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The document discusses flood risks and sea level rise in the Netherlands. The Dutch government launched a new Delta Plan in 2015 to strengthen flood barriers in response to predictions of sea level rise between 65-130 cm by 2100 and up to 4 meters by 2200, exacerbated by soil subsidence and coastal erosion. It also discusses hydroelectric dams, which produce 80% of the world's renewable energy. The document highlights French engineer Andre Coyne as the master of arch dams, describing some of his innovations to spillways and dam safety, as well as his view of incorporating beauty and empathy with nature into dam design.
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![much larger in the netherlands than in
other countries
[Music]
the increased risks led the dutch
government to launch a new delta plan in
2015
to strengthen and heighten many of the
country's surge barriers
[Music]
a rise in sea level of between 65 and
130 centimeters is predicted by 2100
and up to 4 meters by 2200 aggravated by
subsidence of the soil
and significant erosion of the coastline
in order to limit greenhouse gas
emissions engineers increasingly harness
the tremendous power of water
[Music]
the impressive nature of hydroelectric
dams means that they produce almost
eighty percent of the world's renewable
energies
compared to twelve percent for wind
seven percent for biomass
1 for geothermals and 3 for solar
in the 20th century 70 dams in 14
different countries are the work of
brilliant french engineer
andre coyne the undisputed master of the
archdam
his creativity has inspired generations
of builders
the characteristics what characterized
andre coin
was his desire to experiment and work
things out in the best possible way
he made a range of innovations
spillways for example
whenever floods occur it is important to
protect the foot of the dam from damage
by the increased flow he invented what
became known as the ski jump
which projects the water far enough away
to ensure that damage is inconsequential
he also pioneered the incorporation of
measuring equipment into the concrete
the calculations he came up with paved
the way for further development of the
arch
dam
he also insisted that it had to be
beautiful
[Music]
that nature must prevail we do not
impose on nature
we take a rather immodeststep of
barring a river
and we need to understand it
he was of the view that some kind of
empathy must exist with the rock the
river the concrete and the earth
putting oneself in nature's shoes is not](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16-210918165023/85/16-1-320.jpg)
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The document discusses producing a large amount of clean energy that would be equivalent to 500,000 barrels of oil per day, allowing the avoidance of 85 million tons of CO2. It also talks about controlling water by using it in the best way possible, understanding the water cycle, treating water well, and not spoiling it.13
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The document discusses the history of land reclamation in the Netherlands. It describes how the country has reclaimed over 220,000 hectares of land from the sea since the Middle Ages. However, this left much of the country below sea level. In 1953, a devastating storm flooded over 200,000 hectares, killing over 1,800 people. This led the Netherlands to embark on the massive Delta Project over 30 years to build strong dikes, dams, and barriers to protect against future floods.11
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Forces like high pressure systems push down sea levels while low pressure systems cause sea levels to rise by up to 30 centimeters. Strong winds blowing towards land can raise water levels by up to a meter. In 1966 in Venice, a storm with strong southeast winds caused water levels to rise to 194 centimeters above normal, flooding 5000 homes. To protect Venice from flooding, the MOSE project was constructed, consisting of a system of floating gates attached to the bottom of the lagoon that can close when water levels reach 1.10 meters above normal to block high waters from entering the lagoon.10
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Venice, Italy is built on hundreds of thousands of wooden poles in a lagoon, as the hostile marshy islands were specifically chosen by Venetians to escape invasions. The poles provided a stable foundation to build the city that transformed the landscape. Today, Venice is an architectural treasure and UNESCO World Heritage Site with its canals and palaces, showcasing mankind's ability to master water by building on unstable muddy ground through techniques like bonification and wooden poles.9
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The Panama Canal relies on water from Gatun Lake to fill its locks and allow ships to pass through. However, each ship that passes through also releases millions of liters of fresh water into the ocean. To address this, engineers implemented water saving basins that recycle 60% of the water per chamber, using 7% less water than the existing locks. This system helps conserve the canal's fresh water supply, which is also an important source of drinking water for Panama's major cities.8
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This document discusses the expansion of the Panama Canal locks. Some key points:
- The new locks can accommodate much larger ships, up to 366 meters long, compared to the previous limit of 49.5 meters.
- The construction of a third set of locks was the biggest challenge and involved reinforcing the concrete walls, which required as much steel as building 19 Eiffel Towers.
- The new locks took 9 years to construct and opened in 2016, tripling the capacity of cargo ships that can now carry nearly 14,000 containers each.
