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fungi bacteria plants plant taxonomy ecology classification enzymes chemistry diversity meiosis virus crossing over evolution atp icbn characters recombination eucarpic holocarpic mycology microbes antibiotics alternation of generations nitrogen fixation catabolism mutation dna replication rna megaspore secondary growth stem growth factors plant tissue systems botany sexuality temperature conjugation vascular plants hyphae anabolism biodiversity morphology plant classification speciation monocot vegetative reproduction photoperiodism cork cambium stomata carbohydrates organic acids equlibrium sustainable agriculture mycelium central dogma industry agriculture transcription biomolecules angiosperms microfibrils intine exine budding abundance embryo sac autotrophs genome parasexuality sex dna microbiology interphase karyokinesis symplast cell wall plasmodesmata hormones capsid volatile oils natural selection transportation genetic drift dynamics community linkage starch dicot polysaccharides compatibility proteins evaporation bacteriophage vascular cambium rules of priority valid publication cell cell membrane sclerotia icn rhizomorph marketing type concept stele cultivation ovule photosynthesis reproductive biology haustoria pedogenesis significance sporophyte nucleotides lipid metabolism habitat nomenclature water precipitation exarch to endarch xylem transformation aroma factor lead generation flavor etc conidia vaccines pollen wall plasmogamy karyogamy light soil sustainability identification npc nutrition legumes energy flower sexual reproduction test cross nutrients mycorrhizae plasmid otu transduction palynology weathering transformation biology cladistics genetics pollination genotype reproduction tetrad decline phase social media culture metabolism aba glycolysis krebs cycle ppp primary intoduction vaviulov centres cereals crop domestication econmic botany transmembrane flux lignin transpiration pull tannsport cells incrustation secondary cell wall lsd diploid dikaryon acervilus ascospores direct ascocarp mycelia ascomycotina log phase lag diauxic growth acidiophiles halophiles growth bga meristem bicollateral bundle open vascular bundle conjoint potassium radial vascular bundles delta diversity introgression necessary evil polyploiy humiditry windows essential oil fatty acids fats economic botany cyst endospoires fission gene transfer gram negative gram positive mycoplasma archeae plasnmid flagella capsule shape koch's postulates guanine adenine tmv lysis assemblege penetration adsorption prophage lysogeny systematics species genus chocolate green tea blak tea tannin caffine processing coffeae teaching dehydration soft drinks hard drinks ingredients laxative taste odor anti-inflammatory anti-carcinogenic spices coconut groundnut linseed soyabean cyanophages symmetry tetrazolium test pollen-pistil interaction fda cryopreservation lyophilization solvents storgae germination viability pollens transgeneics covid19 diseases phagemid cosmid probes biopesticides gm food vaccine cynobacteria oxidative phosphorylation fermentation ed pathway guard cells uses lytic bending compression girders stereids stereome sclerenchyma collenchyma wood fibres sheering stress incompressibility inflexibility inextensibility mechanical tissues sunken stomata waxstinging hairs cuticle hais trichomes epidermis protection viroids capsomers prions bacteriophages cyto-differentiation geological era land plants pteridophytes mycoinsecticides environmental reclaimation medical biology tapetun probacula pollen kit sporopollenin mgu couplet polyclave dichotomous key bracketed key indented key key gene markers stomium endithecium tapetum pmc pollen biology anther wall synopmorphies pits reticulate spiral annular thickenings apoplast secretory substances styloides hydathodes raphides cystoliths ergastic substances cell inclusions ligases hydrolases oxidases dehydrogenase autodegredation developmental biology cytokinin microtubules cytosenesence cytoquiesence autodestruction xylogenesis apoptosis twist inversion vascular connection types of transition need of ransition root stem transition function coordination vasdular ground epidermal structure & development of plant body structural & functional integrity development of tissue systems origin of tissues tissues structure & development plant