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fungi bacteria plants ecology classification enzymes plant taxonomy crossing over evolution diversity meiosis virus chemistry dna replication recombination stem secondary growth megaspore antibiotics rna nitrogen fixation microbes holocarpic eucarpic atp catabolism growth factors conjugation temperature mutation characters botany mycology icbn plant tissue systems sexuality genotype linkage capsid biomolecules genome bacteriophage vaccines energy dna icn sustainability nucleotides lipid metabolism etc angiosperms anabolism genetic drift natural selection autotrophs marketing microbiology parasexuality transportation legumes photosynthesis water carbohydrates precipitation pedogenesis weathering soil polysaccharides light equlibrium nomenclature identification dynamics morphology abundance flavor community aroma factor cultivation plasmid transduction transformation lead generation genetics transcription central dogma ovule symplast plasmodesmata hormones volatile oils proteins alternation of generations vascular plants organic acids sustainable agriculture industry agriculture microfibrils intine exine pollen wall npc tetrad cladistics otu rules of priority valid publication type concept exarch to endarch xylem transformation stele compatibility photoperiodism flower reproduction biology reproductive biology test cross cell membrane significance starch evaporation stomata habitat rhizomorph sclerotia cell nutrients mycorrhizae nutrition karyogamy plasmogamy conidia budding mycelium hyphae biodiversity speciation karyokinesis interphase cell wall haustoria pollination monocot cork cambium vascular cambium dicot embryo sac sex palynology plant classification organic food transpiration physiology gametangia organic farming asexual heterothallic sporangia sporangiophores zygospore coprophilous mucor rhizopus organic fertiliser zygomycotina chytridiomycotina eumycota myxomycota stroma pseudoperaenchyma prosenchyma acervuli vermicompost soil health modification nursery tannsport cells incrustation secondary cell wall lsd gardening diploid dikaryon acervilus ascospores direct ascocarp mycelia ascomycotina guard cells transpiration pull seeds-types and morphology windows humiditry necessary evil potassium seed production aba gene erosion guttation bark gametes chiasma bivalent poillen classification meiotic ii meiotic i reductional division microspores reproductive bilogy of plants cell plate telophase anaphase metaphase prophase cytokinesis stem branching patterns stem modifications check point mitosis cell cycle middle lamella crassulae trabecuylae micelles secondary wall primary wall lenticel propagation vegetative propagation cutting lichen decomposers predatious symbionts parasites saprophytes hetertrophs layering haplontic green house glass house mound layering calloe oidia microsopre organ differentiation\ fragmentation root modification of roots zones of tap root root and plannt taxonomy npc system hemicellulose capsomers prions phylogenetic system of classif bacteriophages mycophages cyanophages symmetry tetrazolium test pollen-pistil interaction fda cryopreservation lyophilization solvents storgae germination viability pollens engler and prantl system of cl transgeneics covid19 diseases structural and functional unit phagemid cosmid probes prokariotes eukariotes prophage lysogeny lytic demerits of bentham & hooker's phylogeny bending compression girders stereids stereome sclerenchyma collenchyma wood fibres sheering stress incompressibility inflexibility inextensibility mechanical tissues sunken stomata waxstinging hairs cuticle hais trichomes epidermis protection viroids lag diauxic growth acidiophiles halophiles growth bga function of nucleotides genetic materials meristem dna and rna bicollateral bundle open vascular bundle conjoint radial vascular bundles delta diversity introgression structural compleity of dna polyploiy primary intoduction vaviulov centres uv rays and ph and dna cereals crop domestication econmic botany transmembrane flux endosymbiotic theory biopesticides gm food vaccine cell organelles cynobacteria bioenergetics oxidative phosphorylation chemosmotic theory recker's experiment jagendorf's experiment fermentation cellular communication ed pathway ppp krebs cycle glycolysis cell signaling regulation of cell signals metabolism