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[2] An example policy shows level premium reserves increasing over time, allowing the company to pay claims later in the policy that exceed premiums.
[3] The analysis recommends level premium over natural premium because it provides consistent premiums and is more practical for policyholders and insurance companies.
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Prof Didier Pittet
Director, Infection Control Programme,
WHO Collaborating Center for Patient Safety, University of Geneva Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
External Lead, 1st Global Patient Safety Challenge & African Partnerships for Patient Safety, WHO Patient Safety
Essex Park is an important community park in Portland that brings neighbors together but is in need of renovation. It has old playground equipment and sports courts with cracks and slippery surfaces that have led to injuries. The park also sees some crime and illegal activities at night. Updating the park's facilities and making it less accessible at night could attract more community members to spend time there, enhancing social ties and physical and mental health while potentially reducing crime.
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The document compares natural premium and level premium insurance systems.
[1] Natural premium increases over time as the insured ages and risk of death rises, making it unsustainable. Level premium charges the same premium each year by building up reserves from early premiums to cover later claims.
[2] An example policy shows level premium reserves increasing over time, allowing the company to pay claims later in the policy that exceed premiums.
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Synopsis
Rumah di kota-kota besar dan padat seperti Jakarta, Surabaya, Bekasi, dan Tanggerang sangat sulit direnovasi. Hal ini dikarenakan lahan yang ada semakin sempit sehingga tidak ada jalan lain selain meningkat rumah. Bagi sebagian masyarakat, meningkat rumah merupakan momok yang menakutkan kerana biayanya tidak sedikit. Namun, seiring majunya teknologi dibidang konstrusi bangunan, muncul beberapa teknik meningkat rumah. pada buku ini disajikan 9 teknik meningkat rumah beserta kelebihan dan kekurangannya. Tak, lupa disajikan gambar struktur bangunan untuk meningkat rumah tipe 21, 36, 38 dan tipe lainnya.
Link download : http://safel.ink/wGXnb
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1. Analisis sistem modulasi optik NRZ-DPSK pada sistem lightwave berkecepatan tinggi dengan melihat parameter BER.
2. Didapatkan BER sekitar 107 pada sistem NRZ-DPSK 40 Gbps.
3. Penelitian ini juga mengoptimasi sistem untuk mendapatkan BER maksimal 109.
1. ANALISA KARAKTERISTIK GAIN SERAT OPTIK ERBIUM DOPED
AMPLIFIER MODE TUNGGAL
Akhmad Hambalir* dan Ary Syahriar2
lMahasiswa
Program Pascasarjana padaProgram Studi Opto-Elektroteknika dan Aplikasi
Laser, Fakultas Teknik Universitas lndonesia,SalembaRaya 4, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.
E-mail: hbl@rnyself.corn
2Dit.
T"kttologi lnformasi dan Elektronika,-gpFT Building II, 2l't Floor, MH. Thamrin
No.8,
Jakanal0340,Indonesia. Telp.:(021)3169826,3169835. E-mail: ary@london.com
korespondensi dapatditujukan kepadapenulis
Abstrak
Padaiaringanjarakjauh dibutuhkan beberapapenguat ulang (repeater) elektronik untuk
memperbaiki pelemahan sinyal yang terjadi. Solusiuntuk mengatasinya adalah dengan komponen.
aktif erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) yang dapat menguatkan sinyal tanpa harus terlebih
dahulu mengubahnyake dalam sinyal elehronik. Tulisan ini menganalisa secara teoritis hubungan
antara karakteristik gain terhadap
daya pompa (pump power) pada ). = 980 nm, ), = 1480nm dan )": 1550 ntn, serta hubungan
antara karakteristik gain terhadap panjang serat pada serat optik erbium doped amplifier mode
tunggal. Sehingga dapat dipahami bagairnana unjuk kerja komponen aktif erbium doped fiber
amplifier (EDFA) tersebut.
1. Pendahuluan
Seraterbiumdopedamplifierterdiri dari beberapa meterseratoptik yangdidopeddengan
elemen- elemen rare earth erbium. Prinsipnya,laser digunakanunfuk memompa seraterbium
dopeddan atom - atom di seratakanberpindahpita energidari tingkat energi terendahke tingkat
energi yang lebih tinggi. Sinyal optik yang melewati serat erbium doped berfungsi sebagai
perangsang sehingga terjadiemisiyangmelepaskan energlphoton.Energitersebut bersifatkoheren
dan dengan demikian terjadi penguatan sinyal secara optik. Bagaimanapun kombinasi
keistimewaanini menghasilkan beberapa karakteristikbaru yang tidak terdapatdi seratoptik pada
umunrnya.Agar analisasecara teori dapatdilakukanlebih khususmakadikembangkansuatumodel
penguatan cahayapada seraterbiumdoped.
