Characteristics of Computer
1.Speed
2.Accuracy
3.Diligence
4.Storage Capability
5.Versatility
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• Speed :The computer can process data very fast,
at the rate of millions of instructions per second
• Accuracy: Computer provides a high degree of accuracy. For
example, the computer can accurately give the result of
division of any two numbers up to 10 decimal places.
• Diligence: When used for a longer period of time, the
computer does not get tired or fatigued. It can perform long
and complex calculations with the same speed and accuracy
from the start till the end.
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• Storage Capability: Large volumes of data and
information can be stored in the computer and
also retrieved whenever required. A limited
amount of data can be stored, temporarily, in the
primary memory. Secondary storage devices like
floppy disk and compact disk can store a large
amount of data permanently.
• Versatility: Computer is versatile in nature. It can
perform different types of tasks with the same
ease. At one moment you can use the computer
to prepare a letter document and in the next
moment you may play music or print a document.
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03 - Inside Comupters.pptx

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