ecm culture social media glands and cellular networks decline phase log phase lignin pmc contrivances of pollination pollen biology anther wall synopmorphies dendrogram adaptations of pollination phenogram estimation of resemblence significance of pollination coding phyloheny taximetrics botanical institutions latin description monophyly polyphyly effective publication paratype topotype isotype neotype holotype paraphy apg iv nomwnclature environmental reclaimation herbal medicines medicinal plants medical biology imoprtance of herbal medicine leaves morphology tapetun probacula leaves types venation of leaves prefoliation of leaves pollen kit sporopollenin mgu leaves and plant taxonomy couplet polyclave dichotomous key bracketed key indented key key types of pollination gene markers stomium endithecium tapetum biosystematics epidermal structure & development of plant body structural & functional integrity development of tissue systems origin of tissues recombinant technology tissues structure & development plant anatomy vernalization siphonogamy fruits morphology of fruits male gamete mal microgemetogenesis plant biology induction of flowering vernalisation types of fruits abc gene pomology fruits and plant taxonomy seed dispersal anatomy of seed structure adaptations of seed dispersal cytology antatomy immunology applied virology synthetic science economic importance of virus applicability demerits merits essence of apg iii computation dna sequence angiosperm phylogenic group vaccine production twist inversion vascular connection types of transition need of ransition root stem transition function sporophyte coordination medical diagonosis vasdular ground tubers ssi gsi multiple allels incompatibility angiosperm structure exceptions creepers anomalous wood-diversity runners leaf morphology tylosis leaf shape leaf surface stipule double fertilization dry stigma wet stigma hollow style stigma style leaf margin female gametophyte anatropous chemical composition ultra-structure different types of buds plumule epibasal cells periclinal division endosperm coleorhiza coleoptile periblem dermatogen phyllode octant zygote environment landscape repository storehouse flora ex-setu preservation botanical gardens herbarum heteromorphic homomorphic in vitro pollination chemical treatment bud pollination orthotropous ligases hydrolases oxidases dehydrogenase phylogenetic system takhtajan autodegredation developmental biology cytokinin microtubules cytosenesence cytoquiesence autodestruction xylogenesis apoptosis cyto-differentiation geological era land plants takhtajan's system of plant cl primitiveness pteridophytes advancement magnoliopsida liliiopsida traditional medicines mycoinsecticides camylotropous petiole and modifications phyllotaxy fibonacci saeries metaxylem vessels phloem loading blind pits bordered pits pits reticulate spiral annular thickenings modifications of leaves apoplast heterophylly anisophylly secretory substances leaf spines styloides hydathodes raphides cystoliths ergastic substances cell inclusions induced fit apoenzyme enzyme tension wood reaction wood late wood early wood sap wood hear wood dendrochronology wood rrna hnrna trna mrna non-genetic rna genetic rna double helix heterocatalyutic autocatalytic nuceleotides nucleosides bipolar heterothallism nucleic acid campylotropus anatropus global warming refugee sdgs17 morphological heterosexuality climate channge prospect retrospect women india education control measures disease cycle phytopthora late blight of potato phytopathology oomycota hybrid's name iapt physiological heterosexuality rules principles industry and enzyme substrate conc. competitive inhibition enzyme inhibition lock-key theory caruncle diversity in sex in fungi chaisma crossinmg over variations linkage map linkage groups cell division coupling & repulsion nuclei mtdna paramecium kappa particles mitochondria plastid plasmagenes maternal effects cytoplasmic inheritance inhibitory gene masking gene action polymeric gene supplementary factor complementary factor abo blood groups expressibility penetrance multiple alleles aril hypostuse endothecium denaturation of protein immunity isoelectric point chemical bonding polypeptide protein criss-cross inheritance baldness red-green color blindness haemophilia non-disjunction sex chromosome sex-linkage oxidation steriods triglycerides