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The Basics – Energy – to keep
you going
? The body can create fuel from 3 sources, glucose, fat
and protein.
? Glucose is the major source of energy for the brain and
nervous system.
? The brain needs a constant source of glucose to
function.
? Glucose is obtained through the diet
? Glucose levels are regulated by the liver and pancreas

The Liver
? The liver regulates blood glucose levels through 3
processes:
? Glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis)
? Glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)
? Synthesis of Glucose from noncarb sources
(glyconeogenesis)
? When blood glucose levels rise, glucose is removed
from the blood and converted to glycogen
? When blood glucose levels fall, the liver breaks down
glycogen and releases the glucose to the body

The Pancreas
? Hormonal control of blood glucose levels is regulated
by the pancreas. (insulin & glucagon)
? The islets of Langerhans are the part of the pancreas
that secretes glucose regulating hormones (insulin,
glucagon)
? Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating the
movement of glucose into body tissues
? Glucagon maintains blood glucose levels by increasing
the release of glucose from the liver, into the
bloodstream.

Diabetes PowerPoint-1-1-1 (2).pptx

Diabetes
? When an imbalance of insulin availability and insulin
need results in a disorder of carbohydrate, fat and
protein metabolism
? Type 1 – most commonly an autoimmune disorder.
Immune system attacks the pancreas (beta cells) and it
can no longer produce insulin
? Type 2 – Insulin resistance and insulin deficiency
(impaired release of insulin)

Diabetes Type 1
? The pancreas no longer produces insulin (beta
cell destruction)
? Occurs most commonly in children – but can
occur at any age
? People with DM1 require insulin several times
throughout the day

Diabetes Type 2
? People with Type 2 DM produce insulin,
however the body cannot utilize the insulin
(insulin resistance).
? Genetic and Acquired factors influence the
development of DM type 2

Diabetes Type 2
? Risk Factors
? Age –
? 11.3% of people over age 20
? 26.9% of people 65+ years
? Genetics – Risk of developing DM:
? 15% if one parent is diabetic
? 75% if both parents are diabetic
? Lifestyle – Poor diet
? Excess Weight
? Low Activity level

Gestational diabetes
? Refers to glucose intolerance that develops during
pregnancy.
? Occurs in 2-14% of pregnancies
? Gestational diabetes makes the pregnancy “high risk”
? Women who develop gestational diabetes have an
increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes within 10
years

Chronic Conditions
? Peripheral Neuropathies
? Microvascular Complications
? Nephropathies
? Retinopathies
? Foot Ulcers
? Infections

Dietary Management
? For the Type 1 diabetic managing his/her diet
important factors are to
? *eat consistent amounts/types of food at routine
times
? *monitor blood glucose levels
? *use insulin as prescribed to prevent elevated blood
glucose levels
? For the Type 2 diabetic managing his/her diet
includes
? losing weight which improves diabetic control.
? Ensuring food intake meets goals for maintaining
blood glucose levels.

Exercise
? Exercise is not just good for the cardiovascular
system. In Type 2 diabetics decreased levels of
body fat allow for increased sensitivity to
insulin and improved blood glucose control.
? Type 1 diabetics need to be careful when
exercising. Exercise increases glucose uptake
into the muscles. If insulin levels are not
adjusted for exercise there is a high chance of
hypoglycemia resulting, even HOURS after
exercise ends

Medications
? Oral Meds
? People with type 2 diabetes experience
? Increased glucose production from the liver
? Decreased utilization of carbohydrates
? Impaired insulin secretion
? Decreased insulin stimulated glucose uptake in muscles
? Oral Antidiabetic Meds work on one or several of these
issues

Medications cont.
Insulin –All type 1 diabetics, and some type 2 diabetics
require insulin.
Insulin is categorized by time of onset and duration.
Insulin is given by the Subcut. or IV route
Insulin is given in set doses or based on a sliding scale

Medication cont.
? Insulin Pump

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Diabetes PowerPoint-1-1-1 (2).pptx

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