The ICT sector in Kenya has grown significantly between 2003 and 2012. Mobile subscriptions increased from 1.59 million to 30.73 million, and mobile penetration grew from 4.95% to 78%. Fixed telephone lines declined from 328,158 to 251,567 as mobile replaced fixed lines. Internet subscriptions increased from not available to 9.49 million, and internet penetration grew from 4% to 41.1%. Four undersea cables and the national fiber optic cable have improved connectivity. The number of licensed postal and courier operators grew from 63 to 190 over this period. Challenges facing further growth include low broadband penetration, a declining postal market, digital gaps in rural areas, and high taxation on telecom services.