11 precipitazioni che_innescano_colate_en

May 26, 20170 likes59 views

1) Debris flows are triggered by high intensity, short duration rainfall that produces abundant runoff. Rainfall of 9mm over 15 minutes did not produce a debris flow, while 18mm over 10 minutes did. 2) Rainfall characteristics that typically trigger debris flows in dolomitic environments include a core of 10-15mm of rain over 10-15 minutes, with pulses over 5-6mm/5minutes. 3) Two debris flows in July and August 2015 in Italy were examined. The triggering rainfalls had cores of 11.6mm over 5 minutes and 13.8mm over 15 minutes respectively.

Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University
Rainfalls triggering debris flows

Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University
Runoff must be abundant to move a large quantity of debris material. In
the case of headwater rocky basins rainfall must characterized by high
intensity and short duration.
9 mm in 15 minutes
No debris flow
18 mm in 10 minutes
Debris flow developed downstream
Fiames (Cortina d’Ampezzo) channel below Dimai Peak
Abundant runoff

Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University
Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris
flows - 1
An axiom of hydrology is that rainfall intensity increases/decreases for
decreasing/increasing rainfall duration, the other condition being the
same. Strictly speaking the peak of rainfall intensity occurs in a short
period. Therefore, the high intensity rainfall is characterized by a short
duration.
The DDF (depth duration frequency) curves corresponding to the Faloria
station (Cortina d’Ampezzo, BL) provide the following rainfall depths for
the duration 10 and 30 minutes and the return periods 30 and 100 years:
15.1/17.9 mm 26.7/31.8 mm
The corresponding intensities, obtained by multiplying the values above
by 6 and 2 respectively are:
90.6/107.4 mm/h 53.4/63.6 mm/h

Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University
In the left case a rainfall of 3mm/5 minutes occurred while in the right
case it was 9 mm/5 minutes
Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris
flows - 2
9 mm in 15 minutes
No debris flow
18 mm in 10 minutes
Debris flow developed downstream

Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University
In a Dolomitic environment a debris flow occur if the rainfall has a core of
10-15 mm in 10-15 minutes with a single pulses larger than 5-
6mm/5minutes. This rainfall is able to provide abundant runoff to mobilize
enough debris material to form a debris flow.
The debris flow occurred the 18th of
July 2009 was characterized by two
phases: first rainfall event (2:55)
triggered a debris flow that stopped
during routing on a flat area, while, the
second rainfall event (3:35) triggered a
debris flow that reached the valley
bottom (second event provided a larger
amount of runoff becasue the first
event saturated the terrain.
In the first event, we have a single pulse of 11.6 mm in 5 minutes. In the
second event a core of 13.8 mm in 15 minutes.
Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris
flows - 3

Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University
The rainfalls that triggered the debris flows occurred the 23th of July
and the 4th of August 2015 at Rovina di Cancia are examined .
There are two rain
gauges within the
basin with the outlet
at the triggering
area. Other two rain
gauges are located
downstream.
Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris
flows - 4

Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University
RAINFALL OF THE 23 JULY 2015
This rainfall occurred in a 1 km square area.
The cumulative rainfall of rain gauge 2 is about 60% that of rain gauge 1
Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris
flows - 5

Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University
This rainfall occurred in a wide area and triggered other five debris flows.
Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris
flows - 6
RAINFALL OF THE 4 AUGUST 2015
The cumulative rainfall of rain gauge 2 is about 30% that of rain gauge 1

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water erosion Samuelss11

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Water erosion occurs through various types and involves three basic phases. The types of water erosion include splash erosion, sheet or interrill erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, streambank erosion, and coastal/shoreline erosion. The basic phases are detachment of individual soil grains, transportation of detached grains across the land surface, and deposition of grains in new sites. Gully erosion occurs on steeper slopes as water flow from rills becomes concentrated, forming deep channels. Vegetative cover acts as a buffer against erosion, while increasing rainfall intensity and runoff increases the kinetic energy of falling raindrops and flowing water, making them more erosive.

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01 colate detritiche_fenomeno_en-2CIAT

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1) Debris flows occur when high intensity rainfall generates abundant runoff that entrains large quantities of debris material in channels, forming solid-liquid flows. 2) Debris flows can damage infrastructure and be deadly, as evidenced by photographs of destroyed villages, flooded roads, and debris deposits from past events. 3) Proper modeling of debris flows requires considering the hydrologic, triggering, and hydraulic processes involved - from runoff generation to downstream routing of the solid-liquid mass.

01 colate detritiche_fenomeno_enCIAT

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1) Debris flows occur when high intensity rainfall generates abundant runoff that entrains large quantities of debris material in steep mountain channels, forming solid-liquid flows. 2) Debris flows can damage infrastructure and be deadly, as evidenced by photographs of destroyed villages, flooded roads, and debris deposits from past events. 3) Mitigation is needed because debris flows result from three processes - runoff generation, entrainment of debris, and downstream routing of the solid-liquid mass.

