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Editor's Notes

1. Midbrain : (mesencephalon) located between pons & diencephalon. Contains CN III & IV motor and sensory pathways. Concerned with auditory & visual systems. Pons : located between midbrain & medulla. Contains CN V, VI, VII & some VIII. Provides connections between cortex and cerebellum, assuring maximum motor efficiency. Medulla : located between the pons & spinal cord. Contains CN VIII, IX, X, XI & XII. Motor and sensory tracts of spinal cord continue into medulla. Reticular formation : Diffuse cellular network of brainstem. Essential for arousal from sleep, alert wakefulness, focusing of attention; destructive lesions of upper pons and midbrain produce coma.
2. The amygdala: this area of the brain is associated with emotional and gut responses. New imaging studies suggest that teenagers, when asked to interpret emotional information, use this reactive part of the brain rather than the more “thinking” region, the frontal cortex, while adults rely more heavily on the fontal cortex. Scientists speculate that this may be why teens have trouble modulating their emotional responses. hippocampus is a part of the brain located under the temporal lobe (humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain). It forms a part of the limbic system and plays a part in memory and spatial navigation In Alzheimer's disease , the hippocampus becomes one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; memory problems and disorientation appear among the first symptoms. Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation ( anoxia ) and encephalitis .
3. Lateral ventricles : largest of the ventricles; one lies in each cerebral hemisphere. Anterior horn of lateral ventricles lies in frontal lobe; body extends back through parietal lobe to posterior horn, which extends into occipital lobe. Inferior horn lies in temporal lobe Third Ventricle : lies in midline between two lateral ventricles. Lateral walls are formed by the two thalmi, which are connected by band of gray matter called massa intermedia. Fourth ventricle : lies in posterior fossa and is continuous with aqueduct of Sylvius superiorly and central canal inferiorly The choroid plexus is the area of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced. It contains a capillary bed, pia mater ( meninges ), and choroid ependymal cells. The ependymal cells help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid. Along with the arachnoid membrane ( meninges ), the choroid plexus acts as a barrier between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. This barrier is known as the blood brain barrier .
4. Medulla oblongata : Controls automatic functions such as digestion and breathing. Pons & Cerebellum :The pons conveys movement information from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum; the cerebellum modulates motions and takes part in motor learning. Diencephalon : Contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus. The thalamus is the interface from the rest of the central nervous system to the cerebral cortex; the hypothalamus regulates autonomic, endocrine, and visceral function.The hypothalamus provides homeostatic control . It does that by means of its neuroendocrine role in conjunction with the pituitary gland as well as by its influence on the the autonomic nervous system, which helps regulate body temperature, the cardiovascular system, and food and water intake. The medulla oblongata , the pons, and the midbrain, which form a ``stem'' connecting the brain hemispheres to the spinal column, are often lumped together under the term ``brain stem''