anatomy vernalization siphonogamy male gamete mal microgemetogenesis plant biology induction of flowering vernalisation dendrogram phenogram estimation of resemblence coding taximetrics botanical institutions latin description effective publication paratype topotype isotype neotype holotype nomwnclature biosystematics cytology antatomy immunology synthetic science applicability demerits merits essence of apg iii computation dna sequence angiosperm phylogenic group abc gene predatious symbionts parasites saprophytes hetertrophs haplontic oidia fragmentation gametes chiasma bivalent meiotic ii meiotic i reductional division cell plate telophase anaphase metaphase prophase cytokinesis check point mitosis cell cycle middle lamella crassulae trabecuylae mycophages guttation bark lenticel transpiration physiology gametangia asexual heterothallic sporangia sporangiophores zygospore coprophilous mucor rhizopus zygomycotina chytridiomycotina eumycota myxomycota stroma pseudoperaenchyma prosenchyma acervuli modification lichen decomposers chemical treatment bud pollination ssi gsi multiple allels incompatibility angiosperm structure exceptions anomalous wood-diversity tylosis double fertilization dry stigma wet stigma hollow style stigma style female gametophyte anatropous orthotropous camylotropous metaxylem vessels phloem loading blind pits micelles secondary wall primary wall hemicellulose chemical composition ultra-structure plumule epibasal cells periclinal division endosperm coleorhiza coleoptile periblem dermatogen octant zygote environment landscape repository storehouse flora ex-setu preservation botanical gardens herbarum heteromorphic homomorphic in vitro pollination modification of thallus thallus structure of fungi cell wall of fungi reassortment of genes asexual process bacterial reproduction heterotrophs chemoorganotrophs lithotrophs organotrophs chemotrophs phototrophs microbial nutrition inocuation of vam isolation of vam plant yeild plant growth endomycorrhizae ectomycorrhizae vam mycorrhizal association edible mushrooms preservation of mushrooms storage of mushrooms nutrients of mushrooms mushrooms inoculation substrate for mushroom mushroom spawn cultivation of mushroom regulations of icbn rules of icbn principles of icbn isoenzymes homeostasis gene regulation covalent modification allosteric modulation feedback inhibition plant metabolism phases of taxonomy omega taxonomy beta taxonomy alpha taxonomy taxonomy aspergillus fungi imperfecti haplodization somatric recombination heterokaryon nuclei diversity in sex in fungi tetrapolar heterothallism bipolar heterothallism physiological heterosexuality morphological heterosexuality heterosexuality sex in fungi sporophores chemistry of cell wall darwinism demerits of apg iii merits of apg apg iii phylogentic system gts importance of fossil factors of fossilization fossilization types of fossils fossils paleobotany isolation hardy-weinberg equation variation selection population genetics cluster analysis phenetics biometrics numerical taxonomy hei outcome swoc criterion sss ssr dvv accreditation assessment mushroom biofertilizer bga & azolla in rice field anabena- azolla association cyanobacteria organic cultivation isolation of azospirrilum azospirrilum crop production and microbes legume plants soil fertlity isolation of rhizobium prions viriods baltimore classification classiofication characters of virus history of virology embryologists megasporogenesis pistil microsporogenesis stamen sex organs importance of microbes hierarchial organisation five kingdom concept genetic variation neo-darwinism phenotype leaves types leaves morphology imoprtance of herbal medicine medicinal plants herbal medicines traditional medicines liliiopsida magnoliopsida advancement primitiveness takhtajan's system of plant cl takhtajan phylogenetic system leaf spines anisophylly heterophylly modifications of leaves fibonacci saeries phyllotaxy petiole and modifications leaf margin stipule leaf surface leaf shape leaf morphology runners creepers tubers phyllode different types of buds polyembryony adventive embryony apogamy apospory ecological significance adaptations of seed dispersal anatomy of seed structure seed dispersal fruits and plant taxonomy pomology types of fruits morphology of fruits fruits recombinant technology medical diagonosis vaccine production economic importance