glycerols fasty acids lipids tetrapolar heterothallism monosaccharides chemical bonds lifepr nutrients of mushrooms mushrooms inoculation substrate for mushroom mushroom spawn cultivation of mushroom mushroom biofertilizer bga & azolla in rice field anabena- azolla association cyanobacteria organic cultivation sporophores isolation of azospirrilum azospirrilum crop production and microbes legume plants soil fertlity isolation of rhizobium prions viriods baltimore classification classiofication characters of virus history of virology embryologists modification of thallus thallus structure of fungi cell wall of fungi chemistry of cell wall reassortment of genes vegetative reproduction asexual process bacterial reproduction heterotrophs chemoorganotrophs lithotrophs organotrophs chemotrophs phototrophs microbial nutrition inocuation of vam isolation of vam plant yeild plant growth endomycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae vam mycorrhizal association edible mushrooms preservation of mushrooms storage of mushrooms megasporogenesis sex in fungi selection population genetics cluster analysis phenetics biometrics numerical taxonomy hei outcome swoc criterion sss ssr dvv accreditation assessment naac mystery dicots monocots geolgical era heterosexuality evoution orgin globalization green chemistry pistil microsporogenesis stamen sex organs sexual reproduction importance of microbes hierarchial organisation five kingdom concept genetic variation neo-darwinism phenotype darwinism demerits of apg iii merits of apg apg iii phylogentic system gts importance of fossil factors of fossilization fossilization types of fossils fossils paleobotany isolation hardy-weinberg equation variation allosteric modulation covalent modification formation gene regulation homeostasis consumers producers isoenzymes abiotic biotic dynamism components interleationships nomen nudum binary homonyms basionym author citation nomenclatue systematics species genus principles of icbn rules of icbn chocolate green tea quantum yeild non-cyclic photophosphorylatio q cycle photophosphorylation assimilatory power reducing power light reactions pigments phases of taxonomy photon conduction capillary water turgor pressure wall pressure osmotic pressure pressure osmosis plant metabolism feedback inhibition climate change horizons halophytes renewable resouces hydrolysis dydration bed rock blak tea fats economic botany cyst endospoires fission gene transfer phosphorylation natural classification bentham & hooker's classificat merits of bentham & hooker's c gram negative gram positive mycoplasma archeae plasnmid flagella capsule shape koch's postulates guanine adenine tmv lysis assemblege penetration adsorption tannin caffine regulations of icbn processing coffeae teaching dehydration soft drinks hard drinks ingredients bionomial nomenclature laxative taste laws of thermodynamics odor anti-inflammatory anti-carcinogenic spices coconut groundnut linseed soyabean uses entropy essential oil fatty acids niche ecotype edge effect ecotone ecological amplitude aspergillus allopatric sympatric age distributionbiotic potenti mortality dispersion natality taxonomy alpha taxonomy population mesotherms thermoregulation dormancy factors fire wind ecosystem hygroscopicity field capacitywater tablewilti infiltrationplate tectonics dew humidityhail lethal factor codominance incomplete dominance mesiosis heterokaryon alleles back cross somatric recombination dominantrecessive heterozygous homozygous haplodization fungi imperfecti climax hydrosere ecesis nudation xoersere invasion allogenic autogenic succession fidelity stratification density phenology hydrology nod genes nif genes leg-haemoglobin symbiotic free living nitrogen factors of respiration oxidati pay off mitoichondria amphibolic cycle regulations tca cycle gycolysis anaerobic aerobic respiration law of limiting factos assimilatory p[ower reduction photorespiration cam mechanisms hatch-slack cycle cardinal value cavin cycle carbon assimilation spectrum water cycle fruit bodies storage compost casing spawn free radicals mushrroms beta taxonomy disaccharides amylopectin amulose sucrose omega taxonomy basiospores basidia economic importance heterosthallism buller's phenomenon dolipore basidiomycotina 谤丑颈锄辞蝉辫丑猫谤别 transamination denitrification nitrification ammonification ecological significance