- An innovation was replacing traditional miter gates with larger sliding gates that are easier to operate due to using Archimedes' principle of buoyancy7
7RoelCarpio
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This document discusses the expansion of the Panama Canal locks. Some key points:
- The new locks can accommodate much larger ships, up to 366 meters long, compared to the previous limit of 49.5 meters.
- The construction of a third set of locks was the biggest challenge and involved reinforcing the concrete walls, which required as much steel as building 19 Eiffel Towers.
- The new locks took 9 years to construct and opened in 2016, tripling the capacity of cargo ships that can now carry nearly 14,000 containers.
- An innovation was replacing traditional miter gates with larger sliding gates that are easier to operate due to using Archimedes' principle of buoyancy to6
6RoelCarpio
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The document summarizes the history and expansion of the Panama Canal. It describes the original canal that opened in 1914 after 30 years of construction and 27,000 lives lost. The canal cut shipping distances between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. In 2000, Panama gained control of the canal from the U.S. To accommodate increasingly larger ships, Panama recently completed a major expansion project that included new locks twice as wide and 1600 feet longer than the original locks.5
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Ferdinand de Lesseps' Panama Canal project fell into bankruptcy after seven years and spending a billion francs with little progress, as they were unable to control a disease epidemic or address the region's unsuitable landscape for a sea-level canal. The United States later took over the project, first focusing on eliminating mosquitos to curb yellow fever and malaria, then entrusting the army to finish the canal using a lock system like the abandoned French plan, constructing a dam to create Lake Gatun for water supplies and allowing ships to cross the isthmus at a higher elevation.4
4RoelCarpio
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1) Frederic Gristeno went to Panama in the late 19th century to oversee the construction of a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow Central American isthmus.
2) The project proved much more difficult than anticipated due to underestimating the climatic, geological, and economic challenges of building through the dense jungle and mountainous terrain.
3) Thousands of workers died from diseases like yellow fever and malaria spread by mosquitoes, as the doctors at the time did not understand how to prevent the transmission of these illnesses.3
3RoelCarpio
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Locks are used to raise and lower boats between waterways of different elevations. They work by filling or emptying sections to equalize water levels on each side of gates. In the 19th century, the development of large canals was vital for trade as it reduced transport distances for goods. This led to massive infrastructure projects like the Suez and Panama Canals, led by Ferdinand de Lesseps. The construction of the Suez Canal began in 1859 and involved digging a 162 kilometer trench through the desert to connect Europe and Asia without needing to go around Africa.1
1RoelCarpio
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Man's ambition to control water has led to incredible construction projects like dams, canals, and polders to reclaim land from the sea. Frederick Rustagno, a physicist and fluid dynamics expert, examines the work of engineers who have shaped history by tackling immense infrastructure projects to harness water's power and protect against its devastating effects, redrawing the landscapes of the planet. One example is the Corinth Canal, dug nearly 3,000 years after first being proposed to cut an over 400 km detour around the Peloponnese, avoiding a difficult sea passage.Recently uploaded (20)
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- 1. much larger in the netherlands than in other countries [Music] the increased risks led the dutch government to launch a new delta plan in 2015 to strengthen and heighten many of the country's surge barriers [Music] a rise in sea level of between 65 and 130 centimeters is predicted by 2100 and up to 4 meters by 2200 aggravated by subsidence of the soil and significant erosion of the coastline in order to limit greenhouse gas emissions engineers increasingly harness the tremendous power of water [Music] the impressive nature of hydroelectric dams means that they produce almost eighty percent of the world's renewable energies compared to twelve percent for wind seven percent for biomass 1 for geothermals and 3 for solar in the 20th century 70 dams in 14 different countries are the work of brilliant french engineer andre coyne the undisputed master of the archdam his creativity has inspired generations of builders the characteristics what characterized andre coin was his desire to experiment and work things out in the best possible way he made a range of innovations spillways for example whenever floods occur it is important to protect the foot of the dam from damage by the increased flow he invented what became known as the ski jump which projects the water far enough away to ensure that damage is inconsequential he also pioneered the incorporation of measuring equipment into the concrete the calculations he came up with paved the way for further development of the arch dam he also insisted that it had to be beautiful [Music] that nature must prevail we do not impose on nature we take a rather immodeststep of barring a river and we need to understand it he was of the view that some kind of empathy must exist with the rock the river the concrete and the earth putting oneself in nature's shoes is not