of virus applied virology apg iv paraphy polyphyly monophyly phyloheny significance of pollination adaptations of pollination contrivances of pollination types of pollination leaves and plant taxonomy prefoliation of leaves venation of leaves uv rays and ph and dna structural compleity of dna dna and rna genetic materials function of nucleotides glands and cellular networks ecm regulation of cell signals cell signaling cellular communication jagendorf's experiment recker's experiment chemosmotic theory bioenergetics cell organelles endosymbiotic theory eukariotes prokariotes structural and functional unit engler and prantl system of cl phylogenetic system of classif phylogeny demerits of bentham & hooker's merits of bentham & hooker's c bentham & hooker's classificat natural classification phosphorylation entropy laws of thermodynamics bionomial nomenclature stem modifications stem branching patterns reproductive bilogy of plants microspores poillen classification npc system root and plannt taxonomy zones of tap root modification of roots root organ differentiation\ microsopre calloe mound layering glass house green house layering cutting vegetative propagation propagation soil health vermicompost organic fertiliser organic farming organic food gene erosion seed production seeds-types and morphology gardening nursery naac dew humidityhail hydrology water cycle fruit bodies storage compost casing spawn free radicals mushrroms disaccharides amylopectin amulose sucrose basiospores basidia economic importance heterosthallism buller's phenomenon dolipore basidiomycotina °ù³ó¾±³ú´Ç²õ±è³óè°ù±ð transamination denitrification nitrification ammonification nod genes nif genes leg-haemoglobin xoersere invasion allogenic autogenic succession fidelity stratification density phenology niche ecotype edge effect ecotone ecological amplitude allopatric sympatric age distributionbiotic potenti mortality dispersion natality population mesotherms thermoregulation dormancy factors fire wind ecosystem hygroscopicity field capacitywater tablewilti infiltrationplate tectonics pigments photon conduction capillary water turgor pressure wall pressure osmotic pressure pressure osmosis climate change horizons halophytes renewable resouces hydrolysis dydration bed rock formation consumers producers abiotic biotic dynamism components interleationships nomen nudum binary homonyms basionym author citation nomenclatue symbiotic free living nitrogen factors of respiration oxidati pay off mitoichondria amphibolic cycle regulations tca cycle gycolysis anaerobic aerobic respiration law of limiting factos assimilatory p[ower reduction photorespiration cam mechanisms hatch-slack cycle cardinal value cavin cycle carbon assimilation spectrum quantum yeild non-cyclic photophosphorylatio q cycle photophosphorylation assimilatory power reducing power light reactions enzyme inhibition lock-key theory induced fit apoenzyme enzyme tension wood reaction wood late wood early wood sap wood hear wood dendrochronology wood rrna hnrna trna mrna non-genetic rna genetic rna double helix heterocatalyutic autocatalytic nuceleotides nucleosides nucleic acid campylotropus anatropus caruncle aril hypostuse mystery dicots monocots geolgical era evoution orgin globalization green chemistry global warming refugee sdgs17 climate channge prospect retrospect women india education control measures disease cycle phytopthora late blight of potato phytopathology oomycota hybrid's name iapt rules principles industry and enzyme substrate conc. competitive inhibition mtdna paramecium kappa particles mitochondria plastid plasmagenes maternal effects cytoplasmic inheritance inhibitory gene masking gene action polymeric gene supplementary factor complementary factor abo blood groups expressibility penetrance multiple alleles lethal factor codominance incomplete dominance mesiosis alleles back cross dominantrecessive heterozygous homozygous climax hydrosere ecesis nudation endothecium denaturation of protein immunity isoelectric point chemical bonding polypeptide protein criss-cross inheritance baldness red-green color blindness haemophilia non-disjunction sex chromosome sex-linkage oxidation steriods triglycerides glycerols fasty acids lipids monosaccharides chemical bonds lifepr chaisma crossinmg over variations linkage map linkage groups cell division coupling & repulsion bordered pits