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Immune Innate Annotated S19.pptx
- 1. Chapter 21 Immune System If youre not with us, youre against us.
- 2. Immunity ability to provide resistance to disease Adaptive Defenses -- develop slowly -- are directed against specific pathogens Innate Defenses --are present at birth --provide immediate but generalized protection ** defense mechanisms work together to fight off invaders Pathogen: harmful or disease causing microorganism
- 3. Defending the Castle Our bodies, like a castle, is a fortress. Both have three lines of defense: First: A Moat, Drawbridge and Walls. The first line of defense in our bodies are also barriers Second: Foot Soldiers. If there is a breach in the barriers troops are waiting inside the castle ready to go after any invader. In our bodies the second line of defense are nonspecific internal defenses that attack any foreign invader. Third: Elite Fighting Force. These agents are trained to identify and target specific invaders. Our third line of defense are adaptive defenses directed by B Cells and T Cells.
- 4. Lines of Defense CIA agent FBI agent
- 5. Innate Immunity: First Line of Defense Surface Barriers - Skin (keratin) - Mucous membranes (including nasal hairs and cilia) Protective Chemicals: associated with epithelial cells Acid: skin, stomach, vagina Enzymes: lysozymes (saliva, respiratory mucus, tears); stomach enzymes Mucin: dissolved in water forms mucus (digestive and respiratory passages) Defensins: antimicrobial peptides (skin and mucosa) Other: sebum (skin) and dermacidin (sweat) are bacteriotoxins Both barriers are made of epithelial tissue. Mucous membranes line the surfaces of any internal part of your body that has exposure to the outside environment. Your respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. Remember talking about goblet cells making sticky mucous to trap debris and pathogens and that lovely cilia to sweep it out of your body.
- 6. Phagocytes: monocytes (become macrophages) and neutrophils Natural Killer Cells: lyse cancer and virus-infected body cells Inflammation Antimicrobial Proteins Interferons: interfere with viral replication Complement system: enhances phagocytosis and inflammation Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) Fever Innate Immunity: Second Line of Defense The important thing here is to understand these mechanisms are non-specific. These mechanisms go after anything that is foreign. They do not know exactly which type pathogen they are going after. Example: they cant tell a bacteria that causes strep throat from one that causes meningitis. They just know to kill bacteria or viruses.
- 7. Phagocytosis You are not responsible for all these steps. Just understand that phagocytes engulf cells and debris and lyse them. The waste is exocytosed back into the body where it is recycled or excreted. Neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_mXDvZQ6dU Macrophage eats bacterial colony https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilS3FzuN-uQ
- 8. Natural Killer Cells Defensive Cells: recognize generalized cell abnormalities Lysis: cancer cells, and virus-infected cells (no memory cells produced) Natural killer cells destroying cancer cells https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Va1jaBGwoT8
- 9. Inflammation Triggers: physical trauma, intense heat, irritating chemicals, infection Benefits: prevents spread of damaging agents disposes of cellular debris and pathogens alerts the adaptive immune system sets the stage for repair Watch inflammation in action: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcAAnj4czzo
- 10. Inflammatory Chemicals released by: injured or stressed tissues or immune cells cause: vasodilation of local arterioles increased capillary permeability (leakiness) phagocyte mobilization include: histamines complement prostaglandins kinins
- 11. Chemotaxic agents Injured Tissues Release Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris Neutrophils and monocytes arrive at the injured area Increased capillary permeability (leakiness) Clotting proteins wall off area Arterioles dilate: increases blood flow to area Inflammatory agents Heat Redness Pain Swelling Locally increased temperature causes increased metabolic rate Temporary impairment of function Healing This is a great view of how each part of the inflammatory process works These are the signs of an inflammatory response
- 12. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM 20 plasma proteins activated in a cascade Leads to: opsonization: enhances phagocytosis (to make tasty) enhanced inflammatory responses production of Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC): proteins form pores in the pathogens cell membrane causing them to lyse Insertion of MAC and cell lysis Your book gets very complicated about this. This is the level I expect you to understand. Dont worry about the actual cascade. Watch insertion of a MAC (dont worry about the details): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBNzS5x_ok0 Just watch the first 3 minutes. https://ww w.youtube. com/watch ?v=2- 57bqFSJ1E
- 13. Fever WBC/Macrophages Pyrogens send message to hypothalamus induces 1) Increases metabolic rate aids in healing 2) Liver and spleen bind iron and zinc starve pathogens of nutrients secrete
- 14. A review from your friends at Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIJK3dwCWCw