SbdrFt
l5Sm
Gambar 1. Blok diagram sistempengutan serat erbium doped
[23J
3. Analisa Karakteristik Gain Serat Optik Erbium Doped Amplifier Mode Tunggal P-3
a$v) (3 . 1 )
oo(r) =
r oto obznlfia (A |(v, a,
q oto ro r),
u
Dimana att(u) adalahredamanyang disebabk,an erbiumdalam decibel per meter pada frekrvensi y.
ps,{r) adalah konsentrasi erbium, adot adalahjari - jai erbium dopant, dan f'O, r) adalah
normalisasi intensitas mode LP6, yang ditenhrkanberdasarkan,
z"tff Io1(r,r)rdr = l (3.2)
Cross section emisi dapat ditentukan dari pengukuran gain, anggap bahwa semua ion
erbium tereksitasi,
o"(r) = sQ) ( 3.3)
t oIosrr(e12,r er rG)o| (v, r
o'
!ffd t r)d
Dimana g(v) adalahgain dalam decibel per meter pada frekwensi v.
Menentukan cross section dengan menggunakan persamaan ( 3.1 ) dan ( 3.3 ) tersirat
disana suatu ketelitian yang diketahui dari integral antara konsentrasi ion erbium dan mode LPs1.
Karena itu hal ini dianggap bahwa hanya mode LPu yang merambat diserat dan yang sangat
penting, ini sulit sekali untuk menyelesaikansyarat bahwa semua ion erbium tereksitasi. Sehingga
cross section emisi dapat ditentukan dari bentuk spektrum fluoresensi , I"(u), dan harga emisi
spontan, A" = l/r21. Disini r2r merupakan lifetime radiasi. Berikut ini adalah persamaan yang
diturunkan dari persamaan Fuchtbauer - Ladenburg,
A i"2 r
o " (r)=-n eQ) ( 3.4)
- " I
S rn o I
" (v )d v
Dimana adalah
n indeksbiasdanl, adalah panjang gelombang - rata.
rata
Spektrumcross section absorpsidapatjuga ditentukandari bentuk spektrumredaman,
Io(u),berdasarkan
persamaan Fuchtbauer Ladenburg,
-
A .2.2 Ia@ )
o -(" )= -S .2J2+ l (3.s)
" ^
8/rn" IIo?)dv 2Jr+ l
Dimana-Ir dan J2 adalahnomer quantummomentum angular untuk kondisi ground state dan
kondisieksitasi.Denganmenggunakan (
persamaan 3.4 ) dan( 3.5 ) bentukspektrum crosssection
emisi dan speklrumcrosssectionabsorpsi
dapatdilihat sepertigambar3 berikut ini :
6.00E-25
5.00F25
.E +.ooszs
o
ct
(/) 3.00E-25
o
o
$ z.ooazs
1.00E25
0.00E+00
1500
Panjanggelonbang,nm
Gambar 3. Spektrum cross section absorpsi dan cross seclion emisi
5. Analisa Karakteristik Gain Serat Optik Erbium Doped Amplifier Mode Tunggal
Umumnya koefisien Co, adalah daya bebas, tetapi untuk daya yang cukup tinggi
etau untuk doping erbium terbatas seluruhnya diatur konstan. Nilainya ditentukan oleh
banya satu panjang gelgmbang pompa dan satu panjang gelombang sinyal. Untuk daya
pompa yang sangat tinggi dan daya sinyal diabaikanmaka dapat ditetapkan dari persamaan(4.2)
bahwa pendekatanpopulasi di tingkat energi atas N, -- Noi* f olo' * oT ).
Kemudian daya pompa absorpsi adalah :
pabs=h', I @7)
-P tfua1
-J-
r oi
' 1.;T
-,
Gain maksimum dicapai dengan mengintegralkan persamaan (4.2) terhadap mode
medansinyal.
(4.8)
G** =
Penjelasanyang sama diberikan untuk daya sinyal absorpsipada daya input yang tinggi dan untuk
faktor transmisi pada panjang gelombangpompa dimana daya pompa diabaikan. Diperoleh dari
persamaan (4.6) Ckjf I;'' = ll Pi"'dengan,
Potn' - I; (4.e)
Secarajelas pada persamaan(4.6) untuk pompa dapat ditulis k = p dan gelombang sinyal
k = s. Kemudian dari sini dapat dipisahkan daya pompa output Pfu'dan daya pompa absorpsi
P; - P;'' dari persamaansinyal serta memasukkannya persamaanpompa. Setelah didapatkan
ke
beberapamodifikasidenganmenggunakangainsinyal = p,"* lPi'
G = exp(po"Z) maka:
rc-'lt
{ul1*)=#rr.,td.ff (4.10)
Dengangain maksimum
Gr.* =eXP{t+-",)r} . 1 1 )
(4
den perbandingandaya saturasi
6=w (4.r2)