07 colate detritiche_deposizione_enCIAT

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The document discusses debris flow deposition and effects. It notes that as a debris flow's velocity decreases due to a declining slope, solid particles will begin to deposit. The deposition rate and runout area depend on flow velocity - higher velocities result in larger runout areas. Where debris flows reach flat areas or channels, large deposition fans can form. Examples show debris flows destroying structures in their path and burying infrastructure like roads.

Hydrographs VLEAlex C G Cooper

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This document discusses hydrographs and river discharge. It defines river discharge as the volume of water passing a measuring point in a river over a given time, usually measured in cubic meters per second. Hydrographs can illustrate discharge patterns over time, including annual flow regimes and short-term flood or storm hydrographs. The shape and characteristics of storm hydrographs are influenced by several factors related to precipitation, soil, geology, landscape, and human activities in the drainage basin.

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Debris flows are unpredictable phenomena that behave like liquids during movement but can deposit like solids. The document outlines Carlo Gregoretti's presentation on debris flows at Mekelle University, including an introduction to debris flows, their unpredictability, modeling their rheology and wave behavior, reliability of simulation models, hydrological modeling of headwater basins, triggering models, deposition areas, hydraulic routing models, comparing models to field observations, new trends in rheology modeling, and precipitation triggering of debris flows.

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The document discusses different models for simulating debris flows, focusing on two models: the Trent2D hydraulic model and a cell model. The Trent2D model numerically integrates the depth-averaged mass and momentum balance equations using closure equations for solid concentration and bottom shear stress. The cell model represents the flow field as interacting cells linked by uniform flow or weir flow equations, and simulates erosion and deposition based on velocity and slope thresholds. Both models make simplifying assumptions that could lead to incorrect results if not physically suitable for the problem being modeled.

02 imprevedibilita fenomeno_enCIAT

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11 precipitazioni che_innescano_colate_en

1. Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University Rainfalls triggering debris flows

2. Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University Runoff must be abundant to move a large quantity of debris material. In the case of headwater rocky basins rainfall must characterized by high intensity and short duration. 9 mm in 15 minutes No debris flow 18 mm in 10 minutes Debris flow developed downstream Fiames (Cortina d’Ampezzo) channel below Dimai Peak Abundant runoff

3. Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris flows - 1 An axiom of hydrology is that rainfall intensity increases/decreases for decreasing/increasing rainfall duration, the other condition being the same. Strictly speaking the peak of rainfall intensity occurs in a short period. Therefore, the high intensity rainfall is characterized by a short duration. The DDF (depth duration frequency) curves corresponding to the Faloria station (Cortina d’Ampezzo, BL) provide the following rainfall depths for the duration 10 and 30 minutes and the return periods 30 and 100 years: 15.1/17.9 mm 26.7/31.8 mm The corresponding intensities, obtained by multiplying the values above by 6 and 2 respectively are: 90.6/107.4 mm/h 53.4/63.6 mm/h

4. Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University In the left case a rainfall of 3mm/5 minutes occurred while in the right case it was 9 mm/5 minutes Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris flows - 2 9 mm in 15 minutes No debris flow 18 mm in 10 minutes Debris flow developed downstream

5. Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University In a Dolomitic environment a debris flow occur if the rainfall has a core of 10-15 mm in 10-15 minutes with a single pulses larger than 5- 6mm/5minutes. This rainfall is able to provide abundant runoff to mobilize enough debris material to form a debris flow. The debris flow occurred the 18th of July 2009 was characterized by two phases: first rainfall event (2:55) triggered a debris flow that stopped during routing on a flat area, while, the second rainfall event (3:35) triggered a debris flow that reached the valley bottom (second event provided a larger amount of runoff becasue the first event saturated the terrain. In the first event, we have a single pulse of 11.6 mm in 5 minutes. In the second event a core of 13.8 mm in 15 minutes. Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris flows - 3

6. Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University The rainfalls that triggered the debris flows occurred the 23th of July and the 4th of August 2015 at Rovina di Cancia are examined . There are two rain gauges within the basin with the outlet at the triggering area. Other two rain gauges are located downstream. Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris flows - 4

7. Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University RAINFALL OF THE 23 JULY 2015 This rainfall occurred in a 1 km square area. The cumulative rainfall of rain gauge 2 is about 60% that of rain gauge 1 Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris flows - 5

8. Carlo Gregoretti29/05/2017 Debris Flows - Mekele University This rainfall occurred in a wide area and triggered other five debris flows. Characteristics of rainfalls triggering debris flows - 6 RAINFALL OF THE 4 AUGUST 2015 The cumulative rainfall of rain gauge 2 is about 30% that of rain gauge 1

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11 precipitazioni che_innescano_colate_en

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